Abstract: The image processing apparatus produces a virtual light source image that is an image of an object lighted by a virtual light source. The apparatus includes a shape acquirer configured to acquire shape information relating to a shape of the object, a light source condition setter configured to set a first virtual light source condition as a condition relating to a virtual light source, depending on an image capturing mode indicating a type of a captured image acquired by image capturing of the object, on image type information indicating a selected one of multiple types of the virtual light source images or on an image capturing condition selected in the image capturing. The apparatus further includes an image producer configured to produce the virtual light source image by using the first virtual light source condition and the shape information.

Abstract: A wing electrode is configured by disposing at least a wing in a circumferential direction at equal intervals, the wing having a specific width in an axial direction of the electrode shaft and a tip in a shape corresponding to an inner surface of the hollow tube. A housing tube is arranged concentrically to the electrode shaft and to house the wing electrode by winding the respective wings around the electrode shaft. A slit of the housing tube is arranged in the axial direction so as to correspond to each wing. A diameter adjustment unit is operable to expand and contract each wing in the radial direction by rotating the electrode shaft and the housing tube relatively after inserting each wing into the slit of the housing tube. As a matter of course, the electrolyte is filled in the hollow tube at any time before the electrolytic treatment.

Abstract: A processing apparatus includes a luminance information obtainer that obtains luminance information for each color in each of a plurality of images, each of which is imaged respectively when a light source arranged at mutually different positions sequentially irradiates an object with light, and a color setter that sets a color to use in obtaining surface normal information for each region of an image on the basis of the luminance information.

Abstract: A processing apparatus determines a light source condition corresponding to an object distance, and performs control to image an object, which is sequentially irradiated with light from three or more light sources each different in a position on the basis of the light source condition.

Abstract: The surface normal information producing apparatus acquires, as captured images of an object, multiple first images in which light source positions relative to the object are mutually different and three or more second images in which polarization states are mutually different, and performs area division of a surface of the object depending on at least one of luminance information that changes corresponding to the light source positions acquired from the first images and polarization information acquired from the second images. The apparatus selects, for each divided area obtained by the area division, information to be used in production of surface normal information from information relating to change of the luminance information corresponding to the light source positions and the polarization information to produce the surface normal information.

Abstract: A processing apparatus includes a luminance information obtainer that obtains luminance information for each of a plurality of images, each of which is shot respectively when the light source arranged at mutually different positions illuminates an object, and a normal information determiner that determines normal information of the object from a plurality of normal candidates calculated using three or more polarization images with polarization states different in each other on the basis of the luminance information.

Abstract: An image pickup optical system includes an aperture stop, a first apodization filter disposed on an object side of the aperture stop, and a second apodization filter disposed on an image plane side of the aperture stop, each of the first apodization filter and the second apodization filter satisfies a predetermined condition, and a meridional light beam of a maximum angle of view has an optical path not involving at least one of a point of intersection between the optical axis and the first apodization filter and a point of intersection between the optical axis and the second apodization filter when an aperture size of the aperture stop is maximum.

Abstract: The surface normal information producing apparatus acquires, as captured images of an object, multiple first images in which light source positions relative to the object are mutually different and three or more second images in which polarization states are mutually different, and performs area division of a surface of the object depending on at least one of luminance information that changes corresponding to the light source positions acquired from the first images and polarization information acquired from the second images. The apparatus selects, for each divided area obtained by the area division, information to be used in production of surface normal information from information relating to change of the luminance information corresponding to the light source positions and the polarization information to produce the surface normal information.

Abstract: A wing electrode is configured by disposing at least a wing in a circumferential direction at equal intervals, the wing having a specific width in an axial direction of the electrode shaft and a tip in a shape corresponding to an inner surface of the hollow tube. A housing tube is arranged concentrically to the electrode shaft and to house the wing electrode by winding the respective wings around the electrode shaft. A slit of the housing tube is arranged in the axial direction so as to correspond to each wing. A diameter adjustment unit is operable to expand and contract each wing in the radial direction by rotating the electrode shaft and the housing tube relatively after inserting each wing into the slit of the housing tube. As a matter of course, the electrolyte is filled in the hollow tube at any time before the electrolytic treatment.

Abstract: Provided is a zoom lens in which a variation in aberration with respect to a temperature change is small and excellent optical characteristics can be easily obtained. The zoom lens includes multiple lens units in which a distance between adjacent ones of the multiple lens units changes for zooming. When an average value of a change in refractive index with respect to a temperature change within a temperature range of from 0° C. to 40° C. is ?Nav, at least one lens unit L of the multiple lens units includes multiple optical elements A made of materials satisfying a conditional expression: |?Nav|>5.0×10?5. When an anomalous partial dispersion ratio for a g-line and an F-line is ??gF??, at least one optical element A? of the multiple optical elements A satisfies a conditional expression: |??gF??|>0.0272.

Abstract: Provided is a zoom lens in which a variation in aberration with respect to a temperature change is small and excellent optical characteristics can be easily obtained. The zoom lens includes multiple lens units in which a distance between adjacent ones of the multiple lens units changes for zooming. When an average value of a change in refractive index with respect to a temperature change within a temperature range of from 0° C. to 40° C. is ?Nav, at least one lens unit L of the multiple lens units includes multiple optical elements A made of materials satisfying a conditional expression: |?Nav|>5.0×10?5. When an anomalous partial dispersion ratio for a g-line and an F-line is ??gF??, at least one optical element A? of the multiple optical elements A satisfies a conditional expression: |??gF??|>0.0272.

Abstract: In an electropolishing method passing large current, an electrolytic solution is given a viscosity by reacting an organic acid (a phosphoric acid solution or a mixed solution of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid) with a silicon dioxide as a gelling agent, the electrolytic solution is continuously introduced to an electrolysis case and concurrently the first introduced electrolytic solution is discharged to progress the electropolishing. The electrolysis case has a cathode at a specific height from a lower open end of a frame in a specific size and depth, an introduction port on the cathode for introducing the electrolytic solution with specific viscosity, and a discharge port for discharging the solution from the frame. It is possible to shorten the distance of the cathode in the electrolysis case from the open end corresponding to the work-piece surface, and control the resistant of the electrolytic solution, so that the large current can be passed and the operation time can be reduced.

Abstract: A brush for use in electrolytic treatment having a brush body including an electrode connected to one terminal of a D.C. source and contacting a workpiece connected to the other terminal of the D.C. source. The brush body comprises a forward portion defining an electrode compartment housing an electrode contact. An electrode holder is removably mounted in the compartment.

Abstract: A film thickness measuring method and device therefor which are free from drawbacks caused by errors in a sheet conveying system and an optical system of the device and the like. The optical system is moved over a sheet having a sheet member and a film formed thereon, whose thickness is to be measured, so that the deformation of the conveying system and the optical system is detected in advance. After taking the detection results into an account, the thickness measurement is carried out resulting in improving an accuracy thereof.

Abstract: A film thickness measuring device for measuring the thickness of a film formed on a sheet member conveyed with the rotation of a rotary shaft. The thickness measurement is accomplished based on averaged values for a period of time which is determined according to the rotation speed of the rotary shaft. Consequently, errors due to the eccentricity or uneven surface of the rotary shaft are removed from the measurement values resulting in improving an accuracy of the thickness measurement of the film.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical measuring apparatus for optically measuring physical quantities such as magnetic field, pressure and electric field, which is made from a substance being permeable to a light having a first wave length and shields a light having a second wave length, and in which shielding means changing a ratio of shielding the light having the second wave length in correspondence to a physical quantity to be measured is arranged in a transmission path through which said lights having two kinds of wave length are transmitted, said lights having two kinds of wave length, which passed through or by said shielding means, being received to calculate the ratio of a quantity of the light having the second wave length received to that of the light having the first wave length received, whereby measuring the physical quantity.

Abstract: A thickness measuring apparatus of a sheet-like product, wherein the sheet to be measured is supported by being partly rounded around a shaft while an light shading plate is positioned so as to form a slit between the shaft and the shaft side edge of the light shading plate, is able to measure the sheet thickness directly by scanning the slit width with a light beam or indirectly by comparing the scanned results of the light beam of this slit with that of a reference slit provided at the light shading plate so that, for instance, the thickness of magnetic material coated on a magnetic tape can be measured continuously in the production line thereof.

Abstract: An optical type temperature measuring device which provides an accurate output in spite of temperature variations of the sensor or degradation of the characteristics of the sensor over time. The device includes a light source, a spectroscope, and a temperature sensor made of a material having one end coupled through a first optical guide to the light source and the other end coupled through another optical guide to the spectroscope. The output of the spectroscope is converted to an electrical signal, which is subsequently detected with plural different comparison levels to obtain higher end values of the absorption wavelength ranges of the sensor at the respective reference levels. These higher end values are then processed to obtain a rising point of a temperature dependent light absorption characteristic curve of the temperature sensor.

Abstract: An optical sensing equipment for measuring quantities such as a displacement, pressure, electric voltage or field, and magnetic current or field, wherein errors due to fluctuations in the outputs of light sources and transmission losses of optical fibers are eliminated. First and second light sources are alternately activated, and ratios of their outputs are determined in both cases. Then, the ratio of these two outputs is calculated to thereby provide a signal representing the quantity being measured. The optical sensing equipment is arranged such that terms affected by fluctuations in the outputs of the light sources and transmission losses in optical fibers used in the optical sensing equipment cancel out in the divisions providing the three ratios.

Abstract: An abnormality sensing device for use with gas-insulated equipment senses a faulted section by comparing a change in the quantity of light between a light emitting element and a light receiving element.