Abstract: As an image forming method including comparison between images for three-dimensional image construction or the like and an apparatus for forming such images, there are provided an image forming method and an electron microscope capable of obtaining with high accuracy or efficiency information required for comparison. In the image forming method, an image is formed on the basis of comparison between a plurality of images obtained by applying an electron beam to a specimen at different tilt angles. The method includes obtaining a first transmission image with the electron beam applied in a first direction and a second transmission image with the electron beam applied in a second direction, the second transmission image being formed within a region different from a peripheral blurred region resulting from tilting, and making a search in the first transmission image by using the second transmission image.

Abstract: There is provided a scanning transmission charged particle beam device by which charged particles of a bright-field image and charged particles of a dark-field image may be clearly separated, and bright-field images and dark-field images with high accuracy may be obtained even in a state in which the scanning range of a charged particle beams on a sample is changed. A deflecting coil is provided below a sample, and a charged particle detector for a dark-field image with an opening is provided below the deflecting coil. A charged particle detector for a bright-field image is provided below the above opening. By the deflecting coil below the sample, a charged particle beam for a bright-field image is configured to be synchronized with the scanning of a particle beam, and to be deflected in an opposite direction to the deflected direction of the particle beam.

Abstract: There is provided a charged particle beam apparatus which allows implementation of a high-reliability and high-accuracy dimension measurement even if height differences exist on the surface of a sample. The charged particle beam apparatus includes the following configuration components: An acquisition unit for acquiring a plurality of SEM images whose focus widths are varied in correspondence with the focal depths, a determination unit for determining, from the plurality of SEM images acquired, a SEM image for which the image sharpness degree of the partial domain including a dimension-measuring domain becomes the maximum value, and a measurement unit for measuring the dimension of the predetermined domain from the SEM image whose image sharpness degree is the maximum value.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electron beam apparatus and method which can retain the state that minimizes the amount of water content contained at a gap between a high-voltage cable and a high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby prevent creation of high-voltage discharge and current leakage. The apparatus comprises a means for applying a high voltage to an acceleration electrode while eliminating electron release from an electron source and for detecting a change in an emission current corresponding to a change in an acceleration voltage at this time. In addition, the apparatus comprises a means for issuing a cautionary notice or warning when the change of this emission current exceeds a prespecified value. Further, the apparatus comprises a means for letting a dry gas flow in a gap portion between the electron gun's high-voltage cable and the high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby dehumidify said gap portion.

Abstract: There is provided a charged particle beam apparatus which allows implementation of a high-reliability and high-accuracy dimension measurement even if height differences exist on the surface of a sample. The charged particle beam apparatus includes the following configuration components: An acquisition unit for acquiring a plurality of SEM images whose focus widths are varied in correspondence with the focal depths, a determination unit for determining, from the plurality of SEM images acquired, a SEM image for which the image sharpness degree of the partial domain including a dimension-measuring domain becomes the maximum value, and a measurement unit for measuring the dimension of the predetermined domain from the SEM image whose image sharpness degree is the maximum value.

Abstract: There is provided a charged particle beam apparatus which allows implementation of a high-reliability and high-accuracy dimension measurement even if height differences exist on the surface of a sample. The charged particle beam apparatus includes the following configuration components: An acquisition unit for acquiring a plurality of SEM images whose focus widths are varied in correspondence with the focal depths, a determination unit for determining, from the plurality of SEM images acquired, a SEM image for which the image sharpness degree of the partial domain including a dimension-measuring domain becomes the maximum value, and a measurement unit for measuring the dimension of the predetermined domain from the SEM image whose image sharpness degree is the maximum value.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electron beam apparatus and method which can retain the state that minimizes the amount of water content contained at a gap between a high-voltage cable and a high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby prevent creation of high-voltage discharge and current leakage. The apparatus comprises a means for applying a high voltage to an acceleration electrode while eliminating electron release from an electron source and for detecting a change in an emission current corresponding to a change in an acceleration voltage at this time. In addition, the apparatus comprises a means for issuing a cautionary notice or warning when the change of this emission current exceeds a prespecified value. Further, the apparatus comprises a means for letting a dry gas flow in a gap portion between the electron gun's high-voltage cable and the high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby dehumidify said gap portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electron beam apparatus and method which can retain the state that minimizes the amount of water content contained at a gap between a high-voltage cable and a high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby prevent creation of high-voltage discharge and current leakage. The apparatus comprises a means for applying a high voltage to an acceleration electrode while eliminating electron release from an electron source and for detecting a change in an emission current corresponding to a change in an acceleration voltage at this time. In addition, the apparatus comprises a means for issuing a cautionary notice or warning when the change of this emission current exceeds a prespecified value. Further, the apparatus comprises a means for letting a dry gas flow in a gap portion between the electron gun's high-voltage cable and the high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby dehumidify said gap portion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the raw water-filtering technical field, and is to provide a high speed filtering apparatus which can filter a great amount of raw water containing suspended substances (SS) at a high concentration at a high speed. Floating filter media 2, which are composed of a foamed polymer having an apparent density of 0.1 to 0.4 g/cm3 and a 50% compression hardness of not less than 0.1 MPa and have uneven shapes or cylindrical shapes with sizes of 4 to 10 mm, are charged into an up-flow type filtering tower 1. The raw water containing SS at a high concentration is filtered by passing it through the filtering tower 1 at a linear water-passing speed of 100 to 1000 m/day. While the floating filter media 2 are not compacted, a high SS-capturing percentage can be obtained. Back washing can be also effected at a high linear washing speed of 1.2 to 4.0 m/min.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed at treating rainwater in a combined sewer system, while enabling removal of a majority of pollution substances even if a large amount of entering rainwater. The invention relates to a rainwater-treating apparatus in a combined sewer system, said apparatus comprising a plurality of upward flow type high-speed filter vessels each having a layer of a floating filter medium, a common treated water vessel which is located at upper faces of said high-speed filter vessels and is adapted to collect treated water from the high-speed filter vessels, a used wash water vessel which collects used wash water from said high-speed filter vessels, a rainwater inflow channel for distributing the entering rainwater into upper portions of the high speed filter vessels, and rainwater inflow portions for flowing downwardly the rainwater distributed from the rainwater inflow channel under the respective floating filter media of the filter vessels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the raw water-filtering technical field, and is to provide a high speed filtering apparatus which can filter a great amount of raw water containing suspended substances (SS) at a high concentration at a high speed. Floating filter media 2, which are composed of a foamed polymer having an apparent density of 0.1 to 0.4 g/cm3 and a 50% compression hardness of not less than 0.1 MPa and have uneven shapes or cylindrical shapes with sizes of 4 to 10 mm, are charged into an up-flow type filtering tower 1. The raw water containing SS at a high concentration is filtered by passing it through the filtering tower 1 at a linear water-passing speed of 100 to 1000 m/day. While the floating filter media 2 are not compacted, a high SS-capturing percentage can be obtained. Back washing can be also effected at a high linear washing speed of 1.2 to 4.0 m/min.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electron beam apparatus and method which can retain the state that minimizes the amount of water content contained at a gap between a high-voltage cable and a high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby prevent creation of high-voltage discharge and current leakage. The apparatus comprises a means for applying a high voltage to an acceleration electrode while eliminating electron release from an electron source and for detecting a change in an emission current corresponding to a change in an acceleration voltage at this time. In addition, the apparatus comprises a means for issuing a cautionary notice or warning when the change of this emission current exceeds a prespecified value. Further, the apparatus comprises a means for letting a dry gas flow in a gap portion between the electron gun's high-voltage cable and the high-voltage introduction insulator to thereby dehumidify said gap portion.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed at treating rainwater in a combined sewer system, while enabling removal of a majority of pollution substances even if a large amount of entering rainwater. The invention relates to a rainwater-treating apparatus in a combined sewer system, said apparatus comprising a plurality of upward flow type high-speed filter vessels each having a layer of a floating filter medium, a common treated water vessel which is located at upper faces of said high-speed filter vessels and is adapted to collect treated water from the high-speed filter vessels, a used wash water vessel which collects used wash water from said high-speed filter vessels, a rainwater inflow channel for distributing the entering rainwater into upper portions of the high speed filter vessels, and rainwater inflow portions for flowing downwardly the rainwater distributed from the rainwater inflow channel under the respective floating filter media of the filter vessels.

Abstract: A sheet stacking apparatus includes a sheet discharge tray that holds a discharged sheet and that moves up and down, and a sheet discharge roller that is located above the sheet discharge tray and that discharges the discharged sheet to the sheet discharge tray. The sheet discharge tray receives the discharged sheet from the sheet discharge roller at a standard sheet receiving position which is located at a predetermined downward distance away from the sheet discharge roller. The sheet discharge tray moves down to a position which is lower than the standard sheet receiving position for a predetermined distance and receives at least a next sheet at the position, when a stacked amount of sheets on the sheet discharge tray reaches a predetermined stacking amount.

Abstract: A sheet stacking apparatus includes a sheet discharge tray that holds a discharged sheet and that moves up and down, and a sheet discharge roller that is located above the sheet discharge tray and that discharges the discharged sheet to the sheet discharge tray. The sheet discharge tray receives the discharged sheet from the sheet discharge roller at a standard sheet receiving position which is located at a predetermined downward distance away from the sheet discharge roller. The sheet discharge tray moves down to a position which is lower than the standard sheet receiving position for a predetermined distance and receives at least a next sheet at the position, when a stacked amount of sheets on the sheet discharge tray reaches a predetermined stacking amount.

Abstract: A sheet stacking apparatus includes a sheet discharge tray that holds a discharged sheet and that moves up and down, and a sheet discharge roller that is located above the sheet discharge tray and that discharges the discharged sheet to the sheet discharge tray. The sheet discharge tray receives the discharged sheet from the sheet discharge roller at a standard sheet receiving position which is located at a predetermined downward distance away from the sheet discharge roller. The sheet discharge tray moves down to a position which is lower than the standard sheet receiving position for a predetermined distance and receives at least a next sheet at the position, when a stacked amount of sheets on the sheet discharge tray reaches a predetermined stacking amount.

Abstract: A sheet processing apparatus includes a staple tray that stacks a sheet discharged from an image forming apparatus, a rear end fence that vertically aligns the sheet stacked on the staple tray by hitting a tail end of the sheet in a conveying direction against the rear end fence, and a stapling device that executes a stapling operation at an end of a bundle of the sheets. A limiting member is movable in a direction of a thickness of the bundle of sheets stacked on the staple tray, in which a distance between the limiting member and a sheet stacking face of the staple tray guiding the sheet to the rear end fence is variable.

Abstract: In a heat transfer wall having a number of fine and elongate tunnels adjacent to each other with a minute distance under the surface thereof being in contact with liquid on the heat transfer wall, and a number of fine openings for communicating the tunnels to the outside thereof defined on ceilings of the tunnels along the longitudinal directions thereof with each minute distance, a tongue-like projection is provided which protrudes from an edge of the opening or vicinity of the opening across the opening 1 whereby a flow of fluid passing through the openings provided with the projections is controlled so that heat transfer performance characteristics are improved.

Abstract: This invention is related to an apparatus for detecting an abnormal condition and limit of use of a forced lubricating plain bearing which supports a rotary shaft. An oiling pressure bore is formed in the plain bearing, and a pressure detector is connected to this oiling pressure bore. The oiling pressure bore is communicated with a lubricating oil feed bore via a throttle element. A closed portion of the oiling pressure bore is melted and broken by the heat generated when seizure occurs on the plain bearing, to cause a decrease in the oil pressure. This decrease in the oil pressure is detected to ascertain that the plain bearing is in an abnormal condition or reaches a limit of use.

Abstract: A method of producing a heat transfer wall, including a plurality of minute tunnels parallelly extending and spaced a minuscule distance from each other under an outer surface of the wall in contact with liquid, and a plurality of tiny hole portions formed at the outer surface of the wall above the tunnels and located at regular intervals along the tunnels to maintain same in communication with the outside. Each hole portion includes a projection located in the hole portion including a hole itself and extending from the vicinity of the hole portion into the hole portion in a manner to traverse same, so that a flow of liquid into the tunnels and a flow of vapor out of the tunnels can be optimally regulated by the projections to enable the heat transfer wall to exhibit a high heat transfer performance.