Abstract: A system for generating training image data for supervised machine learning for training a defect classifier to be applied to visual inspection. The system arranges a defect model arbitrarily selected from a storage storing defect models obtained by modeling shapes and optical characteristics of defects and an inspection target surface model arbitrarily selected from a storage storing inspection target surface models obtained by modeling shapes and optical characteristics of inspection target surfaces, in any space in which ray tracing is performed by ray tracing simulation software in which an illumination optical system, an image pickup optical system, and an imaging sensor including a plurality of pixels are modeled. The system further traces a plurality of light rays, calculates illuminance at each of the pixels based on an intensity and a number of light rays entering the pixels, and generates pseudo image data as training image data based on the illuminance.

Abstract: A workpiece surface defect detection device or the like that is capable of stably detecting a small surface defect with high accuracy is provided. A plurality of images indicating a portion to be measured of a workpiece serving as a target of detection of a surface defect is obtained in a state where a bright-and-dark pattern of an illumination device is moved relative to the workpiece, and a tentative defect candidate is extracted. When among a plurality of images from which the tentative defect candidate has been extracted, the number of images including the tentative defect candidate is greater than or equal to a threshold that has been set in advance, the tentative defect candidate is determined as a defect candidate. A plurality of images including the determined defect candidate is combined to generate a composite image, and a defect is detected on the basis of the generated composite image.

Abstract: A variable-magnification optical system has five lens groups, namely, from object side, positive, negative, positive, positive, and negative lens groups, and achieves magnification variation by varying all axial distances between the lens groups. Focusing is achieved by moving the fourth lens group along an optical axis. Vibration correction is achieved by moving all or part of the fifth lens group perpendicularly to the optical axis. Fulfilled are formulae 4.0<|f1/f2|<6.0, 1.0<f4/f1<1.5, and 2.0<|f4/fv|<4.0, f1 representing a focal length of the first lens group, f2 a focal length of the second lens group, f4 a focal length of the fourth lens group, and fv a focal length of the vibration correction group.

Abstract: A variable-magnification optical system has five lens groups, namely, from object side, positive, negative, positive, positive, and negative lens groups, and achieves magnification variation by varying all axial distances between the lens groups. Focusing is achieved by moving the fourth lens group in optical axis direction. Vibration correction is achieved by moving all or part of the fifth lens group perpendicularly to optical axis. Fulfilled are formulae 4.0<|f1/f2|<6.0, 1.0<f4/f1<1.5, and 2.0<|f4/fv|<4.0, f1 representing a focal length of the first lens group, f2 a focal length of the second lens group, f4 a focal length of the fourth lens group, and fv a focal length of the vibration correction group.

Abstract: A variable-magnification optical system has five lens groups, namely, from object side, positive, negative, positive, positive, and negative lens groups, and achieves magnification variation by varying all axial distances between the lens groups. Focusing is achieved by moving the fourth lens group in optical axis direction. Vibration correction is achieved by moving all or part of the fifth lens group perpendicularly to optical axis. Fulfilled are formulae 4.0<|f1/f2|<6.0, 1.0<f4/f1<1.5, and 2.0<|f4/fv|<4.0, f1 representing a focal length of the first lens group, f2 a focal length of the second lens group, f4 a focal length of the fourth lens group, and fv a focal length of the vibration correction group.

Abstract: The guide tube for forming a pneumoperitoneum of the present invention comprising a flexible tube having an inner cavity, has an outer diameter that allows the guide tube to be inserted into a puncture needle, a distal end of the guide tube is closed, the distal end is provided with a tip portion that can be held by holding forceps provided in an endoscope, a proximal end of the guide tube is provided with a connecting portion to an insufflation apparatus, and the guide tube is provided with a side hole region having at least one side hole that can establish communication between the inner cavity of the flexible tube and the outside in a case where the inner cavity is pressurized through insufflation.

Abstract: A wide-angle lens system is formed, sequentially from an object side, with a first group having a positive power, a second group having a negative power and a third group having a positive power, and at the time of focusing, only the second group is moved on an optical axis. The lens system satisfies conditional formulas of 0.3<BH1/T1<0.7 and 0.9<f3/f<1.8 (where BH1 is a distance from the final surface of the first group to a principal point position on the back side of the first group, T1 is a distance on the optical axis from a lens element surface of the first group closest to the side of the object to a lens element surface closest to the side of the image, f3 is the focal length of the third group and f is the focal length of the entire system).

Abstract: A zooming optical system has, from the object side, a positive first group, a negative second group, a positive third group, a positive fourth group, and a negative fifth group. During zooming, at least the third to fifth groups move relative to the image plane, and focusing is achieved by moving the fourth group along the optical axis. The conditional formula ?1.0<M5/f5<?0.1 is fulfilled, where M5 is the distance along the optical axis from the position of the fifth group at the wide-angle end to the position of the fifth group at the telephoto end and f5 is the focal length of the fifth group.

Abstract: A zooming optical system has, from the object side, a positive first group, a negative second group, a positive third group, a positive fourth group, and a negative fifth group. During zooming, at least the third to fifth groups move relative to the image plane, and focusing is achieved by moving the fourth group along the optical axis. The conditional formula ?1.0<M5/f5<?0.1 is fulfilled, where M5 is the distance along the optical axis from the position of the fifth group at the wide-angle end to the position of the fifth group at the telephoto end and f5 is the focal length of the fifth group.

Abstract: A variable-magnification optical system has five lens groups, namely, from object side, positive, negative, positive, positive, and negative lens groups, and achieves magnification variation by varying all axial distances between the lens groups. Focusing is achieved by moving the fourth lens group in optical axis direction. Vibration correction is achieved by moving all or part of the fifth lens group perpendicularly to optical axis. Fulfilled are formulae 4.0<|f1/f2|<6.0, 1.0<f4/f1<1.5, and 2.0<|f4/fv|<4.0, f1 representing a focal length of the first lens group, f2 a focal length of the second lens group, f4 a focal length of the fourth lens group, and fv a focal length of the vibration correction group.

Abstract: A macro lens and an imaging apparatus include, in the order from an object side to an image side, a first lens group, a second lens group, and a third lens group. Focusing is performed by fixing the first lens group and the third lens group, and by moving the second lens group having a positive refractive power as a whole on the optical axis in focusing from an infinite object to a close distance object. The first lens group has a plane S1 and a plane S2 of curvature radii of a same sign and satisfying a specified condition.

Abstract: A zoom lens system is composed of negative, positive, negative, and positive lens groups, of which at least the first to third move during zooming. During zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the distance between the first and second lens groups decreases, the distance between the second and third lens groups varies, and the distance between the third and fourth lens groups increases. The conditional formulae 1.0?|f2/f1|?1.5 and 2.0?|f4/f1|?5.0 are fulfilled (f1, f2, and f4 representing the focal lengths of the first, second, and fourth lens groups).

Abstract: The disclosed internal focusing large-aperture medium telephoto lens has as lens groups a positive first lens group, a positive second lens group, and a third lens group, in that order from the object side. When focusing on nearby objects, the first lens group and the third lens group have a fixed position relative to the image surface, and the second lens group displaces toward the object side. The second lens group has only one negative lens, and, in order from the object side, has at least a positive lens, a negative lens, and a positive lens. The following expression is fulfilled: ?0.5<(R1+R2)(R1?R2)<?0.1 (wherein, R1: radius of curvature of the object side surface of the negative lens in the second lens group; R2: radius of curvature of the image side surface of the negative lens in the second lens group).

Abstract: A wide-angle lens system is formed, sequentially from an object side, with a first group having a positive power, a second group having a negative power and a third group having a positive power, and at the time of focusing, only the second group is moved on an optical axis. The lens system satisfies conditional formulas of 0.3<BH1/T1<0.7 and 0.9<f3/f<1.8 (where BH1 is a distance from the final surface of the first group to a principal point position on the back side of the first group, T1 is a distance on the optical axis from a lens element surface of the first group closest to the side of the object to a lens element surface closest to the side of the image, f3 is the focal length of the third group and f is the focal length of the entire system).

Abstract: A macro lens and an imaging apparatus include, in the order from an object side to an image side, a first lens group, a second lens group, and a third lens group. Focusing is performed by fixing the first lens group and the third lens group, and by moving the second lens group having a positive refractive power as a whole on the optical axis in focusing from an infinite object to a close distance object. The first lens group has a plane S1 and a plane S2 of curvature radii of a same sign and satisfying a specified condition.

Abstract: A zoom lens system is composed of negative, positive, negative, and positive lens groups, of which at least the first to third move during zooming. During zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the distance between the first and second lens groups decreases, the distance between the second and third lens groups varies, and the distance between the third and fourth lens groups increases. The conditional formulae 1.0?|f2/f1|?1.5 and 2.0?|f4/f1|?5.0 are fulfilled (f1, f2, and f4 representing the focal lengths of the first, second, and fourth lens groups).

Abstract: A first lens unit having negative power, a second lens unit having positive power, a third lens unit having negative power, and a fourth lens unit having positive power are disposed in this order from an object side. At least the first lens unit to the third lens unit move to change intervals between lens units so that magnification is varied. The second lens unit has at least one air interval inside and is split into two lens units with a boundary of an air interval closest to an image side in the second lens unit, which includes a second-a lens unit on the object side and a second-b lens unit on the image side, and the second-b lens unit is moved in a plane substantially perpendicular to an optical axis for damping vibrations.

Abstract: The disclosed internal focusing large-aperture medium telephoto lens has as lens groups a positive first lens group, a positive second lens group, and a third lens group, in that order from the object side. When focusing on nearby objects, the first lens group and the third lens group have a fixed position relative to the image surface, and the second lens group displaces toward the object side. The second lens group has only one negative lens, and, in order from the object side, has at least a positive lens, a negative lens, and a positive lens. The following expression is fulfilled: ?0.5<(R1+R2) (R1?R2)<?0.1 (wherein, R1: radius of curvature of the object side surface of the negative lens in the second lens group; R2: radius of curvature of the image side surface of the negative lens in the second lens group).

Abstract: The guide tube for forming a pneumoperitoneum of the present invention comprising a flexible tube having an inner cavity, has an outer diameter that allows the guide tube to be inserted into a puncture needle, a distal end of the guide tube is closed, the distal end is provided with a tip portion that can be held by holding forceps provided in an endoscope, a proximal end of the guide tube is provided with a connecting portion to an insufflation apparatus, and the guide tube is provided with a side hole region having at least one side hole that can establish communication between the inner cavity of the flexible tube and the outside in a case where the inner cavity is pressurized through insufflation.

Abstract: A zoom optical system at least includes in the order from an object side: a first lens group having a positive optical power; a second lens group having a negative optical power; and a third lens group having a positive optical power. In zooming from a wide angle end to a telephoto end, a distance between the first lens group and the second lens group is increased, and a distance between the second lens group and the third lens group is decreased. The first lens group includes at least one negative lens element, and the second lens group includes a negative lens element closest to the object side, with a lens surface of the negative lens element being concave toward an image side.