Abstract: The guard member is a guard member that protects the front of a payload located under the floor of the vehicle. The guard member has a first oblique side inclined so as to extend downward from the front side toward the rear side of the vehicle, and a second oblique side inclined so as to extend laterally from the front side toward the rear side of the vehicle. When an angle between a horizontal straight line along a front-rear direction of the vehicle and the first oblique side is an angle ?, and an angle between the straight line and the second oblique side is an angle ?, a relationship of the angle ?>the angle ? is satisfied.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a wire electric discharge machine and a wire electric discharge machining method capable of detecting concentrated electric discharge in real time by a discharge position obtained from a preliminary discharge current, and calculating an accurate discharge position for use in measuring a plate thickness or the like. The wire electric discharge machine according to the disclosure includes a discharge position calculation circuit calculating a discharge position from the preliminary discharge current respectively detected through a current detector during a first period from a time when a waveform of the preliminary discharge current supplied to a machining gap, formed by a wire electrode and a workpiece, rises to a time when the preliminary discharge current reaches a constant current value, and a second period after the time when the preliminary discharge current reaches the constant current value to a time when a main discharge current is supplied.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes: a base having an upper face; a light emitting element mounted on the upper face of the base; one or more bonding members disposed on the upper face of the base outward of the light emitting element; a light transmissive member bonded to a portion of the upper face of the base by the one or more bonding members; and a protective film that continuously covers the light emitting element, the upper face of the base, lateral faces of the one or more bonding members, and a lower face of the light transmissive member. A gap is located between the upper face of the base and the lower face of the light transmissive member and configured to allow a space in which the light emitting element is mounted to communicate with an outside of the light emitting device, wherein the gap is defined by the upper face of the base, the lower face of the light transmissive member, and the one or more bonding members.

Abstract: An electric discharge machine includes a DC power supply, a main switching element, a polarity switching circuit, a pulse generator, a detector, and a discharge controller. The DC power supply supplies a current to a machining gap. The pulse generator switches the main switching element and one of a positive switching element and a reverse switching element of the polarity switching circuit at a predetermined switching frequency. The detector detects an interpolar voltage in the machining gap. The discharge controller includes a storage that stores a coefficient indicating a removal quantity per discharge count for each operation pattern, and a calculator that calculates the discharge count from the interpolar voltage and estimates the removal quantity from the discharge count and the coefficient according to the operation patterns.

Abstract: Intake and exhaust cam shafts are disposed a cylinder head in a vertical direction. The cylinder head comprises a first through hole and a second through hole. The first through hole penetrates an upper surface deck from a deck surface towards a lower surface of the cylinder head. The deck surface is a surface constituting an upper surface deck of the cylinder head. The second through hole opens to a side surface of the cylinder head in which cam pulleys of intake and exhaust cam shafts are provided. The second through hole penetrates the upper surface deck along an axial direction of the intake and exhaust cam shafts. The second through hole is positioned vertically below an opening in the deck surface of the first through hole.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes exhaust-side and intake-side variable valve timing mechanisms, an oil passage defined in the cylinder head, an exhaust-side connection passage that branches from the oil passage to conduct oil to the exhaust-side variable valve timing mechanism, and an intake-side connection passage that branches from the oil passage to conduct oil to the intake-side variable valve timing mechanism. The connection passage that conducts oil to one of the exhaust-side variable valve timing mechanism and the intake-side variable valve timing mechanism that has a greater amount of oil leakage when oil having the same pressure is supplied to the variable valve timing mechanisms to operate the variable valve timing mechanisms is located at a downstream side in the oil passage of the connection passage that conducts oil to the variable valve timing mechanism that has a smaller amount of oil leakage.

Abstract: An engine cooling structure includes a head gasket sitting between a bottom surface of a cylinder head and a top surface of a cylinder block, a connection water passage for coolant that connects an in-head water jacket and an in-block water jacket to each other, and a reed valve that opens and closes in correspondence with a differential pressure of coolant in the in-head water jacket and coolant in the in-block water jacket. The reed valve includes a reed portion arranged integrally with a part of the head gasket corresponding to the connection water passage.

Abstract: A thermostat includes a valve member. The valve member has an insertion hole. The insertion hole is constituted by a first protective member and a second protective member. A shaft of a jiggle valve extends through the insertion hole. The jiggle valve has a substantially spherical head connected to an end of the shaft. The head closes the insertion hole by contacting the peripheral edge of the opening of the insertion hole. The materials of the first protective member and the second protective member each have a Vickers hardness higher than that of the valve member, which is part of the valve member other than the protective members.

Abstract: Intake and exhaust cam shafts are disposed a cylinder head in a vertical direction. The cylinder head comprises a first through hole and a second through hole. The first through hole penetrates an upper surface deck from a deck surface towards a lower surface of the cylinder head. The deck surface is a surface constituting an upper surface deck of the cylinder head. The second through hole opens to a side surface of the cylinder head in which cam pulleys of intake and exhaust cam shafts are provided. The second through hole penetrates the upper surface deck along an axial direction of the intake and exhaust cam shafts. The second through hole is positioned vertically below an opening in the deck surface of the first through hole.

Abstract: An engine cooling structure includes a head gasket sitting between a bottom surface of a cylinder head and a top surface of a cylinder block, a connection water passage for coolant that connects an in-head water jacket and an in-block water jacket to each other, and a reed valve that opens and closes in correspondence with a differential pressure of coolant in the in-head water jacket and coolant in the in-block water jacket. The reed valve includes a reed portion arranged integrally with a part of the head gasket corresponding to the connection water passage.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus includes: a radiator promoting heat radiation of cooling water of an engine; a first flow path circulating the cooling water discharged from the engine through the radiator to the engine; a second flow path circulating the cooling water discharged from the engine to the engine without through the radiator; a thermostat attached in a junction of the first and second flow paths, closing the first flow path when a temperature of the cooling water in the second flow path is lower than a threshold value, and opening the first flow path when the temperature of the cooling water in the second flow path is equal to or higher than the threshold value; and a third flow path communicating a part, of the first flow path between the engine and the radiator, with a part, of the first flow path between the radiator and the thermostat.

Abstract: A thermostat includes a valve member. The valve member has an insertion hole. The insertion hole is constituted by a first protective member and a second protective member. A shaft of a jiggle valve extends through the insertion hole. The jiggle valve has a substantially spherical head connected to an end of the shaft. The head closes the insertion hole by contacting the peripheral edge of the opening of the insertion hole. The materials of the first protective member and the second protective member each have a Vickers hardness higher than that of the valve member, which is part of the valve member other than the protective members.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes exhaust-side and intake-side variable valve timing mechanisms, an oil passage defined in the cylinder head, an exhaust-side connection passage that branches from the oil passage to conduct oil to the exhaust-side variable valve timing mechanism, and an intake-side connection passage that branches from the oil passage to conduct oil to the intake-side variable valve timing mechanism. The connection passage that conducts oil to one of the exhaust-side variable valve timing mechanism and the intake-side variable valve timing mechanism that has a greater amount of oil leakage when oil having the same pressure is supplied to the variable valve timing mechanisms to operate the variable valve timing mechanisms is located at a downstream side in the oil passage of the connection passage that conducts oil to the variable valve timing mechanism that has a smaller amount of oil leakage.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus includes: a radiator promoting heat radiation of cooling water of an engine; a first flow path circulating the cooling water discharged from the engine through the radiator to the engine; a second flow path circulating the cooling water discharged from the engine to the engine without through the radiator; a thermostat attached in a junction of the first and second flow paths, closing the first flow path when a temperature of the cooling water in the second flow path is lower than a threshold value, and opening the first flow path when the temperature of the cooling water in the second flow path is equal to or higher than the threshold value; and a third flow path communicating a part, of the first flow path between the engine and the radiator, with a part, of the first flow path between the radiator and the thermostat.

Abstract: A light emitting device and light emitting module using the same are provided. The light emitting device includes a substrate, a light-emitting element provided on the substrate, and a light transmissive sealing member covering the light-emitting element on the substrate. The light transmissive sealing member includes a body portion and a lens portion that are sequentially disposed from a substrate side.

Abstract: A cooling system for an internal combustion engine includes a thermostat device including: a first inflow port connected with a second outflow passage; a second inflow port connected with a third outlet passenger; a valve controlling a flow rate of the coolant from the radiator, a thermostatic element that opens and closes the valve according to a temperature of the coolant; an outflow portion through which the coolant flows to the internal combustion engine; a guide portion that guides the coolant flowing through the second inflow port toward the thermostatic element; a slit flowing out the coolant to the outflow portion from between the guide portion and the thermostatic element; and an electric water pump configured to circulate a coolant.

Abstract: In a variable valve actuation apparatus for an internal combustion engine, a rotor of a variable valve timing mechanism is fixed to one end of a camshaft by a plurality of bolts. An oil control valve configured to control hydraulic pressure that acts on the rotor is fixed to the rotor by one or some of the plurality of bolts. For this reason, by releasing fastening of the bolt that fixes the oil control valve to the rotor among the plurality of bolts that fix the rotor to the one end of the camshaft, the oil control valve is allowed to be removed from the rotor while the rotor is fixed to the camshaft. Therefore, it is not required to perform positioning for fixing the rotor to the camshaft at the time of replacement of the oil control valve.

Abstract: When a lock demand of a camshaft phase occurs, a control mode of a hydraulic control valve is switched to a locking mode after the camshaft phase is controlled to a lock phase, and a lock pin is moved to a lock position. The camshaft phase is locked at the lock phase, and timing advance and timing retard chambers communicate with each other through a back space. In this state, a locking time filling control is executed. In the locking time filling control, the control mode of a hydraulic control valve is switched to a filling mode, the hydraulic oil is supplied to a timing advance chamber, both of the timing advance chamber and the timing retard chamber are filled with the hydraulic oil, the back space is filled with the hydraulic oil, and thereafter the control mode of the hydraulic control valve is returned to the locking mode.

Abstract: In a variable valve actuation apparatus for an internal combustion engine, a rotor of a variable valve timing mechanism is fixed to one end of a camshaft by a plurality of bolts. An oil control valve configured to control hydraulic pressure that acts on the rotor is fixed to the rotor by one or some of the plurality of bolts. For this reason, by releasing fastening of the bolt that fixes the oil control valve to the rotor among the plurality of bolts that fix the rotor to the one end of the camshaft, the oil control valve is allowed to be removed from the rotor while the rotor is fixed to the camshaft. Therefore, it is not required to perform positioning for fixing the rotor to the camshaft at the time of replacement of the oil control valve.

Abstract: A light emitting device and light emitting module using the same are provided. The light emitting device includes a substrate, a light-emitting element provided on the substrate, and a light transmissive sealing member covering the light-emitting element on the substrate. The light transmissive sealing member includes a body portion and a lens portion that are sequentially disposed from a substrate side.