Abstract: In an embodiment, a permanent magnet includes a composition of R (FepMqCur(Co1-sAs)1-p-q-r)z (R: rare earth element, M: Ti, Zr, Hf, A: Ni, V, Cr, Mn, Al, Si, Ga, Nb, Ta, W, 0.05?p 0.6, 0.005?q?0.1, 0.01?r?0.15, 0?s?0.2, 4?z?9). The permanent magnet includes a two-phase structure of a Th2Zn17 crystal phase and a copper-rich phase. An average interval between the copper-rich phases in a cross section including a crystal c axis of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase is in a range of over 120 nm and less than 500 nm.

Abstract: A rotary electrical machine includes a permanent magnet having a composition containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of rare earth elements. A residual magnetization of the permanent magnet is 1.16 T or more. A coercive force Hcj on an M-H curve of the permanent magnet is 1000 kA/m or more. A recoil magnetic permeability on a B-H curve of the permanent magnet is 1.1 or more.

Abstract: A permanent magnet includes a composition containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of rare earth elements. A residual magnetization is 1.16 T or more. A coercive force Hcj on an M-H curve is 1000 kA/m or more. A recoil magnetic permeability on a B-H curve is 1.1 or more.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrode catalyst for a fuel cell is provided. The electrode catalyst includes a carbon support and a catalyst supported on the carbon support. The catalyst is one of platinum and a platinum-alloy. The method includes supporting the catalyst on the carbon support; and treating the carbon support carrying the catalyst with a nitric acid and cleaning the treated carbon support, such that an amount of an acid present on the carbon support becomes in a range from 0.7 mmol to 1.31 mmol of the acid per gram of the electrode catalyst.

Abstract: A permanent magnet of the embodiment includes: a composition represented by a composition formula: R(FepMqCurCtCo1-p-q-r-t)z (R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Ti, Zr and Hf, 0.27?p?0.45, 0.01?q?0.05, 0.01?r?0.1, 0.002?t?0.03, and 6?z?9); and a metallic structure including a main phase containing a Th2Zn17 crystal phase, and a sub phase of the element M having an element M concentration of 30 atomic % or more. The sub phase of the element M precipitates in the metallic structure. A ratio of a circumferential length to a precipitated area of the sub phase of the element M is 1 or more and 10 or less.

Abstract: A permanent magnet includes: a composition expressed by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t (R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, 10.5?p?12.5 at %, 23?q?40 at %, 0.88?r?4.5 at %, 4.5?t?10.7 at %); and a metal structure containing a cell phase having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase, a cell wall phase, an M-rich platelet phase formed vertically to a c-axis of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase, and a Cu-rich platelet phase formed along the M-rich platelet phase.

Abstract: A permanent magnet includes: a composition expressed by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t (R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, 10.5?p?12.5 at %, 23?q?40 at %, 0.88?r?4.5 at %, 4.5?t?10.7 at %); and a metal structure containing a Th2Zn17 crystal phase and a Cu-rich phase having a Cu concentration higher than that of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase. In a cross section including a c-axis of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase, a number of intersections of the Cu-rich phases existing in an area of 1 ?m square is 10 or more.

Abstract: A vehicle accelerator pedal apparatus including: a pedal-side arm supported, so as to allow rotation toward the front and rear of the vehicle, by a support shaft in a housing; a pad in the pedal-side arm that can be operated by stepping; and a reaction force application mechanism for applying reaction force to the pedal-side arm. The reaction force application mechanism includes a drive source for generating the reaction force, and a transmission member for transmitting the reaction force generated by the drive source to the pedal-side arm. The reaction force application mechanism is arranged higher than the housing. The pedal-side arm has an extension part that is extended on the opposite side from the pad across the support shaft, and from the pedal-side arm to the transmission member.

Abstract: The magnet has a composition expressed by RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t. The magnet has a metallic structure including a main phase having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase. The main phase has crystal grains. 5% or less of the crystal grains having a grain diameter equal to or smaller than 10 ?m, 40% or less of the crystal grains having crystal orientation perpendicular to (001) plane of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase in a direction deviated 30 degrees or more relative to an axis of easy magnetization.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a permanent magnet includes a magnet main body and a surface portion provided on a surface of the magnet main body. The magnet main body has a composition expressed by a composition formula 1: R(Fep1Mq1Cur1Co1-p1-q1-r1)z1. The surface portion has a composition expressed by a composition formula 2: R(Fep2Mq2Cur2Co1-p2-q2-r2)z2. In the composition formulas 1 and 2, R is at least one element selected from rare earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Ti, Zr and Hf, p1 and p2 are 0.25 to 0.45, q1 and q2 are 0.01 to 0.05, r1 and r2 are 0.01 to 0.1, z1 is 6 to 9, and z2 satisfies 0.8?z2/z1?0.995.

Abstract: The embodiments provide a high-performance permanent magnet. The permanent magnet includes a sintered body having a composition expressed by a composition formula RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t, with carbon in a range from 50 mass ppm to 1500 mass ppm. The sintered body also includes a metallic structure. The metallic structure includes a main phase having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase, and a secondary phase having a carbide phase of the M element of the composition formula. A ratio (I2/I1) of a maximum intensity I2 of a diffraction peak at an angle 2? in a range from 37.5 degrees to 38.5 degrees to a maximum intensity I1 of a diffraction peak at the angle 2? in a range from 32.5 degrees to 33.5 degrees is greater than 25 but no greater than 80 in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by applying an X-ray diffraction measuring method to the sintered body.

Abstract: A vehicle accelerator pedal apparatus including: a pedal-side arm supported, so as to allow rotation toward the front and rear of the vehicle, by a support shaft in a housing; a pad in the pedal-side arm that can be operated by stepping; and a reaction force application mechanism for applying reaction force to the pedal-side arm. The reaction force application mechanism includes a drive source for generating the reaction force, and a transmission member for transmitting the reaction force generated by the drive source to the pedal-side arm. The reaction force application mechanism is arranged higher than the housing. The pedal-side arm has an extension part that is extended on the opposite side from the pad across the support shaft, and from the pedal-side arm to the transmission member.

Abstract: The invention provides a high-performance permanent magnet. The permanent magnet has a composition that is expressed by a composition formula RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t, where R is at least one element selected from a rare earth element, M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ti, and Hf, p is a number satisfying 10.8?p?12.5 atomic percent, q is a number satisfying 25?q?40 atomic percent, r is a number satisfying 0.88?r?4.5 atomic percent, and t is a number satisfying 3.5?t?13.5 atomic percent. The permanent magnet also has a metallic structure that includes a main phase having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase, and a Cu-M rich phase having a higher Cu concentration and a higher M concentration than the main phase.

Abstract: A high-performance permanent magnet is provided. A permanent magnet has a composition expressed by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t. The permanent magnet also has a metallic structure including a main phase and a grain boundary phase arranged between crystal grains of the main phase. The crystal grains satisfy a formula: 0.001?|(100/p1max)?(100/p1min)|?1.2, where p1 is a concentration of the R element in each of the crystal grains (atomic percent), p1max is a maximum value of the p1 in all the crystal grains, and p1min is a minimum value of the p1 in all the crystal grains.

Abstract: A high performance permanent magnet is provided. The permanent magnet includes a composition represented by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-t, and a metallic structure including cell phases having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase and Cu-rich phases having higher Cu concentration than the cell phases. An average diameter of the cell phases is 220 nm or less, and in a numeric value range from a minimum diameter to a maximum diameter of the cell phases, a ratio of a number of cell phases having a diameter in a numeric value range of less than upper 20% from the maximum diameter is 20% or less of all the cell phases.

Abstract: A permanent magnet includes: a composition expressed by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t (R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, 10.5?p?12.5 at %, 23?q?40 at %, 0.88?r?4.5 at %, 4.5?t?10.7 at %); and a metal structure containing a Th2Zn17 crystal phase and a Cu-rich phase having a Cu concentration higher than that of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase. In a cross section including a c-axis of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase, a number of intersections of the Cu-rich phases existing in an area of 1 ?m square is 10 or more.

Abstract: A permanent magnet of an embodiment includes: a composition represented by a composition formula: R(FepMqCurCo1-p-q-r)z, where R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, and relations of 0.3?p?0.4, 0.01?q?0.05, 0.01?r?0.1, and 7?z?8.5 (atomic ratio) are satisfied; and a structure including a cell phase having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase, and a cell wall phase existing to surround the cell phase. An average magnetization of the cell wall phase is 0.2 T or less.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a permanent magnet includes a composition represented by R(Fep(TisM1-s)qCur(Co1-tAt)1-p-q-r)z (R is at least one element selected from rare earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr and Hf, A is at least one element selected from Ni, V, Cr, Mn, Al, Ga, Nb, Ta and W, and p, q, r, s, t and z are numbers satisfying 0.3?p?0.6, 0.01?q?0.1, 0.01?r?0.15, 0.2?s?0.8, 0?t?0.2, 6?z?9 in an atomic ratio, respectively), and a structure composed mainly of a Th2Zn17 crystal phase and a CaCu5 crystal phase.

Abstract: A permanent magnet includes: a composition expressed by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t (R is at least one element selected from rare-earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, 10.5?p?12.5 at %, 23?q?40 at %, 0.88?r?4.5 at %, 4.5?t?10.7 at %); and a metal structure containing a cell phase having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase, a cell wall phase, an M-rich platelet phase formed vertically to a c-axis of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase, and a Cu-rich platelet phase formed along the M-rich platelet phase.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a permanent magnet has a composition represented by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCusCo100-p-q-r-s, where R is a rare earth element, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, p is 8.0 atomic % or more and 13.5 atomic % or less, q is 25 atomic % or more and 40 atomic % or less, r is 0.88 atomic % or more and 7.2 atomic % or less, and s is 3.5 atomic % or more and 13.5 atomic % or less, and a metallic structure including a cell phase having a Th2Zn17 crystal phase, a cell wall phase, and a platelet phase existing along a c plane of the Th2Zn17 crystal phase. An average thickness of the platelet phase is in a range of from 2.5 nm to 20 nm.