Abstract: A method for producing a compound of formula (1): wherein two R1 are the same and each is a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, comprising: step A of reacting a compound of formula (2): wherein R1 is as defined above, with a compound (3) of formula (3-1) or the like: wherein R31, R32, and R33 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or a C1-10 alkyl group, or two of them are optionally linked to each other to form a ring optionally having one or more substituents, in the presence of a fluorine compound (4) of formula (4-1) or the like: wherein M is a metal atom, n is 0 or 1, and the sum of the valence number of M and n is m, and an organic solvent, provided that the compound of formula (3) is excluded from the organic solvent.

Abstract: A method for producing a compound of formula (5): wherein R1 is a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, comprising: a step of producing a compound of formula (1) by step A of reacting a compound of formula (2), with at least one compound (3) in the presence of a fluorine compound (4) or hydrofluoric acid or a salt thereof, and an organic solvent, or producing a compound of formula (1) by step A, and further comprising step B of performing liquid separation; step C of heating the compound of formula (1) in the presence of a fluorine compound (4) or hydrofluoric acid or a salt thereof, to produce a compound of formula (6); step D of reacting the compound of formula (6) with a base to produce a compound of formula (8); and step E of heating the compound of formula (8) to produce the compound of formula (5).

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide a composite having excellent heat resistance and/or hydrophobicity and allowing easy introduction of a functional group thereinto. A composite comprising: a polymer; and one or more cyclic compounds that include the polymer, where the cyclic compound comprises a compound represented by the following formula (I): where A independently represents a divalent C4-50 organic group comprising one or more selected from —OR and —CO—, R independently represents an organic group optionally comprising one or more fluorine atoms, or a hydrogen atom, and n represents an integer of 4 to 20, and one of the polymer and the cyclic compound comprises one or more selected from —CO—, a nitrogen atom, and a halogen atom, and the other has a group comprising a hydrogen atom capable of interacting with —CO—, the nitrogen atom, or the halogen atom.

Abstract: An energy utilization system includes a circulation circuit. The circulation circuit includes a pump, a heating section, an electrolytic reduction apparatus, and a thermal energy recovery section. The pump receives a heating medium and outputs the heating medium. The heating section heats the heating medium by using renewable energy or energy obtained from waste heat. The electrolytic reduction apparatus heats an electrolytic solution with heat from the heating medium. The circulation circuit circulates the heating medium. A method for producing a carbon-containing material includes heating a heating medium circulating in a circulation circuit by using renewable energy or energy obtained from waste heat, and performing electrolytic reduction by heating an electrolytic solution with heat from the heating medium that has been heated.

Abstract: A method for producing a hydrocarbon, including: preparing a molten salt containing an oxide of a first metal; adding carbon dioxide to the molten salt; obtaining precipitates containing a first metal carbide by applying a voltage to the molten salt containing carbon dioxide; and obtaining a gas containing a hydrocarbon and a hydroxide of the first metal by hydrolyzing the first metal carbide.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a fluoropolymer, the method including a polymerizing step of polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene in an aqueous medium in the presence of an initiator, a chain transfer agent, and a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer containing more than 80 mol % of a polymerized unit based on tetrafluoroethylene, the chain transfer agent including at least one selected from the group consisting of a dithioester compound, a dithiocarbamate compound, a trithiocarbonate compound, and a xanthate compound. Also provided is a fluoropolymer represented by the formula Af-CRP defined in the description.

Abstract: An energy utilization system includes a circulation circuit, and an electrolytic reduction apparatus that performs electrolytic reduction of an electrolytic solution in which carbon dioxide is dissolved. The circulation circuit includes a temperature adjustment section that adjusts temperature of a heating medium by using renewable energy or energy obtained from waste heat. The heating medium circulates in the circulation circuit. The electrolytic reduction apparatus performs electrolytic reduction of the electrolytic solution temperature-adjusted through thermal contact with the heating medium.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing carbon monoxide or an organic compound, which includes electrolytically reducing carbon dioxide to obtain carbon monoxide or an organic compound in an electrolytic reduction apparatus having an anode, a cathode, and an electrolytic solution containing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is selectively reduced into carbon monoxide or a specific organic compound by a potential to be applied to between the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: A housing for a livestock sensor, the housing including: a resin having a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.40 or lower and a coefficient of static friction of 0.10 or lower, and the resin being other than polytetrafluoroethylene. Also disclosed is a livestock sensor including the housing and a detector inside the housing.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, wherein the surfactant is a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon-containing surfactant.

Abstract: A composition including a fluoropolymer and a polymer (2) of a monomer (2) represented by the following formula (2): wherein R is a linking group; Z1 and Z2 are each independently F or CF3; M is H, a metal atom, NR74, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent; and R7 is H or an organic group; and wherein a number average molecular weight of the polymer (2) is 0.3×104 or more and a content of a dimer and a trimer of the monomer (2) in the polymer (2) is 1.0% by mass or less based on the polymer (2).

Abstract: In a method for producing a low-molecular-weight fluorine compound by decomposing a fluororesin by bringing a heated microwave absorber into contact with a material containing a fluororesin in a reaction vessel provided with a carrier gas inlet and a decomposition gas outlet, (i) a temperature difference Delta 1(TR?TI), obtained by subtracting the carrier gas temperature TI (° C.) from the temperature TR (° C.) of the heated microwave absorber, is set to be more than 500° C. and/or (ii) a temperature difference Delta 2(TR?TE), obtained by subtracting the product gas temperature TE (° C.) at the outlet from the temperature TR (° C.), is set to be 300° C. or higher.

Abstract: A composition comprising a compound represented by formula (1): wherein two R1 are the same and each is a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, and further comprising, based on 100 parts by mass of the compound represented by formula (1), 0.00001 to 1 part by mass of a compound represented by formula (10): wherein R41, R42, R43, and R44 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, or two of them are optionally linked to each other to form a ring optionally having one or more substituents.

Abstract: A method for producing a metal carbide including: preparing a molten salt containing at least one first metal ion selected from alkali metal ions or alkali earth metal ions; preparing an electrode containing carbon; and applying a voltage to the molten salt using the electrode to obtain a metal carbide composition containing a carbide of the first metal.

Abstract: A method for producing a metal carbide, including electrode preparation that includes preparing a first molten salt containing at least one first metal ion selected from alkali metal ions or alkali earth metal ions, and a carbonate ion, and applying a voltage to the first molten salt to precipitate a precipitate containing carbon on a first electrode, thereby obtaining a second electrode; and electrolysis that includes applying a voltage to a second molten salt containing at least one second metal ion selected from alkali metal ions or alkali earth metal ions using the second electrode to obtain a carbide composition containing a carbide of the second metal.

Abstract: A method for separating a fluorocarbon gas including feeding a mixed gas that includes two or more kinds of fluorocarbon gases having different molecular diameters from each other to a porous membrane and separating a gas composition in which a mixing ratio of one kind of a fluorocarbon gas selected from the two or more kinds of fluorocarbon gases is increased or a single gas, where the porous membrane includes organosilica.

Abstract: A method for separating a fluorocarbon gas, the method including feeding a mixed gas that includes two or more kinds of fluorocarbon gases having different molecular diameters from each other to a porous membrane and separating a gas composition in which a mixing ratio of one kind of a fluorocarbon gas selected from the two or more kinds of fluorocarbon gases is increased or a single gas, where the porous membrane includes a zeolite.

Abstract: A method for separating a fluorocarbon gas including feeding a mixed gas that includes two or more kinds of fluorocarbon gases having different molecular diameters from each other to a porous membrane and separating a gas composition in which a mixing ratio of one kind of a fluorocarbon gas selected from the two or more kinds of fluorocarbon gases is increased or a single gas, where the porous membrane includes amorphous silica formed by a sol-gel method.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for producing a fluoropolymer, the method includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a polymer (1) to obtain a fluoropolymer, wherein the polymer (1) is a polymer of a monomer (1) represented by the general formula (1) below, in which the content of a dimer and a trimer of the monomer (1) is 1.0% by mass or less based on the polymer (1): CF2?CF—R—CZ1Z1-A0??(1) wherein R is a linking group; Z1 and Z2 are each independently F or CF3; and A0 is an anionic group.

Abstract: A method for producing a hydrocarbon including: preparing a molten salt containing a carbonate of a first metal; obtaining precipitates containing a first metal carbide by applying a voltage to the molten salt; and obtaining a gas containing the hydrocarbon and a hydroxide of the first metal by hydrolyzing the first metal carbide.