Abstract: Integrated circuit memory devices include an integrated circuit substrate and a plurality of lower wiring lines on the substrate and extending in a first direction. An interlayer insulating layer is on the plurality of lower wiring lines. An upper damascene wiring line is in an upper portion of the interlayer insulating layer and extending in a second direction, different from the first direction, to extend over the plurality of lower wiring lines. The upper damascene wiring line has protruded regions extending therefrom in a direction different from the second direction, the protruded regions extending over respective underlying ones of the lower wiring lines. A first via extends through the interlayer insulating layer under a first of the protruded regions and connects the upper damascene wiring line to a corresponding underlying first one of the plurality of wiring lines.

Abstract: The present invention provides a recovery method using extendible hashing-based cluster logs in a shared-nothing spatial database cluster, which eliminates the duplication of cluster logs required for cluster recovery in a shared-nothing database cluster, so that recovery time is decreased, thus allowing the shared-nothing spatial database cluster system to continuously provide stable service. In the recovery method, if a failure occurs in a predetermined node, a second node in a group, including the node, records cluster logs in main memory on the basis of extendible hashing. If the node that has failed recovers itself using a local log, the second node in the group transmits cluster logs in packets to a recovery node that is the failed node. If the recovery node reflects the received cluster logs and maintains consistency with other nodes in the group, the recovery node resumes normal service.

Abstract: An ATM-based delay adaptive scheduling apparatus adaptive according to a traffic type and method thereof. A scheduling portion categorizes an input cell according to the traffic type, and generates service information of the cell suitably for the traffic type of the cells. A controlling portion determines a priority of cell service provision based on the service information, and an outputting portion reads a corresponding cell from the storing portion according to the service providing priority determined by the controlling portion, and outputs the read cell to an ATM switch. By generating the service information of each cell in the form of a tag, and by determining a priority of service provision according to the generated service information, an adequate QoS is guaranteed for each traffic type under a multi-traffic environment, and an efficient use of bandwidth provided in a current network is achieved by using the characteristics of each traffic type.

Abstract: An ATM-based delay adaptive scheduling apparatus adaptive according to a traffic type and method thereof. A scheduling portion categorizes an input cell according to the traffic type, and generates service information of the cell suitably for the traffic type of the cells. A controlling portion determines a priority of cell service provision based on the service information, and an outputting portion reads a corresponding cell from the storing portion according to the service providing priority determined by the controlling portion, and outputs the read cell to an ATM switch. By generating the service information of each cell in the form of a tag, and by determining a priority of service provision according to the generated service information, an adequate QoS is guaranteed for each traffic type under a multi-traffic environment, and an efficient use of bandwidth provided in a current network is achieved by using the characteristics of each traffic type.