Abstract: Discussed is a battery pack that may include at least one battery module including at least one battery cell; a case tray configured to support the at least one battery module; a tray cover coupled to the case tray; and at least one bushing gasket configured to connect the case tray and the tray cover and to support the case tray on a plurality of points.

Abstract: In a driving system, first and second inverters are connected to a driving motor, one end of a stator winding through which 3-phase current flows is connected to an output line of the first inverter, and the other end of the stator winding is connected to an output line of the second inverter. A winding pattern of the driving motor includes: coils wound in slots defined in the stator and to which 3-phase current is applied; coils wound on innermost and outermost sides based on a direction toward a rotating shaft of the driving motor in the slots, and being energized by different AC phases; and coils disposed between a first coil located on the outermost side and a second coil located on the innermost side, and being energized by the same AC phases as those of the first and second coils.

Abstract: Device and methods for controlling pH or ionic gradient comprising a multisite array of feedback electrode sets comprising electrodes and pH sensing elements. The electrodes can include a reference electrode, counter electrode, and a working electrode. The device and methods iteratively select an amount of current and/or voltage to be applied to each working electrode, apply the selected amount of current and/or voltage to each working electrode to change pH of a solution close to the working electrode, and measure the signal output of the sensing element. The multisite array can include feedback and non-feedback electrode sets.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems, devices, and methods for nucleic acid sequencing including polynucleotide strands having a nucleotide(s) modified with a redox label(s) attached thereto or capable of receiving the modified nucleotide(s) with a redox label(s) attached thereto. The systems, devices, and methods include a dielectric member with an attached translocating protein positioned between oxidizing and reducing electrodes.

Abstract: A computational method for characterizing a biopolymer property of a biopolymer. The computational method includes receiving a dimensional representation of a molecule concentration over time within a fluid flow of a fluid medium flowing through a fluid channel including the biopolymer; predicting a fluid flow velocity and/or a fluid flow pressure of the fluid medium in response to the dimensional representation of the molecule concentration over time within the fluid medium using a machine learning model; and characterizing the biopolymer property of the biopolymer in response to the fluid flow velocity and/or the fluid flow pressure.

Abstract: Closed-loop systems and methods for controlling pH. The system includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, a first ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), a second ISFET, and an electronic controller. The working electrode, the counter electrode, the reference electrode, and a first sensing terminal of the first ISFET are immersible in an active solution. A second sensing terminal of the second ISFET is immersible in a reference solution. The electronic controller is configured to apply a first amount of current or voltage to the working electrode and determine a differential voltage between the first ISFET and the second ISFET. The electronic controller is also configured to set a second amount of current or voltage to reduce a difference between the differential voltage and a target voltage. The electronic controller is further configured to apply the second amount of current or voltage to the working electrode.

Abstract: Provided is a method for monitoring a change of ion strength in a sample solution by a closed-loop device that provides continuous cycling of electrochemical pH modulation between pre-defined pH values. In particular, the change of ion strength may be induced by a chemical reaction and may ultimately alter the electrical control parameters of the closed-loop device. By measuring such electrical control parameters, the degree and progress of the underlying chemical reaction may be monitored.

Abstract: Provided are methods for imaging a biospecimen, which involves the use of electrochemical pH modulation in combination with pH-sensitive labels to achieve localized imaging with a high vertical axial resolution.

Abstract: An electroporation apparatus comprising an elongated hollow member in order to provide a uniform electric field during electroporation, wherein specifically, electroporation is carried out by applying electric pulses through a couple of electrodes from both end parts of the elongated hollow member, after the hollow member is charged with fluid specimen including cells and material which would be injected into the cells.

Abstract: Closed-loop systems and methods for controlling pH. The system includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, a first ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), a second ISFET, and an electronic controller. The working electrode, the counter electrode, the reference electrode, and a first sensing terminal of the first ISFET are immersible in an active solution. A second sensing terminal of the second ISFET is immersible in a reference solution. The electronic controller is configured to apply a first amount of current or voltage to the working electrode and determine a differential voltage between the first ISFET and the second ISFET. The electronic controller is also configured to set a second amount of current or voltage to reduce a difference between the differential voltage and a target voltage. The electronic controller is further configured to apply the second amount of current or voltage to the working electrode.

Abstract: A method for detecting an amount of an analyte in a solution includes adding an electrochemically active agent to the solution; applying an electrical current to a working electrode in contact with the solution to initiate the electrochemical redox reaction to change a pH of the solution from a first pH value to a second pH value; incubating the solution at the second pH value to allow the analyte to dissociate from the other molecules in the solution and to bind to a capture molecule connected to the working electrode via a linker; reacting a detecting probe with the analyte to allow the detecting probe to bind to the analyte, the detecting probe having a signaling tag attached thereto and configured to produce a signal at the second pH value; and collecting the signal to calculate the amount of the analyte in the solution.

Abstract: A device to electrochemically sequence DNA that includes a redox species includes at least one edge electrode, at least one stack of insulator material, and a pair of DNA translocation electrodes including a DNA translocation working electrode and a DNA translocation counter electrode, where the thickness of the at least one edge electrode is about 0.5 nanometers, and the thickness of the at least one stack of insulator material is about 10 nanometers. Methods of electrochemically sequencing a strand of DNA are also provided.

Abstract: An electroporation apparatus comprising an elongated hollow member in order to provide a uniform electric field during electroporation, wherein specifically, electroporation is carried out by applying electric pulses through a couple of electrodes from both end parts of the elongated hollow member, after the hollow member is charged with fluid specimen including cells and material which would be injected into the cells.

Abstract: A sensor and a corresponding method measure the pH of a solution without using an external reference electrode. The pH sensor has at least one functionalized electrode with an attached first redox active molecule and an attached second redox active molecule that are differently sensitive to pH and oxidize/reduce at different voltages, and a difference in peaks of a response of the two molecules to applied electrical parameter is measured and correlated to a particular pH.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a nanoscale topography system for inducing unfolding of a DNA molecule for sequencing includes providing a substrate and creating trench walls on the substrate which define a trench therebetween. The method further includes depositing a layer of a block copolymer (BCP) in the trench and forming cylindrical domains by self-assembly of the BCP between the trench walls, removing a first portion of the cylindrical domains to create a vacant region in the trench, and depositing a subsequent layer of the BCP in the vacant region and forming spherical domains by self-assembly of the BCP between the trench walls adjacent a second portion of the cylindrical domains. The spherical domains form staggered post structures for unfolding the DNA molecule and the cylindrical domains form parallel channel structures for entry of the DNA molecule for sequencing.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems, devices, and methods for nucleic acid sequencing including polynucleotide strands having a nucleotide(s) modified with a redox label(s) attached thereto or capable of receiving the modified nucleotide(s) with a redox label(s) attached thereto. The systems, devices, and methods include a dielectric member with an attached translocating protein positioned between oxidizing and reducing electrodes.

Abstract: Device and methods for controlling pH or ionic gradient comprising a multisite array of feedback electrode sets comprising electrodes and pH sensing elements. The electrodes can include a reference electrode, counter electrode, and a working electrode. The device and methods iteratively select an amount of current and/or voltage to be applied to each working electrode, apply the selected amount of current and/or voltage to each working electrode to change pH of a solution close to the working electrode, and measure the signal output of the sensing element. The multisite array can include feedback and non-feedback electrode sets.

Abstract: A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.

Abstract: Provided are methods for imaging a biospecimen, which involves the use of electrochemical pH modulation in combination with pH-sensitive labels to achieve localized imaging with a high vertical axial resolution.

Abstract: A sensor and a corresponding method measure the pH of a solution without using an external reference electrode. The pH sensor has at least one functionalized electrode with an attached first redox active molecule and an attached second redox active molecule that are differently sensitive to pH and oxidize/reduce at different voltages, and a difference in peaks of a response of the two molecules to applied electrical parameter is measured and correlated to a particular pH.