Abstract: A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.

Abstract: Provided are methods for imaging a biospecimen, which involves the use of electrochemical pH modulation in combination with pH-sensitive labels to achieve localized imaging with a high vertical axial resolution.

Abstract: A sensor and a corresponding method measure the pH of a solution without using an external reference electrode. The pH sensor has at least one functionalized electrode with an attached first redox active molecule and an attached second redox active molecule that are differently sensitive to pH and oxidize/reduce at different voltages, and a difference in peaks of a response of the two molecules to applied electrical parameter is measured and correlated to a particular pH.

Abstract: An electroporation apparatus comprising an elongated hollow member in order to provide a uniform electric field during electroporation, wherein specifically, electroporation is carried out by applying electric pulses through a couple of electrodes from both end parts of the elongated hollow member, after the hollow member is charged with fluid specimen including cells and material which would be injected into the cells.

Abstract: A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.

Abstract: A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.

Abstract: An electroporation apparatus comprising an elongated hollow member in order to provide a uniform electric field during electroporation, wherein specifically, electroporation is carried out b applying electric pulses through a couple of electrodes from both end parts of the elongated hollow member, after the hollow member is charged with fluid specimen including cells and material which would be injected into the cells.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes an ice making chamber having an ice making tray, an ice making chamber refrigerant pipe to supply cool air to the ice making tray, and an ice making chamber circulation fan to circulate air in the ice making chamber. A control method to prevent frost from being formed in the ice making chamber includes determining whether temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than a predetermined temperature; and driving the ice making chamber circulation fan to prevent frost from being formed in the ice making chamber upon determining that the temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than the predetermined temperature. Driving the ice making chamber circulation fan to prevent frost includes driving the ice making chamber circulation fan for a predetermined period of time when the temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: An icemaker unit and a refrigerator having the same. A drainage duct is provided to the icemaker unit, including a longitudinally inclined structure, a laterally inclined structure, and drainage holes to enhance drainage of the water. An upper part of the drainage duct is formed of a high heat-conductivity material and a lower part of the drainage duct of a low heat-conductivity material.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes an ice making unit. The refrigerator also includes a refrigeration cycle including a refrigerant pipe to supply cooling energy to an ice making compartment, and a fixing member to fix a first portion of the refrigerant pipe, at least a second portion of the refrigerant pipe supported by and inserted into the ice making compartment.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes an ice making compartment, an ice making unit producing ice in the ice making compartment, and a refrigeration cycle including a refrigerant pipe to supply cooling energy to the ice making compartment. Air present in the ice making compartment is cooled while undergoing direct heat exchange with at least one of the ice making unit and the refrigerant pipe.

Abstract: A refrigerator including a refrigeration cycle including a refrigerant pipe to supply cooling energy to an ice making compartment, an ice making tray, on which at least a portion of the refrigerant pipe is seated, a drainage duct to collect condensed water falling from the ice making tray or from at least a portion of the refrigerant pipe, and to drain the collected water, and at least one fixer to fix at least a portion of the refrigerant pipe to the ice making tray. The fixer is protruded from the drainage duct.

Abstract: An ice-making unit, which uses a cooling unit in which a refrigerant pipe is received, and a refrigerator having the same. The cooling unit includes a cooler for conduction of coldness, an inner surface of the cooler coming into direct contact with the refrigerant pipe, realizing a direct cooling type ice making operation. A rotatable tray is provided under the cooling unit, so that an ice-separating member attached to the cooling unit pushes ice upon rotation of the tray, allowing the ice to be discharged in a direction opposite to the rotating direction of the tray.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes an ice making chamber having an ice making tray, an ice making chamber refrigerant pipe to supply cool air to the ice making tray, and an ice making chamber circulation fan to circulate air in the ice making chamber. A control method to prevent frost from being formed in the ice making chamber includes determining whether temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than a predetermined temperature; and driving the ice making chamber circulation fan to prevent frost from being formed in the ice making chamber upon determining that the temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than the predetermined temperature. Driving the ice making chamber circulation fan to prevent frost includes driving the ice making chamber circulation fan for a predetermined period of time when the temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A control method of a refrigerator to prevent frost from being formed in an ice making chamber. The refrigerator includes an ice making chamber refrigerant pipe to supply a refrigerant to make ice in a direct cooling manner and an ice making chamber circulation fan to create a forced air stream to circulate air in the ice making chamber. The control method includes determining whether temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than a predetermined temperature and driving the ice making chamber circulation fan in a state in which the temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than the predetermined temperature and the refrigerant flows in the ice making chamber refrigerant pipe or when flow of the refrigerant in the ice making chamber refrigerant pipe is interrupted in a state in which the temperature of the ice making chamber is lower than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: An electroporation apparatus comprising an elongated hollow member in order to provide a uniform electric field during electroporation, wherein specifically, electroporation is carried out by applying electric pulses through a couple of electrodes from both end parts of the elongated hollow member, after the hollow member is charged with fluid specimen including cells and material which would be injected into the cells.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for transmitting media data using social intimacy. The apparatus and method can calculate a social intimacy level for a plurality of previously stored terminal information, request at least one terminal of transmitting terminal information according to a media transmission request, and when receiving the requested terminal information from at least one terminal, transmit the media data to a terminal where the terminal information equals the received terminal information among terminal information having higher social intimacy, thereby sharing the media data with people forming a higher social intimacy with a user.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes an ice making compartment, an ice making unit producing ice in the ice making compartment, and a refrigeration cycle including a refrigerant pipe to supply cooling energy to the ice making compartment. Air present in the ice making compartment is cooled while undergoing direct heat exchange with at least one of the ice making unit and the refrigerant pipe.

Abstract: An electroporation apparatus comprising an elongated hollow member in order to provide a uniform electric field during electroporation, wherein specifically, electroporation is carried out by applying electric pulses through a couple of electrodes from both end parts of the elongated hollow member, after the hollow member is charged with fluid specimen including cells and material which would be injected into the cells.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a body provided with a freezing compartment, a refrigerating compartment and an ice making compartment provided in the refrigerating compartment; an ice making unit including an ice making tray to produce ice in the ice making compartment; an ice storage container to store the ice made by the ice making unit; and a refrigerant pipe protruding from an interior wall of the body to supply cooling energy to the ice making compartment. A drainage duct is disposed between the ice making unit and the ice storage container adapted to prevent water drops from the ice making unit falling into the ice storage container. The drainage duct include at least one fixer configured to push the refrigerant pipe to a lower surface of the ice making tray to contact the refrigerant pipe with the lower surface of the ice making tray.