Abstract: Apparatus and methods for wireless communication include receiving, in a time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) network, a first number of symbols before a midamble, the midamble, and a second number of symbols after the midamble; determining first forward and backward probabilities for a first subset of the first number of symbols and second forward and backward probabilities for a second subset of the second number of symbols; determining first posterior probabilities for the first subset of the first number of symbols and second posterior probabilities for the second subset of the second number of symbols; determining a first target posterior probability and a second target posterior probability; detecting a first target symbol and a second target symbol; and determining a first channel estimate corresponding to the first target symbol and a second channel estimate corresponding to the second target symbol.

Abstract: An method for forming wireless communications groups applied in a wireless communications system includes selecting g coordinators from n wireless communications devices around a base station, allocating remaining (n?g) wireless communications devices of the n wireless communications devices to the g coordinators to form g wireless communications groups, reselecting a coordinator from each wireless communications group to generate g updated coordinators, and allocating remaining (n?g) wireless communications devices of the n wireless communications devices to the g updated coordinators to form g updated wireless communications groups.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The semiconductor device includes a gate, a channel layer, a gate insulation layer, a source, a drain and a silicon-aluminum-oxide layer. The gate is disposed on a substrate. The channel layer is disposed on the substrate. The channel layer overlaps the gate. The gate insulation layer is disposed between the gate and the channel layer. The source and the drain are disposed on two sides of the channel layer. The silicon-aluminum-oxide layer is disposed on the substrate and covers the source, the drain and the channel layer.

Abstract: A thin-film transistor (TFT) includes a gate electrode, a gate dielectric layer, a semiconductor layer, source/drain electrodes, a passivation layer and a protection layer. The gate electrode is disposed on a substrate. The gate dielectric layer covers the gate electrode and the substrate. The semiconductor layer is disposed on the gate dielectric layer and above the gate electrode. The semiconductor layer has a channel region disposed above the gate electrode and source/drain regions disposed at both sides of the channel region. The source/drain electrodes are disposed on the source/drain regions of the semiconductor layer and each has a barrier layer disposed on the source/drain regions of the semiconductor layer and a conductive layer disposed on the barrier layer. The passivation layer is disposed over the surface of the source/drain electrodes. The protection layer is disposed over the substrate, the passivation layer, and the channel region of the semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The semiconductor device includes a gate, a channel layer, a gate insulation layer, a source, a drain and a silicon-aluminum-oxide layer. The gate is disposed on a substrate. The channel layer is disposed on the substrate. The channel layer overlaps the gate. The gate insulation layer is disposed between the gate and the channel layer. The source and the drain are disposed on two sides of the channel layer. The silicon-aluminum-oxide layer is disposed on the substrate and covers the source, the drain and the channel layer.

Abstract: An method for forming wireless communications groups applied in a wireless communications system includes selecting g coordinators from n wireless communications devices around a base station, allocating remaining (n-g) wireless communications devices of the n wireless communications devices to the g coordinators to form g wireless communications groups, reselecting a coordinator from each wireless communications group to generate g updated coordinators, and allocating remaining (n-g) wireless communications devices of the n wireless communications devices to the g updated coordinators to form g updated wireless communications groups.

Abstract: A copper conducting wire structure is for use in the thin-film-transistor liquid crystal display (LCD) device. The copper conducting wire structure includes at least a buffer layer and a copper layer. A fabricating method of the copper conducting wire structure includes the following steps. At first, a glass substrate is provided. Next, the buffer layer is formed on the glass substrate. The buffer layer is comprised of a copper nitride. At last, the copper layer is formed on the buffer layer.

Abstract: A voltage generator capable of preventing latch-up is disclosed. The voltage generator includes a positive charge pump unit, a negative charge pump unit, a second stage charge pump unit, and a control unit. The positive charge pump unit is utilized for generating a positive charge pump voltage according to a first enable signal. The negative charge pump is utilized for generating a negative charge pump voltage according to a second enable signal. The second stage charge pump unit is utilized for generating a gate-on voltage and a gate-off voltage according to a third enable signal and a fourth enable signal. The control unit is utilized for generating the first enable signal, the second enable signal, the third enable signal, and the fourth enable signal and make the second stage charge pump unit generate the gate-on voltage (or the gate-off voltage) in a successively-increasing (or decreasing) manner.

Abstract: Communication protocol methods for performing signal synchronization, data transmission, and data acknowledgement between a transmitting device and a receiving device are provided. The methods are characterized by a plurality of transmission lines which are used for performing signal synchronization, data transmission, and data acknowledgement by the communication protocol methods.

Abstract: A display panel structure having a circuit element disposed thereon and method of manufacture are provided. The display panel includes a substrate and the circuit element disposed on the substrate. The circuit element has a first interface layer and a first conductive layer. Both the first interface layer and the first conductive layer have cooper materials. The material which makes the first interface layer includes a reactant or a compound of the material which makes the first conductive layer. The method for manufacturing includes the following steps: forming a first interface layer on the substrate; forming a first conductive layer on the first interface layer; and etching the first conductive and interface layers to form a pattern. The existence of the first interface reduces the penetration of the first conductive layer on the substrate and improves the adhesive force between the first conductive layer and the substrate.

Abstract: A display panel structure having a circuit element disposed thereon and method of manufacture are provided. The display panel includes a substrate and the circuit element disposed on the substrate. The circuit element has a first interface layer and a first conductive layer. Both the first interface layer and the first conductive layer have copper materials. The material which makes the first interface layer includes a reactant or a compound of the material which makes the first conductive layer. The method for manufacturing includes the following steps: forming a first interface layer on the substrate; forming a first conductive layer on the first interface layer; and etching the first conductive and interface layers to form a pattern. The existence of the first interface reduces the penetration of the first conductive layer on the substrate and improves the adhesive force between the first conductive layer and the substrate.

Abstract: A display element and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The method comprises the following steps: forming a first patterned conducting layer with a gate on a substrate and a dielectric layer thereon; forming a patterned semiconductor layer on the dielectric layer, wherein the patterned semiconductor layer has a channel region, a source and a drain, and wherein the source and the drain lie on the opposite sides of the channel region; selectively depositing a barrier layer, which only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer; forming a second patterned conducting layer on the barrier layer and above the source and the drain. In the display element manufactured by the method, the barrier layer only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A display panel structure having a circuit element disposed thereon and method of manufacture are provided. The display panel includes a substrate and the circuit element disposed on the substrate. The circuit element has a first interface layer and a first conductive layer. Both the first interface layer and the first conductive layer have cooper materials. The material which makes the first interface layer includes a reactant or a compound of the material which makes the first conductive layer. The method for manufacturing includes the following steps: forming a first interface layer on the substrate; forming a first conductive layer on the first interface layer; and etching the first conductive and interface layers to form a pattern. The existence of the first interface reduces the penetration of the first conductive layer on the substrate and improves the adhesive force between the first conductive layer and the substrate.

Abstract: A voltage generator capable of preventing latch-up is disclosed. The voltage generator includes a positive charge pump unit, a negative charge pump unit, a second stage charge pump unit, and a control unit. The positive charge pump unit is utilized for generating a positive charge pump voltage according to a first enable signal. The negative charge pump is utilized for generating a negative charge pump voltage according to a second enable signal. The second stage charge pump unit is utilized for generating a gate-on voltage and a gate-off voltage according to a third enable signal and a fourth enable signal. The control unit is utilized for generating the first enable signal, the second enable signal, the third enable signal, and the fourth enable signal and make the second stage charge pump unit generate the gate-on voltage (or the gate-off voltage) in a successively-increasing (or decreasing) manner.

Abstract: The invention discloses a switching device for a pixel electrode of display device. The switching device comprises a gate formed on a substrate; a gate-insulating layer formed on the gate; a first buffer layer formed between the substrate and the gate and/or between the gate and the gate-insulating layer, wherein the first buffer layer comprises TaSix, TaSixNy, TiSix, TiSixNy, WSix, WSixNy, or WCxNy; a semiconductor layer formed on a portion of the gate-insulating layer; and a source and a drain formed on a portion of the semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A display element and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The method comprises the following steps: forming a first patterned conducting layer with a gate on a substrate and a dielectric layer thereon; forming a patterned semiconductor layer on the dielectric layer, wherein the patterned semiconductor layer has a channel region, a source and a drain, and wherein the source and the drain lie on the opposite sides of the channel region; selectively depositing a barrier layer, which only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer; forming a second patterned conducting layer on the barrier layer and above the source and the drain. In the display element manufactured by the method, the barrier layer only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A display element and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The method comprises the following steps: forming a first patterned conducting layer with a gate on a substrate and a dielectric layer thereon; forming a patterned semiconductor layer on the dielectric layer, wherein the patterned semiconductor layer has a channel region, a source and a drain, and wherein the source and the drain lie on the opposite sides of the channel region; selectively depositing a barrier layer, which only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer; forming a second patterned conducting layer on the barrier layer and above the source and the drain. In the display element manufactured by the method, the barrier layer only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A thin-film transistor (TFT) includes a gate electrode, a gate dielectric layer, a semiconductor layer, source/drain electrodes, a passivation layer and a protection layer. The gate electrode is disposed on a substrate. The gate dielectric layer covers the gate electrode and the substrate. The semiconductor layer is disposed on the gate dielectric layer and above the gate electrode. The semiconductor layer has a channel region disposed above the gate electrode and source/drain regions disposed at both sides of the channel region. The source/drain electrodes are disposed on the source/drain regions of the semiconductor layer and each has a barrier layer disposed on the source/drain regions of the semiconductor layer and a conductive layer disposed on the barrier layer. The passivation layer is disposed over the surface of the source/drain electrodes. The protection layer is disposed over the substrate, the passivation layer, and the channel region of the semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A display element and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The method comprises the following steps: forming a first patterned conducting layer with a gate on a substrate and a dielectric layer thereon; forming a patterned semiconductor layer on the dielectric layer, wherein the patterned semiconductor layer has a channel region, a source and a drain, and wherein the source and the drain lie on the opposite sides of the channel region; selectively depositing a barrier layer, which only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer; forming a second patterned conducting layer on the barrier layer and above the source and the drain. In the display element manufactured by the method, the barrier layer only wraps the patterned semiconductor layer.

Abstract: Communication protocol methods for performing signal synchronization, data transmission, and data acknowledgement between a transmitting device and a receiving device are provided. The methods are characterized by a plurality of transmission lines which are used for performing signal synchronization, data transmission, and data acknowledgement by the communication protocol methods.