Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a PDP and an FED with excellent visibility and a high level of reliability that each have an antireflective function by which reflection of external light can be reduced. A plurality of adjacent pyramidal-shaped projections and an antireflective layer equipped with a covering film that covers the projections are provided. The reflection of light is prevented by the index of refraction of incident light from external being changed by a pyramid, which is a physical shape, projecting out toward an external side (atmosphere side) of a substrate that is to be used as a display screen as well as by the covering film used to cover the projections being formed of a material that has a higher index of refraction than the index of refraction of the pyramidal projection.

Abstract: A seed crystal including mixed phase grains having high crystallinity with a low grain density is formed under a first condition, and a microcrystalline semiconductor film is formed over the seed crystal under a second condition which allows the mixed phase grains in the seed crystal to grow to fill a space between the mixed phase grains. In the first condition, the flow rate of hydrogen is 50 times or greater and 1000 times or less that of a deposition gas containing silicon or germanium, and the pressure in a process chamber is greater than 1333 Pa and 13332 Pa or less. In the second condition, the flow rate of hydrogen is 100 times or greater and 2000 times or less that of a deposition gas containing silicon or germanium, and the pressure in the process chamber is 1333 Pa or greater and 13332 Pa or less.

Abstract: An anti-reflection film that can provide high visibility and has an anti-reflection function by which reflection of incident light from external can be further reduced, and a display device having such an anti-reflection film. A plurality of contiguous pyramidal projections is arranged in a geometric pattern, so that reflection of incident light is prevented. In addition, a protective layer formed of a material having a lower refractive index than the pyramidal projections is provided so as to fill a space between the plurality of pyramidal projections. The plurality of pyramidal projections has a hexagonal shape and can be densely arranged with no space therebetween. Further, since six sides of each pyramidal projection are provided at a different angle from the base, light can be effectively scattered in many directions.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a PDP and an FED with excellent visibility and a high level of reliability that each have an antireflective function by which reflection of external light can be reduced. A plurality of adjacent pyramidal-shaped projections and an antireflective layer equipped with a covering film that covers the projections are provided. The reflection of light is prevented by the index of refraction of incident light from external being changed by a pyramid, which is a physical shape, projecting out toward an external side (atmosphere side) of a substrate that is to be used as a display screen as well as by the covering film used to cover the projections being formed of a material that has a higher index of refraction than the index of refraction of the pyramidal projection.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an antireflective film having an anti-reflection function with which reflection of external light which is incident on the antireflective film can be further reduced and a high-visibility display device having such an antireflective film. The tops of the plurality of pyramidal projections are evenly spaced and each side of the base of a pyramidal projection is in contact with one side of the base of an adjacent pyramidal projection. That is, one pyramidal projection is surrounded by other pyramidal projections, and the base of the pyramidal projection and the base of the adjacent pyramidal projection have a side in common.

Abstract: An object is to provide a display device with high contrast ratio. Another object is to manufacture such a high-performance display device at low cost. In a display device having a display element interposed between a pair of light-transmitting substrates, a stack of polarizer-including layers in a parallel nicol state is provided outside each of the light-transmitting substrates. Here, transmission axes of polarizers that are stacked in the stack on one side of the display element and transmission axes of polarizers that are stacked in the stack on another side of the display element are arranged to be displaced from a cross nicol state. Also, a retardation film may be provided between the polarizers that are stacked and the substrate.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a display device having a high contrast ratio. Another object of the invention is to manufacture such a high-performance display device at low cost. In a display device having a display element between a pair of light-transmissive substrates, polarizer-including layers, which have different wavelength distributions of extinction coefficients, are stacked so that absorption axes are in a parallel nicol state, over each light-transmissive substrate. Absorption axes of one of a pair of stacks of polarizers and the other together which interpose the display element are deviated from a cross nicol state. A retardation plate may be provided between the stack of polarizing plates and the substrate.

Abstract: To provide a display device having a high contrast ratio by a simple and easy method and to manufacture a high-performance display device at low cost, in a display device having a display element between a pair of light-transmitting substrates, layers each including a polarizer having different wavelength distribution of extinction coefficient from each other with respect to the absorption axes are stacked and provided on an outer side of the light-transmitting substrates. Further, a retardation plate may be provided between the stacked polarizers.

Abstract: A display device with a higher contrast ratio is provided. The display device is provided with stacked polarizing plates arranged displaced from a parallel nicol state. Moreover, in the display device, at least one of a pair of stacked polarizing plates is displaced from a parallel state. The pair of stacked polarizing plates is arranged in a cross nicol state. A retardation plate may be provided between the polarizing plate and the substrate. As a result, the contrast ratio can be increased.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a display device having a high contrast ratio. Another object of the invention is to manufacture such a high-performance display device at low cost. In a display device having a display element between a pair of light-transmissive substrates, polarizer-including layers, which have different wavelength distributions of extinction coefficients, are stacked so that absorption axes are in a parallel nicol state, over each light-transmissive substrate. Absorption axes of one of a pair of stacks of polarizers and the other together which interpose the display element are deviated from a cross nicol state. A retardation plate may be provided between the stack of polarizing plates and the substrate.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an antireflective film having an anti-reflection function with which reflection of external light which is incident on the antireflective film can be further reduced and a high-visibility display device having such an antireflective film. The tops of the plurality of pyramidal projections are evenly spaced and each side of the base of a pyramidal projection is in contact with one side of the base of an adjacent pyramidal projection. That is, one pyramidal projection is surrounded by other pyramidal projections, and the base of the pyramidal projection and the base of the adjacent pyramidal projection have a side in common.

Abstract: To provide a display device having a high contrast ratio by a simple and easy method and to manufacture a high-performance display device at low cost, in a display device having a display element between a pair of light-transmitting substrates, layers each including a polarizer having different wavelength distribution of extinction coefficient from each other with respect to the absorption axes are stacked and provided on an outer side of the light-transmitting substrates. Further, a retardation plate may be provided between the stacked polarizers.

Abstract: To provide a plasma display panel and a field emission display having an anti-reflection function which can further reduce reflection of incident light from an external source. By providing an anti-reflection layer which geometrically includes a plurality of adjacent hexagonal pyramid-shaped projections, reflection of light is prevented. The reflective index changes from a surface side of display screen to an out side (an atmosphere side) due to a physical shape of a hexagonal pyramid. The plurality of hexagonal pyramid-shaped projections can be provided densely without any space remaining, and six surfaces of side of the hexagonal pyramid-shaped projection are each provided at different angles to a base surface. Therefore, light ray can be effectively scattered in many directions.

Abstract: A display device having an electroluminescence element with an improved contrast ratio is provided. Stacked polarizing plates are provided on the outer side of substrates of a display device which includes a first light-transmitting substrate and a second light-transmitting substrate arranged to face each other and an electroluminescence element interposed therebetween that emits light to both the first light-transmitting substrate side and the second light-transmitting substrate side. The polarizing plates facing each other are arranged in a crossed nicol state. Furthermore, among a plurality of polarizing plates arranged to face each other, a plurality of polarizing plates which are stacked on one side or the other side of the light-transmitting substrates are arranged in a parallel nicol state. As a result, a display device with a high contrast ratio can be provided.

Abstract: To provide a display device having a high contrast ratio by a simple and easy method and to manufacture a high-performance display device at low cost, in a display device having a display element between a pair of light-transmitting substrates, layers each including a polarizer having different wavelength distribution of extinction coefficient from each other with respect to the absorption axes are stacked and provided on an outer side of the light-transmitting substrates. Further, a retardation plate may be provided between the stacked polarizers.

Abstract: A display device with a higher contrast ratio is provided. The display device is provided with stacked polarizing plates arranged displaced from a parallel nicol state. Moreover, in the display device, at least one of a pair of stacked polarizing plates is displaced from a parallel state. The pair of stacked polarizing plates is arranged in a cross nicol state. A retardation plate may be provided between the polarizing plate and the substrate. As a result, the contrast ratio can be increased.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a display device having a high contrast ratio by a simple and easy method. Another object of the invention is to manufacture such a high-performance display device at low cost. In a display device having a display element between a pair of light-transmissive substrates, polarizing plates each having an extinction coefficient of an absorption axis which is different from that of an absorption axis of another polarizing plate are stacked to be provided. At that time, the stacked polarizing plates are arranged so as to be in a parallel nicol state. A wave plate and a retardation film may be provided between the stacked polarizing plates and the substrates.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a display device having an electroluminescent element in which a contrast ratio is increased. In a display device having an electroluminescent element between a pair of light transmitting substrates, a circularly polarizing plate having stacked polarizing plates arranged on outer sides thereof is provided. At this time, opposed polarizing plates are arranged to be in a crossed nicol state or in a parallel nicol state. As a result, a display device with a high contrast ratio can be provided.

Abstract: To provide a display device having a high contrast ratio by a simple and easy method and to manufacture a high-performance display device at low cost, in a display device having a display element between a pair of light-transmitting substrates, layers each including a polarizer having different wavelength distribution of extinction coefficient from each other with respect to the absorption axes are stacked and provided on an outer side of the light-transmitting substrates. Further, a retardation plate may be provided between the stacked polarizers.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a display device with the high contrast ratio by an easy method. In addition, it is an object to provide such a high performance display device at low cost. In a display device including a display element between a pair of light transmitting substrates, a layer including stacked polarizers is each provided on an outer side of the substrates. At that time, the stacked polarizers on a viewing side are arranged to deviate from a parallel nicol state. In addition, a retardation film may be provided between the stacked polarizers and the substrate.