Abstract: The present invention provides an electromechanical transducer which can prevent light from being incident on a receiving face, without deteriorating mechanical characteristics of a vibration film. The electromechanical transducer has at least one cell 2 in which the vibration film 7 containing one electrode 8 out of two electrodes 3 and 8 that are provided so as to interpose a space 5 therebetween is vibratably supported. The electromechanical transducer has a stress relaxation layer 9 formed on the vibration film 7, which has an acoustic impedance matching that of the vibration film 7, and has a light reflection layer 6 formed on the stress relaxation layer 9.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electromechanical transducer which can prevent light from being incident on a receiving face, without deteriorating mechanical characteristics of a vibration film. The electromechanical transducer has at least one cell 2 in which the vibration film 7 containing one electrode 8 out of two electrodes 3 and 8 that are provided so as to interpose a space 5 therebetween is vibratably supported. The electromechanical transducer has a stress relaxation layer formed on the vibration film 7, which has an acoustic impedance matching that of the vibration film 7, and has a light reflection layer 6 formed on the stress relaxation layer 9.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a rear plate provided with a plurality of electron-emitting devices, each electron-emitting device emitting electron; a face plate disposed opposite the plurality of electron-emitting devices and provided with a plurality of pixels of phosphor, each pixel of phosphor being irradiated with electrons emitted from corresponding ones of the electron-emitting devices to generate light; and a driver for scanning the plurality of electron-emitting devices for emitting electron from the plurality of electron-emitting devices. The phosphor has luminescence center of allowed transition type material, and the driver scans the plurality of electron-emitting devices so that maximum of charge density dosed in one pixel phosphor, during one scanning period, is equal to or larger than 3×10?8 C/cm2.

Abstract: A flat panel image display device includes a rear plate including plural electron emission elements, a face plate disposed opposed to the rear plate, fluorescent members being disposed on a surface of the face plate opposed to the rear plate, and the fluorescent members being covered with a metal back film, and a voltage applying unit to apply an acceleration voltage of 8 kV to 15 kV between the rear plate and the face plate. In addition, the metal back film has a getter material, and a current luminance characteristic of the fluorescent member satisfies ??0.9 if L=kl? , wherein L is luminance, l is an irradiation current, and k is a constant.

Abstract: A flat panel image display device comprises: a rear plate including plural electron emission elements; a face plate disposed opposed to the rear plate, fluorescent members being disposed on a surface of the face plate opposed to the rear plate, and the fluorescent members being covered with a metal back film; and a voltage applying unit to apply an acceleration voltage of 8 kV to 15 kV between the rear plate and the face plate, wherein the metal back film has a getter material, and a current luminance characteristic of the fluorescent member satisfies ??0.9 if L=kl? (L is luminance, l is an irradiation current, and k is a constant). Thus, a high contrast can be acquired even if electrons scattered backward again bombard and penetrate into the fluorescent member.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a rear plate provided with a plurality of electron-emitting devices, each electron-emitting devices emitting electron; a face plate disposed opposite the plurality of electron-emitting devices and provided with a plurality of pixels of phosphor, each pixel of phosphor being irradiated with electrons emitted from corresponding one of the electron-emitting devices to generate a light; a driver for scanning the plurality of electron-emitting devices for emitting electron from the plurality of electron-emitting devices, wherein the phosphor has luminescence center of allowed transition type material, and said driver scans the plurality of electron-emitting device so that maximum of charge density dosed in one pixel phosphor, during one scanning period, is equal to or lager than 3×10?8 C/cm2.

Abstract: An electron source comprises a substrate, at least one row-directional wire, at least one column-directional wire intersecting the row-directional wire, at least one insulation layer arranged at the intersection of the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire, and at least one conductive film having an electron-emitting region also arranged at the intersection. The insulation layer is arranged between the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire and the conductive film is connected to both wires.

Abstract: An electron source comprises a substrate, at least one row-directional wire, at least one column-directional wire intersecting the row-directional wire, at least one insulation layer arranged at the crossing(s) of the at least one row-directional wire and the at least one column-directional wire, and at least one conductive film having an electron-emitting region also arranged at the crossing(s). The insulation layer is arranged between the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire and the conductive film is connected to both the wires.

Abstract: An electron source comprises a substrate, at least one row-directional wire, at least one column-directional wire intersecting the row-directional wire, at least one insulation layer arranged at the intersection of the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire, and at least one conductive film having an electron-emitting region also arranged at the intersection. The insulation layer is arranged between the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire and the conductive film is connected to both wires.

Abstract: A process for producing a probe-driving mechanism. A laminate of a first and second insulating layer is placed on a support. Electrode layers and piezoelectric layers are successively laminated on the second insulating layer. Part of the support and second insulating layer is removed to form a cantilever.

Abstract: An electron source comprises a substrate, at least one row-directional wire, at least one column-directional wire intersecting the row-directional wire, at least one insulation layer arranged at the intersection of the at least one row-directional wire and the column-directional wire, and at least one conductive film having an electron-emitting region also arranged at the intersection. The insulation layer is arranged between the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire and the conductive film is connected to both wires.

Abstract: An image display apparatus comprises a plurality of electron-emitting devices and an image-forming member for forming an image upon irradiation of electron beams emitted from the electron-emitting devices. The apparatus further comprises a plurality of substrates having the electron-emitting devices arrayed thereon and being arranged side by side, and a deviating unit for deviating the electron beams emitted from the electron-emitting devices arrayed on the substrates. The deviating unit deviates the electron beams toward the boundary between the substrates. When the plurality of substrates are combined with each other to provide the image forming apparatus having a large-sized screen, a display incapable region is prevented from appearing at the boundary between the substrates.

Abstract: An electron source emits electrons as a function of input signals. The electron source includes a substrate, a matrix of wires having m row wires and n column wires laid on the substrate with an insulator layer interposed therebetween, and a plurality of surface-conduction electron-emitting devices each having a pair of electrodes and a thin film including an electron emitting region and arranged between the electrodes. The electron-emitting devices are so arranged as to form a matrix with the electrodes connected to the respective row and column wires. The electron source further includes a selector for selecting a row of the plurality of surface-conduction electron-emitting devices, and a modulator for generating modulation signals according to input signals and applying them to the surface-conduction electron-emitting devices selected by the selector.

Abstract: A cantilever probe comprising a cantilever displacement element containing a piezoelectric material provided between driving electrodes for causing displacement of the piezoelectric material, a probe for information input and output provided on the free end of the element, a drawing electrode for the probe and, a non-electroconductive thin film provided on at least a portion of an end of the element.

Abstract: In an information processing apparatus which records and reproduces information by rotating a cylindrical recording medium on the basis of the principles of a scanning type tunnel microscope, the speed of the probe relative to that of the recording medium becomes fixed, and resonance and a decrease in an S/N ratio of reproduced signals during high-speed scanning can be prevented. Thus, information processing at a large capacity and high-speed response with a high degree of accuracy is made possible. An information processing system that records and reproduces information on the basis of the principles of a scanning type tunneling or an atomic force microscope employs a ferroelectric layer in the recording medium to simplify and improve reproduction. The recording medium may include a rotating cylindrical medium wherein the speed of the probe is fixed relative to that of the cylindrical medium to prevent resonance and to decrease the signal-to-noise ratio of reproduced signals during high speed scanning.

Abstract: A method for positioning an information processing head at a predetermined position on a recording medium includes detecting a predetermined magnetization pattern on a magnetic material having a predetermined positional relation to a recording region of the recording medium by a magnetization detector having a predetermined positional relation to the information processing head, generating a signal indicative of a relative position of the information processing head with respect to the recording medium based on a result of the detecting step and moving the information processing head and the recording medium relatively to position the information processing head at the predetermined position with respect to the recording medium based on the generated signal, and a process for forming a cantilever-type probe capable of indicating a magnitude of a magnetic force between the probe and a recording medium and capable of performing at least one of a recording operation and a reproducing operation on the recording m

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes first, second and third upper electrodes provided on a first substrate, and first, second and third lower electrodes provided on a second substrate opposed to the first, second and third upper electrodes, respectively. Also provided are first, second and third detectors for detecting a first capacitance between the first upper and lower electrodes, a second capacitance between the second upper and lower electrodes and a third capacitance between the third upper and lower electrodes.

Abstract: A probe for reading an information from an object and/or inputting an information to an object is disclosed. The probe has a supporting member and a rod-shaped projection of which the end is positioned opposed to the object for information reading therefrom and/or information input thereto. The rod-shaped projection protrudes from a partial area of the supporting member. The information reading from the object and/or information input to the object is effected at the longitudinal end of the probe. The probe provides precise and accurate output and/or input of information regardless of the surface state of the object.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing monomolecular films or monomolecular built-up films includes: a trough for accommodating a liquid over the surface of which a monomolecular film is to be spread; a barrier band for defining a region in the trough over which the monomolecular film is allowed to be spread; and a plurality of supports for holding the barrier band within the trough, the supports being arranged at positions where they do not interfere with the surface of the liquid, wherein the loss of the monomolecular film material can be substantially reduced. Further, no local collapse of the molecular film occurs in the vicinity of the supports, thereby making it possible to always provide a uniform LB film.

Abstract: A cantilever type displacement element comprises a piezoelectric layer and at least two electrodes for applying a voltage to said piezoelectric layer, at least one of said electrodes being a comb-shaped electrode pair having respectively comb-tooth portions disposed separately as facing and alongside of each other in the width direction of the cantilever.