Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is constructed with a substrate made of glass, one or two underlayers, and a magnetic film. In order that the easy magnetization axis of the magnetic film is parallel to the magnetic film, an underlayer having an NaCl crystallographic structure is superposed on the substrate. A magnetic film made of a Co based alloy having a hexagonal close packed crystallographic structure is formed on this underlayer, putting an underlayer made of a material having a body centered cubic crystallographic structure therebetween at need. Magnetic anisotropy of the magnetic film is increased by forming grooves in a predetermined direction in a surface portion of the substrate. These grooves play a role also for defining the orientation of the underlayer made of the material having an NaCl crystallographic structure.

Abstract: A cooling device according to the present invention, in which a space is formed by means of flat electrodes and side plates disposed on the ends of the flat electrodes, and a flexible film fastened in that space in a shape of the letter S, is fixed to a semiconductor package so that one of the flat electrodes is fitted on the semiconductor package. The respective flat electrodes are alternately powered to move the S shaped section of the flexible film.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope in which the deflection of a cantilever caused by the proximity between a stylus and a sample is detected, the relative distance between the sample and a probe at which the level of the deflection detection signal coincides with a reference level is subjected to servo control thereby to control the force exerted on the stylus to a constant level, and the relative positions of the sample and the probe are scanned to produce a three-dimensional image of the surface of the sample. In order to eliminate the error of servo control attributable to the deformation of the cantilever, the deflection detection signal is held with the cantilever set in free standing state, and the signal thus held is used to correct the level of the cantilever deflection detection signal. The servo control is effected by the detection signal thus corrected.

Abstract: A surface observing apparatus for obtaining information of a specimen comprises a probe disposed in the close vicinity of the specimen, a deformable cantilever for holding the probe, a scanning mechanism for scanning a surface of the specimen with the probe and a detector for detecting displacements of the cantilever to thereby allow information of the specimen to be derived on the basis of the displacement of the cantilever. The apparatus further comprises a first detector for detecting a force acting on the probe from the displacement of the cantilever, and a second detector for measuring a change in the force acting on the probe on the basis of the displacement of the cantilever.

Abstract: With a view to reduce vibrations generated by a motor and improve resistance to heat, reliability and vibration isolation properties without increasing the cost or the number of manufacturing steps in a rotor for a permanent-magnet motor, a rotor core is formed of an outer peripheral portion by which the permanent magnet is fixed, and a central portion by which a shaft is fixed, a clearance is provided between the outer peripheral portion and the central portion, and the outer peripheral portion is connected to the central portion by means of a plurality of fastening members. Thus, a rotor having excellent vibration isolation properties can be obtained. Since the rotor core is formed of laminated iron plates on which the outer peripheral portion, the central portion and the fastening members are all formed as one piece, resistance to heat, reliability and the vibration isolation properties can be enhanced without increasing the cost or the number of manufacturing steps.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic thin film of manganese and aluminum having varied atomic concentrations of manganese and aluminum in the direction perpendicular to the film plane, preferably the Mn atomic concentration being preferably in a range of 45 to 65% by atom, has a spontaneous magnetization equivalent to that of the bulk of manganese-aluminum alloy and also a high magnetic anisotropy.In addition, a magnetic recording medium comprises a substrate and a magnetic film formed on the substrate, the magnetic film being a thin film in a stacked structure of thin layers of manganese and thin layers of aluminum, laid open upon one another alternatingly in the film thickness direction.Finally, a manganese-silicon magnetic multi-layer film comprises thin layers of manganese and thin layers of silicon laid upon one another alternatingly.

Abstract: A combination apparatus having a scanning electron microscope includes equipment for performing any of observing, measuring and processing operations on a sample placed in a sample chamber. The sample chamber contains a focused electron beam irradiating unit apart from the components for performing the observing, measuring and processing operations. The focused electron beam irradiating unit irradiates a finely focused electron beam onto the surface of the sample for electron microscopic observation in scanning fashion. This setup allows the observing, measuring or processing equipment to combine with the scanning electron microscope without appreciably enlarging the construction of the combination apparatus.

Abstract: An atomic force microscope is provided for sensing displacement of a cantilever based on scanning tunneling microscopy. The atomic force microscope includes a cantilever moving system which allows the cantilever to be moved or slipped between an STM tip and a sample. This results in the microscope being able to carry out atomic force microscopy and tunneling microscopy without changing a single STM tip and to control the very small force between the sample and the tip to be constant.

Abstract: An automobile wiper device includes a variable-driving unit capable of adjustably changing at least one of the arm pressure and the wiping area of the wiper device.

Abstract: A weak-link Josephson junction is of the type employing a thin film of an oxide superconductor, in which a crystal grain boundary produced reflecting an artificial crystal defect is utilized as the weak-link junction. The crystal grain boundary is formed concretely by a method in which atoms of different species are deposited on the predetermined part of the surface of a substrate, the predetermined part of the surface of a substrate is disturbed, or parts of different crystal face orientations are formed at the surface of a substrate, whereupon the superconducting thin film is epitaxially grown on the substrate, or by a method in which the predetermined part of the superconducting thin film, epitaxially grown on a substrate, is diffused with atoms of different species hampering a superconductivity, or the predetermined part of the superconducting thin film is disturbed, whereupon the superconducting thin film is annealed.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising a substrate, a ferromagnetic thin film formed on the substrate, and a protective film formed directly on the ferromagnetic think film, and a process for producing such magnetic recording medium. The expression "formed directly" refers to the technique for forming the protective film on the ferromagnetic thin film so that the interface therebetween is free from contamination by, for instance, conducting the protective film formation under the vacuum used when forming the ferromagnetic thin film.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprises a non-magnetic substrate and a perpendicular magnetic film of Co-based alloy having a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy having 0.001 to 5% by atom of nitrogen formed directly or through an underlayer on the non-magnetic substrate. A more preferable range of the nitrogen content is 0.01 to 1% by atom.

Abstract: An automobile wiper device includes a variable-driving unit capable of adjustably changing at least one of the arm pressure and the wiping area of the wiper device.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising a substrate, a ferromagnetic thin film formed on the substrate, and a protective film formed directly on the ferromagnetic thin film, and a process for producing such magnetic recording medium. The expression "formed directly" refers to the technique for forming the protective film on the ferromagnetic thin film so that the interface therebetween is free from contamination by, for instance, conducting the protective film formation under the vacuum used when forming the ferromagnetic thin film.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium which comprises a non-magnetic substrate, a magnetic film formed on the substrate and a protective film provided on the magnetic film, the protective film being composed of at least two groups of element, the element in one group being at least one of B and C having a smaller atomic size, and a concentration of the element increasing from the interface side of the protective film with the magnetic film toward the opposite face side throughout the protective film has an improved durability against a magnetic head.

Abstract: A concealable wiper apparatus for a vehicle has a wiper assembly disposed in such a manner that the wiper assembly can be accommodated in an accommodating chamber provided inside the body of the vehicle and in the vicinity of a window glass. The wiper assembly is vertically moved between an accommodated position at which it is accommodated in the accommodating chamber and a raised position at which the wiper assembly wipes the window glass. In addition, a wiper arm which supports a wiper blade that wipes the window glass is adapted to be capable of expansion and contraction. Accordingly, when the wiper is not used, the wiper apparatus is accommodated in the accommodating chamber, so that it is possible to minimize the air resistance to the vehicle and reduce the size of the accommodating chamber.

Abstract: A wiper apparatus for a vehicle includes first and second arms. One end portion of the first arm is rigidly secured to a wiper arm pivoting shaft. One end portion of the second arm is secured to a wiper blade, and the other end portion of the second arm is pivotally supported by the other end portion of the first arm. A stretching mechanism is provided between the first and second arms for bending and stretching the second arm relative to the first arm. An actuator for activating the stretching mechanism is provided on the wiper arm pivoting shaft. Accordingly, when the wiper is not used, the second arm can be bent relative to the first arm, so that an occupant of the vehicle is allowed to have an improved view of the outside from the inside of the vehicle.

Abstract: A perpendicular magnetic recording medium according to this invention comprises an electrically conductive underlayer formed on a non-magnetic substrate, in the case where no high permeability magnetic film is deposited, and a magnetic thin film having a perpendicular magnetic anisotrophy is formed thereon. In the case of a so-called double-layer structure including a high permeablilty magnetic film, on the non-magnetic substrate are formed the high permeablilty magnetic film, an intermediate film, and a magnetic thin film one on another in this order. The nearest neighbor's distance of atoms of the underlayer and the intermediate film is not smaller than 0.25 nm (2.5 .ANG.) and not greater than 0.32 nm (3.2 .ANG.) and they are made of at least one selected from the group consisting of V, Ru, Zn, Os, Rh, Ir, Mo, W, Re, Pd, Pt, Nb, Ta, Sn, Al, Au, Ag, Ti, nitrides and oxides of these elements.

Abstract: Disclosed is a magnetic recording medium comprising a predetermined substrate having or not having a soft magnetic thin film provided thereon, a layer formed thereon for controlling the columnar crystal grain size in a thin magnetic film formed on the substrate, and the thin magnetic film provided on the columnar crystal grain size control layer. The above-mentioned columnar crystal grain size control layer is a film having a close-packed hexagonal lattice structure and made of one element selected from among Ru, Sc, Y, and Zn, or two or more elements selected from among Ru, Sc, Y, Zn, and Ti; or a film having a close-packed hexagonal lattice structure and made of Co or a Co-based alloy. The columnar crystal grain size control layer may consist of two layers, the under layer of which is made of one or more elements selected from among Si, Ge, and Sn.

Abstract: A ceramic capacitor comprising a dielectric ceramic plate and electrodes formed on both major surfaces thereof. At least one of the electrodes has an island electrode part and a peripheral electrode part formed to encircle the island electrode part through a gap region, and a resistor is formed to connect the island electrode part with the peripheral electrode part. A terminal is connected to the island electrode part in a region provided with no resistor thereon.