Abstract: When encoding data bits in a CRC code word and "0" information is received for every bit by a dividing circuit, the CRC code word is divided by a generation polynomial and remainder data resulting from the division is output from parallel data output terminals of the dividing circuit. The remainder data is added to a CRC intrinsic value in the adder to produce a sum. The sum is a CRC code in a CRC code word for transmission. When a code error is detected, data having a plurality of bits in a CRC code word and a CRC code are received by the dividing circuit, where they are divided by the generation polynomial and remainder data is output from the respective parallel data terminals. The remainder data is added to the CRC intrinsic value in the adder to produce a sum, and the sum is processed into a logical sum in a logical sum circuit. The logical sum is output as a CRC flag.

Abstract: When encoding, data bits in a CRC code word are received for every bit by a dividing circuit where the CRC code word is divided by a generation polynomial and a remainder is output from parallel data output terminals. The remainder is added to a CRC intrinsic value and "0" information in the adder. The addition result is a CRC code in a CRC code word for transmission. When a code error is detected, data bits in a CRC code word and a CRC code are received for every bit by the dividing circuit, where they are divided by the generation polynomial and a remainder is output from the respective parallel data terminals. The remainder data is added to the CRC intrinsic value in the adder, and the result is further processed by a logical sum circuit. The logical sum is output as a CRC flag. The present invention provides a CRC code generation circuit for generating a CRC code in a CRC code word at high speed as well as a code error detection circuit for detecting a code error in a CRC code word at high speed.

Abstract: A line buffer device temporarily stores a predetermined area of original image data which are divided into small blocks, each having a small area, so as to encode the image data for each block into data having a fixed length by a compression processor. The line buffer device is composed of a first-stage line buffer group and a second-stage line buffer group. The number of line buffers in the first-stage line buffer group is smaller by one than the number of lines constituting one block and the number of line buffers in the second-stage line buffer group is the same as the number of lines constituting one block. Encoding processing time is shortened and the circuit structure is simplified.

Abstract: An error correction circuit is capable of performing correction errors in data at a high speed. A syndrome generator (2) calculates syndromes of RS codes based on partial data streams which are given from a data buffer (1). A received CRC generator (13) performs CRC coding on the partial data streams which are given from a data buffer (1) to thereby obtain received CRCs. An error pattern CRC generator (14) calculates error pattern CRCs of the respective partial data stream based on error patterns which are generated by an error pattern generation circuit (33). Under the control of a control circuit (40), the operations performed by the syndrome generator (2), the received CRC generator (13) and the error pattern CRC generator (14) are carried out at the same time. An improvement in the speed of error correction of the partial data streams performed by the error correction means directly leads to an improvement in the speed of the whole error correction.

Abstract: In a sampling mode, a servo signal sampling and holding switch (4.sub.a) and a reference voltage sampling and holding switch (30.sub.a) are turned off, so that transistors (Q.sub.7a, Q.sub.5a) are turned on. In response to on states of the transistors (Q.sub.7a, Q.sub.5a), capacities (C.sub.3a, C.sub.30a) are charged with the peak voltage (V.sub.ref +(1/2)V.sub.s) of a servo signal and a reference voltage (V.sub.ref), respectively. In a holding mode, the sampling and holding switches (4.sub.a, 30.sub.a) are turned on, so that the transistors (Q.sub.7a, Q.sub.5a) are turned off. the charging voltages (D, E) of the capacitors (C.sub.3a, C.sub.30a) are discharged through post-stage buffers (5.sub.a, 3.sub.a), so that they include offsets which are canceled through a subtractor (6.sub.a).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for treating a surface of a copper foil for producing the copper foil for a printed circuit board in which a zinc layer, a copper layer and a chromate layer are formed in turn on the copper foil. The product of the present invention is excellent in heat resistance and hydrochloric acid resistance and the process according to the present invention does not require the use of dangerous chemicals and is free from any problems on safety.

Abstract: A torque distribution deciding control unit and an oil hydraulic clutch having opposite disks are provided. The clutch is disposed in a power transmitting system for four-wheel drive. One of disks is operatively connected to one of side gears of a central differential through a gear train and the other of the disks is operatively connected to the other side gear of the central differential through another gear train, whereby torque is transmitted to front and rear wheels at a distribution ratio. Loads on wheels such as weights on front and rear axles are detected. The control unit operates the clutch so as to distribute the torque at a ratio in accordance with loads on both axles.

Abstract: A torque distribution deciding control unit and an oil hydraulic clutch having opposite disks are provided. The clutch is disposed in a power transmitting system for four-wheel drive. One of disks is operatively connected to one of side gears of a central differential through a gear train and the other of the disks is operatively connected to the other side gear of the central differential through another gear train, whereby torque is transmitted to front and rear wheels at a distribution ratio. Loads on wheels such as weights on front and rear axles are detected. The control unit operates the clutch so as to distribute the torque at a ratio in accordance with loads on both axles.

Abstract: A torque distribution deciding control unit and an oil hydraulic clutch having opposite disks are provided. The clutch is disposed in a power transmitting system for four-wheel drive. One of disks is operatively connected to one of side gears of a central differential through a gear train and the other of the disks is operatively connected to the other side gear of the central differential through another gear train, whereby torque is transmitted to front and rear wheels at a distribution ratio. Loads on wheels such as weights on front and rear axles are detected. The control unit operates the clutch so as to distribute the torque at a ratio in accordance with loads on both axles.

Abstract: A torque distribution deciding control unit and an oil hydraulic clutch having opposite disks are provided. The clutch is disposed in a power transmitting system for four-wheel drive. One of disks is operatively connected to one of side gears of a central differential through a gear train and the other of the disks is operatively connected to the other side gear of the central differential through another gear train, whereby torque is transmitted to front and rear wheels at a distribution ratio. Loads on wheels such as weights on front and rear axles are detected. The control unit operates the clutch so as to distribute the torque at a ratio in accordance with loads on both axles.

Abstract: An electrodeposited grindstone obtained by embedding abrasive grains in a nickel plated bearing layer due to electrodeposition process and a nickel-phosphorus alloy bearing layer due to chemical plating process formed successively on a grinding part surface of a grindstone base metal. An electrodeposited grindstone obtained by forming a thin plated layer by electrodeposition process on said electrodeposited grindstone which underwent a heat treatment and on the surface of the nickel-phosphorus alloy bearing layer.

Abstract: An oil hydraulic clutch having opposite disks is provided in a power transmitting system. One of disks is operatively connected to one of side gears of the central differential through a gear train and the other of the disks is operatively connected to the other side gear of the central differential through another gear train, whereby torque is transmitted to front and rear wheels in a distribution ratio.