Abstract: An optical modulation device comprises scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a matrix of pixels in driven for gradational display with better temperature compensation and better flicker suppression by a driving method, wherein (a) a first voltage signal is applied to a pixel on a selected scanning line, the first voltage signal including a clear pulse, a writing pulse of a polarity opposite to that of the clear pulse and a correction pulse of a polarity opposite to that of the writing pulse, (b) a second voltage signal is applied to an associated pixel on a subsequent scanning line, the second voltage signal including a clear pulse, a writing pulse and a correction pulse of which polarities are respectively opposite to corresponding pulses of the first voltage signal, and (c) the correction pulse applied to the pixel on the selected scanning line is determined based on gradation data for the associated pixel on the subsequent scanning line, and the writing pulse applied to the pixel on the selected scanning line is determined based on gradation d

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of parallel base plates and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the base plates. One of the pair of parallel base plates is provided with a plurality of stepwise elevations disposed in the form of stripes, and has been implemented with a uniaxial orientation treatment in a direction parallel to the edges of the stepwise elevations. The stepwise elevation may be formed by a transparent electrode alone or in combination with an alignment control film disposed thereon. Because of the above features, alignment defects liable to develop from the edges of the elevations are removed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device having a first substrate on which a first group of belt-shaped electrodes are formed, a second substrate on which a second group of belt-shaped electrodes are formed so as to cross the first group of belt-shaped electrodes, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal arranged between the first and second substrates, wherein a first orientation film formed on the first group of belt-shaped electrodes and second orientation films formed in spaces among the belt-shaped electrodes are different.

Abstract: A display panel is formed of a first electrode plate having thereon a plurality of first elongated electrodes, a second electrode plate having thereon a plurality of second elongated electrodes, and an active substance, such as a liquid crystal, disposed between the first and second electrode plates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the first and second elongated electrodes. The panel is driven by applying data signals to the first and second elongated electrodes so as to provide a voltage signal applied to the active substance at the pixels while modulating a data signal applied to at least one of the first and second elongated electrodes depending on rounding of a voltage signal applied to the active substance at an associated pixel.

Abstract: An LC display device has a circuit for resetting the display status of a scanning line by black resetting and white resetting alternately performed before writing information thereinto. The circuit also modifies a data signal in accordance with the polarity of a reset pulse so as to achieve substantially the same average amount of transmitted light during a period after resetting, regardless of the resetting manners.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a color filter, comprising repetitively forming a patterned opaque film and a photosensitive colored resin film on a substrate and exposing the resin film to exposure from the back side of the substrate using the pattern as a mask; and a color filter prepared by the process.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a first electrode substrate having thereon a group of first electrodes, a second electrode substrate having thereon a group of second electrodes intersecting the first electrodes, and a liquid crystal disposed between the first and second electrode substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the first and second electrodes. The liquid crystal device is driven for gradational display by selecting and writing in a pixel plural times in one frame of display for gradational display, wherein a second and a subsequent writing among the plural times of writing is performed by applying a bipolar pulse of identical shapes in positive and negative polarities.

Abstract: A display device is constituted by a pair of oppositely disposed substrates spaced from each other and having thereon scanning electrodes and data electrodes intersecting the scanning electrodes, respectively, and a layer of optical modulation substance, e.g., a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and data electrodes and so that a white display region and a black display region can be formed at a varying areal ratio therebetween in each pixel. In the device, a site forming a nucleus of a black display region in one pixel and a site forming a nucleus of a white display region in another pixel adjacent to said one pixel are disposed to be adjacent to each other. As a result, a halftone display can be effected according to the areal method using a cell having a simple thickness gradient while avoiding appearance of ugly continuous lines diminishing a halftone display effect.

Abstract: An optical modulation device comprises scanning electrodes and signal electrodes disposed opposite to and intersecting with the signal electrodes, and an optical modulation material disposed between the electrodes, a pixel being formed at each intersection of the electrodes and showing a contrast depending on the polarity of a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: In the formation of a silicon nitride film, dichlorosilane and ammonia are used as source gas and, for example, argon is used as carrier gas. The pressure (total pressure) inside a chamber is set to about 100 to 300 Torr (1.33.times.10.sup.4 to 4.00.times.10.sup.4 Pa). The desirable setting is that, for example, dichlorosilane is 60 SCCM, ammonia is 300 SCCM and hydrogen is 20 SLM. When the silicon nitride film is formed under such conditions, improvement in a masking effect of the silicon nitride film for preventing oxidation can be achieved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal apparatus, includes: a) a liquid crystal device comprising an electrode matrix composed of scanning electrodes and data electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal showing a first and a second orientation state; and b) a driving means including: a first drive means for applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes two or more scanning electrodes apart in one vertical scanning so as to effect one picture scanning in plural times of vertical scanning, said scanning selection signal having a voltage of one polarity and a voltage of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a nonselected scanning electrode, and a second drive means for applying to a selected data electrode a voltage signal which provides a voltage causing the first orientation state of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in combination with the voltage of one polarity of the scanning selection signal, and applying to another data electrode a voltage signal which provides a voltage causing the secon

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprising a first substrate on which a first group of belt-shaped electrodes are formed, a second substrate on which a second group of belt-shaped electrodes are formed so as to cross the first group of belt-shaped electrodes, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal arranged between the first and second, substrates. A first pretilt angle of the liquid crystal on the first group of belt-shaped electrodes differs from a second pretilt angle of the liquid crystal in the spaces among the belt-shaped electrodes. The difference in pretilt angles is created by forming a resist over the spaces between the belt-shaped electrode, rubbing, removing the resist, and rubbing again.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a first electrode substrate having thereon a group of scanning lines, a second electrode substrate having thereon a group of data lines intersecting the scanning lines, and a liquid crystal disposed between the scanning lines and the data lines so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning lines and the data lines. The liquid crystal device is driven by a driving method including a first mode operation for displaying a picture by line-sequential scanning, and a second mode operation including jumping of scanning lines from a final scanning line to a resumption scanning line during one picture scanning, wherein the final scanning line and/or the resumption scanning line is selected twice.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a matrix of pixels is driven for gradational display with better temperature compensation and better flicker suppression by a driving method, wherein (a) a first voltage signal is applied to a pixel on a selected scanning line, the first voltage signal including a clear pulse, a writing pulse of a polarity opposite to that of the clear pulse and a correction pulse of a polarity opposite to that of the writing pulse,(b) a second voltage signal is applied to an associated pixel on a subsequent scanning line, the second voltage signal including a clear pulse, a writing pulse and a correction pulse of which polarities are respectively opposite to corresponding pulses of the first voltage signal, and (c) the correction pulse applied to the pixel on the selected scanning line is determined based on gradation data for the associated pixel on the subsequent scanning line, and the writing pulse applied to the pixel on the selected scanning line is determined based on gradation da

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is constituted by a pair of electrode plates each having a plurality of elongated electrodes, and a layer of ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the electrode plates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of elongated electrodes disposed respectively on the pair of electrodes plates. At least one electrode plate is provided with an unevenness at each pixel so as to form a cell thickness gradient within each pixel, and at least one electrode plate is provided with at least three types of color filters each corresponding to a pixel. Further, each color filter and/or each pixel is set to have an area and/or a shape varying depending on a local cell thickness so that light quantities or sensible light quantities transmitted through the respective filters and the liquid crystal layer are identical to each other regardless of the type of color filter.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell is constituted by a pair of substrates respectively provided with scanning electrodes or data electrodes and uniaxial alignment axes which are substantially parallel with each other and substantially in the same direction, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. At least one of the substrates is provided with ridges having a height at least one third of the spacing between the substrates or stripe transparent electrodes having thereon a stripe conductor film extending in the longitudinal direction of an associated one of the stripe transparent electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device of the type comprising a pair of oppositely disposed electrode plates having thereon a group of scanning lines and a group of data lines, respectively, and a liquid crystal disposed between the pair of electrode plates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning lines and data lines, is driven by a driving method including the steps of applying a scanning selection voltage waveform including a scanning selection signal to a scanning line within one scanning period, and applying a data signal waveform to data lines within the one scanning period. The data signal waveform is composed to include (i) a data signal period for a data signal synchronized with the scanning selection signal and providing a time-integrated voltage of zero applied to an associate pixel within the period and (ii) an AC signal period for an AC signal providing a time-integrated voltage of zero applied to the associated pixel within the AC signal period.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of oppositely disposed substrates respectively having thereon a group of stripe-shaped scanning electrodes and a group of stripe-shaped data electrodes disposed to intersect the scanning electrodes and a liquid crystal disposed between the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes. The liquid crystal device is driven by applying a scanning selection signal sequentially to the scanning electrodes, and applying data signals to the data electrodes while phase modulating the data signals depending on given gradation data. One unit period of data signal is divided into plural sections, the data signals in each section are phase-modulated in one direction in accordance with an increase in gradation data, and the data signals in mutually adjacent sections are phase-modulated in mutually opposite directions in accordance with an increase in gradation data.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus comprising: a liquid crystal cell in which ferroelectric liquid crystal is disposed between two electrode substrates disposed to face each other and an intersection portion between a scanning electrode group and an information electrode group respectively formed on the electrode substrates is made to be a pixel; a scanning signal applying device; and an information signal applying device, wherein the pixel has a threshold distribution with respect to a gradation information signal at the time of a scanning selection operation, the scanning signal applying device simultaneously applies scanning signals to a plurality of scanning electrodes in synchronization with an operation in which the information signal applying device applies the gradation information signal to an information electrode, and the scanning signals applied simultaneously have different waveforms.