Abstract: A multicast packet sending method includes a first node that obtains a first multicast packet including multicast routing information of a second node, and sends the first multicast packet to the second node. The second node is a non-leaf subnode of the first node in a multicast tree. Multicast routing information of a node includes a multicast routing identifier of the node and multicast routing information of a non-leaf subnode of the node in the multicast tree. A multicast routing identifier of a node is used by the node to determine a subnode of the node in the multicast tree. The multicast routing information is embedded in the multicast packet, and multicast routing information of a tree recursive structure included in the multicast packet can describe packet forwarding information of the multicast tree or a subtree of the multicast tree.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device receives first information from a second device. The first information is associated with a conditional handover through a source Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) node to a target IAB node. If the conditional handover is completed at an ancestor IAB node, the first device transmits, to the second device, second information associated with the conditional handover. In this way, it avoids the child IAB node performs the handover before its parent IAB node.

Abstract: Systems and methods for user-agent anomaly detection are disclosed. In one embodiment, a user-agent string may be embedded into a numerical data vector representation using a sentence embedding algorithm (e.g., FastText). A predictive score may be calculated based on the numerical data vector representation and using a probability distribution function model that models a likelihood of occurrence of the observed user-agent based on patterns learned from historic payload data (e.g., a Gaussian Mixture Model). The predictive score may be compared to a threshold and, based on the comparison, it may be determined whether the user-agent is fraudulent.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a 5G communication system or a 6G communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4G communication system such as long term evolution (LTE). A user equipment (UE), a base station and a method performed by the same in a wireless communication system are provided. The method includes determining a first reference signal set for measurement, performing measurement to obtain one or more measurement results based on the determined first reference signal set, and performing reporting based on the one or more measurement results. The first reference signal set is generated based on a first artificial intelligence (AI) model, or the one or more measurement results are generated based on a second AI model. The present disclosure can reduce resource overhead and power consumption of the UE.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a 5G or 6G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. A method performed by a UE in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving, from a base station, a first search space ID for a first cell and a second search space ID for a second cell, the first search space ID and the second search space ID being same; receiving, from the base station on the first cell, first DCI for scheduling a PUSCH for one or more cells including the second cell, wherein at least one of a size of the first DCI, blind detection for the first DCI, or a CCE for the first DCI is based on a configuration of the second cell; and transmitting, to the base station, the PUSCH on the one or more cells based on the first DCI.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a 5G or 6G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. A method performed by a Network-Controlled Repeater (NCR) in a wireless communication system includes receiving, from a base station, side control information including configuration information for forwarding signals between the base station and user equipment (UE), wherein the configuration information includes information on beam indication for the forwarding to the UE. The method further includes forwarding the signals between the base station and the UE based on the information on the beam indication, in case that a random access procedure triggered by beam failure recovery, for a mobile termination (MT) of the NCR, is completed.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus, wherein the apparatus includes a receiver configured to receive downlink control information, the downlink control information being used to trigger PUSCH transmission, and the downlink control information including a first SRS resource indicator and a second SRS resource indicator, and a processor configured to determine whether the PUSCH transmission is transmitted according to one of the first SRS resource indicator and the second SRS resource indicator, or is transmitted according to the first SRS resource indicator and the second SRS resource indicator, according to at least one of the following indications the number of repetitions of the PUSCH transmission, a repetition scheme to which the PUSCH transmission corresponds, and an indication of a dynamic switching field in the downlink control information.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a 5G or 6G communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. The disclosure provides a method for signal transmission in a communication system is provided. The method is performed by a device for forwarding signals and includes determining a first power amplification gain, and forwarding a received signal based on the first power amplification gain.

Abstract: Systems and methods for emulator detection are disclosed. In one embodiment, a user agent string may be embedded into a first numerical data vector representation. Hardware characteristics of a client device corresponding to the user agent may be embedded into a second numerical data vector representation. Based on the first numerical data vector representation of the user agent and the second numerical data vector representation of the hardware characteristics, and their consistency, the client device may be determined to be an emulator or a non-emulator device.

Abstract: A renewable power system is provided. The renewable power system includes a plurality of power generating devices and a plurality of power converters. Each power converter of the plurality of power converters is electrically coupled to at least one power generating device of the plurality of power generating devices and a load. The renewable power system further includes a plurality of controllers. Each of the plurality of controllers includes a processor coupled in communication with at least one power converter of the plurality of power converters. The processor is configured to detect a load power of the load, determine an available power of the plurality of power generating devices, and, in response to the load exceeding the available power of the plurality of power generating devices, adjust at least one parameter of the at least one power converter.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for receiving and transmitting configuration information and a communication system. The method includes: configuring or predefining one or more transmission configuration indication states by a terminal equipment for one or more demodulation reference signal port groups. Hence, even in scenarios such as multiple TRPs or multiple panels, the receiving device may correctly and punctually receive transmission information transmitted by the transmitting device.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a fifth generation (5G) or sixth generation (6G) communication system for supporting a higher data transmission rate. A method performed by a repeater and the repeater for performing the method, the repeater including a first unit and a second unit is provided. The method includes receiving, by the first unit, downlink control information downlink control information (DCI) from a base station, and when an offset between the DCI and a channel or signal scheduled by the DCI is less than a threshold, determining, by the first unit, a beam for the first unit to receive the channel or signal according to a beam for the second unit or a beam for the first unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for transmitting uplink data, configured in a terminal equipment includes a receiver configured to receive a PDCCH transmitted by a network device, the PDCCH indicating the terminal equipment to transmit PUSCH retransmission; wherein CRC to which the PDCCH corresponds is scrambled by a CS-RNTI, and an NDI field of the PDCCH is 1, and a transmitter configured to transmit the PUSCH retransmission according to a first power control parameter in a configured grant (CG) configuration to which the PUSCH retransmission corresponds, the first power control parameter comprising at least one of the following P0, Alpha, a pathloss reference signal (PL-RS), and a closed-loop index, and the first power control parameter being related to at least one of the following factors a power control indication to which the PDCCH corresponds, and an SRS resource indication to which the PDCCH corresponds.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods, devices and computer readable media for communications. A method comprises receiving, at a terminal device and from a network device, a first message indicative of a switching condition for the terminal device to switch to a second service providing mode, the terminal device being served by the network device in a first service providing mode. The method further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the switching condition is satisfied, establishing a connection with the network device to be served by the network device in the second service providing mode. In this manner, a dynamic and efficient switching process between multicast mode and unicast mode can be autonomously triggered at the terminal device.

Abstract: A walk-behind working machine. The walk-behind working machine includes a body including a walking assembly and a drive assembly for driving the walking assembly; a handle device including a grip for a user to hold; and a connecting rod assembly for connecting the body to the handle device. The walk-behind working machine further includes a display capable of displaying information related to the walk-behind working machine. In this manner, it is convenient for the user to acquire the work information of a working machine, thereby improving the convenience of use of the user.

Abstract: Embodiments include assemblies. An assembly includes a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect. The first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad. The assembly includes a socket over the substrate. The socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer with a first pad and a second pad. The first and second pins are vertically over the respective first and second interconnects. The first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and fourth conductive pad, while the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and second conductive pad. The first pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad, and the second pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad.

Abstract: Nickel based super alloy, which includes at least, (in wt %): Iron (Fe) 1.5%-6.5% especially 3.5%-5.5%; Chrome (Cr) 12.0%-14.0%; Molybdenum (Mo) 1.0%-2.0%; Wolfram (W) 2.0%-5.0%; Aluminum (Al) 5.2%-5.8%; Tantalum (Ta) 5.0%-7.0%; Hafnium (Hf) 1.2%-1.8%; Silicon (Si) 0.005%-0.4%; Carbon (C) 0.005%-0.1%; Nickel (Ni), optionally Cobalt (Co) 0.0%-5.0%; especially at least 1.0 wt % Cobalt (CO); Boron (B) >0.0%-0.02%; especially maximum 0.005%; Zirconium (Zr) >0.0%-0.05%; especially maximum 0.01% 0-0.05%; reactive element(s), especially Yttrium (Y), Cerium (Ce), Dysprosium (Dy), and/or Lanthanum (La).

Abstract: A signal transmission method, signal reception method and apparatuses thereof. A signal transmission apparatus. The apparatus includes a transmitter configured to, after a period of time of receiving a downlink signal related to beam failure recovery and before receiving or applying activation signaling or reconfiguration signaling, transmit an uplink signal in a first cell by using a spatial domain transmission filter identical to a spatial domain transmission filter transmitting an uplink signal related to beam failure recovery or receiving a downlink reference signal.

Abstract: An example method performed by a user equipment (UE) comprises receiving, from a base station, switching indication information for switching from a source processing approach to a target processing approach, wherein the source processing approach or the target processing approach are related to an artificial intelligence (AI) model. The method comprises applying the target processing approach from a second time. The second time is identified based on at least one of features of the target processing approach, features of the source processing approach, or a first time. The first time is a time in which the switching indication information is received.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating beam failure information, includes a memory and processor circuitry, the memory storing instructions, and the processor circuitry being configured to execute the instructions to implement the following detecting that beam failure recovery (BFR) of a transmission reception point (TRP) is triggered, and generating a BFR medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) in case where at least one beam failure recovery has been triggered and not cancelled for the TRP and evaluation of candidate beams has been completed, wherein the BFR MAC CE indicates information for the TRP in which beam failure recovery is triggered.