Abstract: A route advertisement method and a device are provided, to improve efficiency of generating a route advertisement message. The method is applied to a network including a first network device and a second network device, and the first network device and the second network device establish a user datagram protocol (UDP)-based border gateway protocol (BGP) connection. According to the method: The first network device obtains one or more route sending groups, where each route sending group includes one or more pieces of route information; the first network device separately generates at least one route advertisement message based on each route sending group, the route advertisement message includes the one or more pieces of route information in the route sending group corresponding to the route advertisement message; and the first network device sends the route advertisement message to the second network device through the BGP connection.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and devices (e.g., routers) that add network services to a multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) network. A method can include a network device of the MPLS network receiving a packet, the network device of the MPLS network modifying the packet by adding multiple MPLS extension headers, wherein each of the multiple MPLS extension headers added to the packet is used to support a different one of multiple network services for the MPLS network, and the network device of the MPLS network forwarding the packet as modified to another network device of the MPLS network.

Abstract: A packet transmission method, apparatus, device, and system, and a storage medium are provided. The method includes: A first device obtains a first packet, and determines node information of a second device and node information of a third device from a node information list of the first packet by using a first part included in a destination address field of the first packet. The first device generates, based on the first packet, a second packet including the node information of the second device and a third packet including the node information of the third device. The first device sends the second packet to the second device, and sends the third packet to the third device.

Abstract: A method, in which a first network device obtains a first service packet and a plurality of flow specification FlowSpec rule groups, where any FlowSpec rule group in the plurality of FlowSpec rule groups indicates a rule set for processing a service packet, and different FlowSpec rule groups correspond to different priorities. The first network device determines a target FlowSpec rule group, where the target FlowSpec rule group is a FlowSpec rule group in the plurality of FlowSpec rule groups that successfully matches the first service packet and that has the highest priority. The first network device processes the first service packet according to the target FlowSpec rule group. A service packet is processed according to a FlowSpec rule group, so that processing efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: An ingress node obtains a packet, and feature information of an application program corresponding to the packet. The feature information of the application program includes at least one of the following information: identification information and network performance requirement information of the application program. The identification information is used to identify the application program. The ingress node determines the path between the ingress node and the egress node based on the feature information of the application program and a mapping relationship between the feature information of the application program and the path between the ingress node and the egress node. The ingress mode forwards the packet through the path between the ingress node and the egress node.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to multicast packet processing methods. One example method includes obtaining a first multicast packet, where destination information of the first multicast packet includes a first identifier indicating link information, a second identifier indicating a replication and forwarding operation, and a third identifier used to index destination information corresponding to a second node, obtaining a second multicast packet based on the first multicast packet and the third identifier, obtaining a third multicast packet, where destination information of the third multicast packet is destination information corresponding to a third node that is determined based on a destination information index corresponding to a multicast packet obtained after the first multicast packet is replicated, sending the second multicast packet to the second node based on the first identifier, and sending the third multicast packet to the third node based on the destination information of the multicast packet.

Abstract: A method to perform operations, administrative, and maintenance (OAM) includes a controller generating a policy configuration packet, where the policy configuration packet includes OAM configuration information and information about a first path, and the information about the first path is used to identify the first path. The controller sends the policy configuration packet to a head node of the first path, where the policy configuration packet is used to indicate the head node to perform OAM on the first path based on the OAM configuration information.

Abstract: An application information verification method is performed by a first apparatus. The first apparatus receives a first packet including application information. The first apparatus verifies integrity of the application information in the first packet. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the first packet includes the application information and first verification information, and the first verification information is for verifying the integrity of the application information. Therefore, after receiving the first packet, the first apparatus may verify the integrity of the application information based on the first verification information.

Abstract: A route advertisement method and a device for improving efficiency of generating a route advertisement message are disclosed. The method is applied to a network including a first network device and a second network device, and the first network device and the second network device establish a user datagram protocol (UDP)-based border gateway protocol (BGP) connection. The method includes: The first network device obtains one or more route sending groups, where each of the one or more route sending groups includes one or more pieces of route information; the first network device separately generates at least one route advertisement message based on each of the one or more route sending groups, each of the at least one route advertisement message includes the one or more pieces of route information in the route sending group corresponding to the route advertisement message; and the first network device sends the route advertisement message to the second network device through the BGP connection.

Abstract: A packet forwarding method and apparatus, and a communication network, related to the field of communication technologies. In the solutions provided, a controller may obtain a correspondence between an application-aware identifier of a service flow and a network service required for transmitting the service flow, and deliver the correspondence to a network device. Further, when identifying the service flow as a service flow indicated by the application-aware identifier, the network device may directly forward a packet of the service flow by using the corresponding network service. The controller may establish and deliver the correspondence between the application-aware identifier and the network service, so that the network device can directly forward the service packet of the service flow based on the correspondence. Therefore, flexibility of forwarding the service packet is effectively improved.

Abstract: A method, in which a first network device obtains a first service packet and a plurality of flow specification FlowSpec rule groups, where any FlowSpec rule group in the plurality of FlowSpec rule groups indicates a rule set for processing a service packet, and different FlowSpec rule groups correspond to different priorities. The first network device determines a target FlowSpec rule group, where the target FlowSpec rule group is a FlowSpec rule group in the plurality of FlowSpec rule groups that successfully matches the first service packet and that has the highest priority. The first network device processes the first service packet according to the target FlowSpec rule group. A service packet is processed according to a FlowSpec rule group, so that processing efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: This application discloses a method that includes obtaining by a network device an original segment list corresponding to a packet forwarding path, where the original segment list includes original segment identifiers that are sequentially arranged, and each of the original segment identifiers that are sequentially arranged corresponds to one node or link on the packet forwarding path. The method further includes comparing by the network device a plurality of successively adjacent original segment identifiers in the original segment list, to generate a plurality of successively adjacent compressed segment identifiers, where a length of each compressed segment identifier is less than a length of a corresponding original segment identifier, and generating by the network device a compressed segment list, where the compressed segment list includes a plurality of compressed segment identifiers, and the compressed segment list is used to forward a packet along the packet forwarding path.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a route refresh method, apparatus, and system, and relates to the field of communication technologies. In solutions provided in the present disclosure, a first network device can send a plurality of first routes to a second network device in a parallel transmission manner, and can send an end indication after determining that the second network device receives the plurality of first routes. Therefore, it can be ensured that in a parallel transmission scenario, the end indication does not reach the second network device earlier than the plurality of first routes. This can avoid a problem that a service flow is interrupted because the second network device untimely ages a route that is not refreshed in a routing table.

Abstract: A segment routing device receives a first packet from a first network. A first packet header of the first packet includes a segment list. The segment list includes a plurality of sequentially arranged identifiers. The identifiers include a first-type identifier and a plurality of second-type identifiers. Network devices or links identified by the first-type identifier and the second-type identifier are respectively on the first network and a second network. A type of the first network is different from a type of the second network. The segment routing device encapsulates a second packet header for the first packet to form a second packet. The second packet header includes the plurality of second-type identifiers. The segment routing device sends the second packet to the second network.

Abstract: A QUIC packet transmission method comprises setting a QUIC header in a next header of an IPV6 extension header, or setting the QUIC header inside an IPV6 extension header, so that the QUIC packet carries the QUIC header without carrying a UDP header.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose an information reporting method, an information processing method, and a device. According to the information reporting method, a network device obtains Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) information of a network device. The network device sends a BGP Monitoring Protocol (BMP) notification message to a first device, where the BMP notification message carries the BGP information of the network device.

Abstract: This application discloses a method that includes obtaining by a network device an original segment list corresponding to a packet forwarding path, where the original segment list includes original segment identifiers that are sequentially arranged, and each of the original segment identifiers that are sequentially arranged corresponds to one node or link on the packet forwarding path. The method further includes comparing by the network device a plurality of successively adjacent original segment identifiers in the original segment list, to generate a plurality of successively adjacent compressed segment identifiers, where a length of each compressed segment identifier is less than a length of a corresponding original segment identifier, and generating by the network device a compressed segment list, where the compressed segment list includes a plurality of compressed segment identifiers, and the compressed segment list is used to forward a packet along the packet forwarding path.

Abstract: A BGP route identification method and apparatus are provided. A network device obtains a BGP route. The BGP route includes an autonomous system path attribute AS_PATH attribute, the AS_PATH attribute includes a first autonomous system number AS number, an AS number corresponding to an autonomous system that the network device is located in or manages is a second AS number, and the first AS number is equal to the second AS number. The network device determines, based on the first AS number and the second AS number, whether the BGP route is abnormal.

Abstract: A method for updating route information includes a monitored network element establishes a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Monitoring Protocol (BMP) connection to a monitoring network element, and sends a first message to the monitoring network element when detecting a synchronization requirement of BGP route information, where the first message instructs the monitoring network element to update a BGP route information set, and the BGP route information set includes at least one piece of BGP route information. The first message indicates an update set, and the update set updates the BGP route information set.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for establishing a BGP peer, a device, and a system. A first network device sends a first packet to a second network device in a UDP manner, where the first packet is used to establish a BGP peer with the second network device; and if the first network device can receive a second packet sent by the second network device in the UDP manner, the first network device establishes a BGP peer relationship with the second network device in response to the received second packet.