Abstract: A method for providing a service for a traffic flow includes a network device receives a first packet; and when a packet feature of the first packet matches a packet feature of the traffic flow, the network device encapsulates an indication identifier of the traffic flow into the first packet to obtain a second packet, and sends the second packet. The second packet is an Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 (IPv6) packet or a Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS packet. The indication identifier indicates the service provided for the traffic flow.

Abstract: An application of a hydrogel in the preparation of products for the treatment of bacterial infection is disclosed. Ferrous ion was used in the antibacterial activity test of Staphylococcus aureus and showed a strong bactericidal effect, which the survival rate of Staphylococcus aureus is less than 0.001%, as well as the survival rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was less than 0.01%. Ferrous ion hydrogel was used for the treatment of keratitis and skin wound infection. Ferrous ion hydrogel for the treatment of keratitis and skin wound infection, which can significantly reduce the risk of pulmonary MRSA infection, prevented the dissimilation of MRSA to the lung, and alleviated systemic inflammation in the body in a timely and effective manner, revealing the therapeutic potential of ferrous compounds for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections, including MRSA.

Abstract: A packet forwarding method and apparatus, and a communication network, related to the field of communication technologies. In the solutions provided, a controller may obtain a correspondence between an application-aware identifier of a service flow and a network service required for transmitting the service flow, and deliver the correspondence to a network device. Further, when identifying the service flow as a service flow indicated by the application-aware identifier, the network device may directly forward a packet of the service flow by using the corresponding network service. The controller may establish and deliver the correspondence between the application-aware identifier and the network service, so that the network device can directly forward the service packet of the service flow based on the correspondence. Therefore, flexibility of forwarding the service packet is effectively improved.

Abstract: A BGP route identification method and apparatus are provided. A network device obtains a BGP route. The BGP route includes an autonomous system path attribute AS_PATH attribute, the AS_PATH attribute includes a first autonomous system number AS number, an AS number corresponding to an autonomous system that the network device is located in or manages is a second AS number, and the first AS number is equal to the second AS number. The network device determines, based on the first AS number and the second AS number, whether the BGP route is abnormal.

Abstract: A segment routing device receives a first packet from a first network. A first packet header of the first packet includes a segment list. The segment list includes a plurality of sequentially arranged identifiers. The identifiers include a first-type identifier and a plurality of second-type identifiers. Network devices or links identified by the first-type identifier and the second-type identifier are respectively on the first network and a second network. A type of the first network is different from a type of the second network. The segment routing device encapsulates a second packet header for the first packet to form a second packet. The second packet header includes the plurality of second-type identifiers. The segment routing device sends the second packet to the second network.

Abstract: A sealing structure includes an inner pipe, an outer pipe, and a sealing ring, where the outer pipe is detachably sleeved on the inner pipe, a slot for inserting a pipe is formed between an inner wall of the outer pipe and an outer wall of the inner pipe, and the outer wall of the inner pipe is provided with a sealing groove for placing the sealing ring; the sealing ring includes a main body provided with a lip; the sealing groove includes a first sealing groove and a second sealing groove, the first sealing groove and the second sealing groove are stepped; the bottom of the lip fits the bottom of the first sealing groove; and the bottom of the main body fits the bottom of the second sealing groove.

Abstract: A mechanism for adaptively performing in-band network telemetry (INT) by a network controller is disclosed. The mechanism includes receiving one or more congestion indicators from a collector. An adjusted sampling rate is generated. The adjusted sampling rate is a specified rate of insertion of instruction headers for INT and is generated based on the congestion indicators. The adjusted sampling rate is transmitted to a head node, which is configured to perform INT via instruction header insertion into user packets.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a packet processing method, device, and system. The system includes: a controller, configured to: allocate a service label to a service processing manner of an FEC, establish a mapping relationship between the service label and the service processing manner, send the service label to a source node, and send the mapping relationship to a destination node; the source node, configured to: receive the service label sent by the controller, receive a first packet, insert the service label to the first packet to obtain a second packet, and send the second packet to the destination node; the destination node, configured to: receive the mapping relationship sent by the controller, receive the second packet sent by the source node, and pop the service label from the second packet according to the mapping relationship, to obtain the first packet.

Abstract: This application provides a packet transmission method, apparatus, and device. For example, the method is performed by an ingress node. The ingress node obtains a second packet by using first node information carried in a first packet, where the first node information includes a first bit string indicating N next-hop devices of the ingress node and first reference information used for indexing second node information corresponding to a first intermediate node in the N next-hop devices, and the second packet includes a first identifier determined based on the first reference information. The ingress node sends the second packet to the first intermediate node. Because structures of the first bit string and the first reference information are used, a packet encoding manner is simple, so that packet transmission efficiency is improved.

Abstract: This application discloses a method that includes obtaining by a network device an original segment list corresponding to a packet forwarding path, where the original segment list includes original segment identifiers that are sequentially arranged, and each of the original segment identifiers that are sequentially arranged corresponds to one node or link on the packet forwarding path. The method further includes comparing by the network device a plurality of successively adjacent original segment identifiers in the original segment list, to generate a plurality of successively adjacent compressed segment identifiers, where a length of each compressed segment identifier is less than a length of a corresponding original segment identifier, and generating by the network device a compressed segment list, where the compressed segment list includes a plurality of compressed segment identifiers, and the compressed segment list is used to forward a packet along the packet forwarding path.

Abstract: This application provides a route refresh method, apparatus, and system, and relates to the field of communication technologies. In solutions provided in this application, a first network device can send a plurality of first routes to a second network device in a parallel transmission manner, and can send an end indication after determining that the second network device receives the plurality of first routes. Therefore, it can be ensured that in a parallel transmission scenario, the end indication does not reach the second network device earlier than the first routes. This can avoid a problem that a service flow is interrupted because the second network device untimely ages a route that is not refreshed in a routing table.

Abstract: A first network device includes a processor and a memory having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processor, cause the first network device to: obtain a first virtual private network (VPN) route sent by a second network device. The first VPN route includes first identification information that uniquely identifies a first VPN instance in the second network device. The first network device is also caused to generate a second VPN route according to a second VPN instance accessing a third network device and the first VPN route. The second VPN route carries second identification information and routing information of the first VPN route. The second identification information uniquely identifies the second VPN instance in the third network device. The first identification information is different from the second identification information. The first network device is further caused to send the second VPN route to the third network device.

Abstract: This application provides a route event record entry processing method, a network device, and a control device. The method includes: obtaining, by a network device, first information and second information that correspond to a route prefix, where the first information is used to indicate information about a first route policy for the route prefix, and the second information is used to indicate attribute information obtained after processing the route prefix by using the first route policy; and generating, by the network device, a route event record entry for the route prefix based on the first information and the second information, where the route event record entry includes the route prefix, the first information, and the second information.

Abstract: This application discloses a packet processing method and a related apparatus, applied to a network slice. The method includes: A first network device obtains a first packet, where the first packet includes a first slice identifier, the first slice identifier includes a plurality of consecutive sub-identifiers, the plurality of sub-identifiers indicate different attributes of a first network slice, and the first slice identifier identifies the first network slice to which the first packet belongs. The first network device forwards the first packet based on the first slice identifier. In this solution, a slice identifier including a plurality of sub-identifiers is carried in a packet. Different sub-identifiers indicate different attributes of a network slice.

Abstract: A packet transmission method, a transmission control method, an apparatus, and a system are disclosed. A SR path includes a first network node and a second network node. There are a plurality of communication links between the first network node and the second network node. After obtaining a first packet, the first network node determines a first communication link based on a first link quality identifier carried in the first packet, and forwards the first packet to the second network node through the first communication link. The first link quality identifier indicates a first quality requirement on the communication link between the first network node and the second network node. The plurality of communication links between the first network node and the second network node include the first communication link, and link quality of the first communication link meets the first quality requirement.

Abstract: A method for extending Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to change multiple route attributes at a time. The method includes receiving a BGP wide community container that includes an indication that multiple route attributes can be changed at a time, a one or more route conditions, and actions to perform on the multiple route attributes when the one or more route conditions are met. The method determines whether the route conditions are satisfied. The method performs the actions specified in the BGP wide community container on the multiple route attributes when the one or more route conditions are satisfied.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a route advertisement method and a device, to improve efficiency of generating a route advertisement message. The method is applied to a network including a first network device and a second network device, and the first network device and the second network device establish a user datagram protocol UDP-based border gateway protocol BGP connection. The method includes: The first network device obtains one or more route sending groups, where each route sending group includes one or more pieces of route information; the first network device separately generates at least one route advertisement message based on each route sending group, the route advertisement message includes the one or more pieces of route information in the route sending group corresponding to the route advertisement message; and the first network device sends the route advertisement message to the second network device through the BGP connection.

Abstract: In a method for managing a VPN, a routing device establishes a BMP session with a BMP server. The routing device allocates a VPN label associated with a VPN instance, wherein the VPN instance is used for communication between the routing device and another routing device. Then, the routing device sends, to the BMP server, a BMP message that carries the VPN label. Because the routing device sends the VPN label through the BMP message, the routing device does not need to establish a BGP peer relationship with the BMP server to send the VPN label.

Abstract: This disclosure discloses a method, device, and system for determining a route leak. The method includes: receiving, by a network monitoring device managing a first autonomous system, an extended BMP packet sent by a first border node of the first autonomous system and an extended BMP packet sent by a second border node of the first autonomous system. The method includes determining, based on the extended BMP packet sent by the first border node and the extended BMP packet sent by the second border node of the first autonomous system, a receiving relationship of a route prefix received by the first border node from the second autonomous system, and a sending relationship of the route prefix sent by the second border node to a third autonomous system. The method further includes determining, based on the receiving relationship and the sending relationship, whether the route prefix is leaked.

Abstract: A packet transmission method, apparatus, device, and system, and a storage medium are provided. The method includes: A first device obtains a first packet, and determines node information of a second device and node information of a third device from a node information list of the first packet by using a first part included in a destination address field of the first packet. The first device generates, based on the first packet, a second packet including the node information of the second device and a third packet including the node information of the third device. The first device sends the second packet to the second device, and sends the third packet to the third device.