Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) semiconductor devices and fabricating methods are provided. In some implementations, a disclosed semiconductor device comprises: an array of vertical transistors each comprising a semiconductor body extending in a vertical direction; a plurality of word lines each extending along a first lateral direction and comprising a plurality of gate structures of a row of the array of vertical transistors arranged in the first lateral direction; and a plurality of bit lines each extending along a second lateral direction different from the first lateral direction and comprising silicide.

Abstract: Methods of forming a carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam are provided. Such a method may comprise heating a porous body composed of a solid material comprising covalently bound carbon atoms and heteroatoms and having a surface defining pores distributed throughout the solid material, in the presence of an added source of gaseous hydrocarbons. The heating generates free radicals in the porous body from the heteroatoms and induces reactions between the free radicals and the gaseous hydrocarbons to form covalently bound carbon nanofibers extending from the surface of the solid material and a network of entangled carbon microfibers within the pores the porous body, thereby forming a carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam. Carbon fiber reinforced carbon foams and ballistic barriers incorporating the foams are also provided.

Abstract: Methods of forming a carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam are provided. Such a method may comprise heating a porous body composed of a solid material comprising covalently bound carbon atoms and heteroatoms and having a surface defining pores distributed throughout the solid material, in the presence of an added source of gaseous hydrocarbons. The heating generates free radicals in the porous body from the heteroatoms and induces reactions between the free radicals and the gaseous hydrocarbons to form covalently bound carbon nanofibers extending from the surface of the solid material and a network of entangled carbon microfibers within the pores the porous body, thereby forming a carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam. Carbon fiber reinforced carbon foams and ballistic barriers incorporating the foams are also provided.

Abstract: Methods of forming a carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam are provided. Such a method may comprise heating a porous body composed of a solid material comprising covalently bound carbon atoms and heteroatoms and having a surface defining pores distributed throughout the solid material, in the presence of an added source of gaseous hydrocarbons. The heating generates free radicals in the porous body from the heteroatoms and induces reactions between the free radicals and the gaseous hydrocarbons to form covalently bound carbon nanofibers extending from the surface of the solid material and a network of entangled carbon microfibers within the pores the porous body, thereby forming a carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam. Carbon fiber reinforced carbon foams and ballistic barriers incorporating the foams are also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a high-silicon aluminum alloy electronic packaging shell, which uses high-silicon aluminum alloys with different silicon content as a bottom, transition part(s) and a welding part respectively to form a gradient material structure to meet the comprehensive requirements of electronic packaging materials for material properties such as strength, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient, as well as process properties such as machining, surface coating, and laser welding.

Abstract: Methods of making self-expended lignofoams are provided. In embodiments, such a method comprises exposing a self-expanding lignofoam composition comprising raw lignin and a thermoplastic polymer to an elevated temperature for a period of time to soften the composition, desorb water from the raw lignin or induce at least some hydroxyl groups of the raw lignin to undergo dehydration reactions to generate water or both, vaporize the water, and generate pores throughout the softened composition. The method further comprises cooling the porous, softened composition to room temperature to provide the self-expanded lignofoam. The self-expanding lignofoam composition is free of an added plasticizer, an added lubricant, an added foaming agent, and an added blowing agent, and the thermoplastic polymer is not a starch, not a polyurethane, and not a polysiloxane. The resulting self-expanded lignofoams are also provided.

Abstract: A composition design optimization method of aluminum alloy for selective laser melting, including the following steps: S1: making alloy ingots with different composition; S2: pre-treating and processing the alloy ingots to obtain alloy sample blocks with different composition; S3: twice laser surface scanning treatment; S4: treating the alloy sample blocks by induction heating and quenching; S5: inspecting surface morphology, microstructure and properties of second laser melting layer of each alloy sample block, to determine whether the alloy sample blocks are suitable for selective laser melting process and optimize alloy composition.

Abstract: A method of making a carbon foam comprises subjecting a precursor composition comprising an amount of at least partially decomposed lignin to a first pressure for a first time, optionally, while heating the precursor composition to a first temperature; heating the compressed precursor composition to a second temperature for a second period of time while subjecting the compressed precursor composition to a second pressure to further decompose the at least partially decomposed lignin and to generate pores within the compressed precursor composition, thereby providing a porous, decomposed precursor composition; and heating the porous, decomposed precursor composition to a third temperature for a third time to carbonize, and optionally, to graphitize, the porous, decomposed precursor composition to provide the carbon foam. Also provided are the carbon foams and composites made from the carbon foams.

Abstract: A method of making a carbon foam comprises subjecting a precursor composition comprising an amount of at least partially decomposed lignin to a first pressure for a first time, optionally, while heating the precursor composition to a first temperature; heating the compressed precursor composition to a second temperature for a second period of time while subjecting the compressed precursor composition to a second pressure to further decompose the at least partially decomposed lignin and to generate pores within the compressed precursor composition, thereby providing a porous, decomposed precursor composition; and heating the porous, decomposed precursor composition to a third temperature for a third time to carbonize, and optionally, to graphitize, the porous, decomposed precursor composition to provide the carbon foam. Also provided are the carbon foams and composites made from the carbon foams.

Abstract: Methods of making self-expended lignofoams are provided. In embodiments, such a method comprises exposing a self-expanding lignofoam composition comprising raw lignin and a thermoplastic polymer to an elevated temperature for a period of time to soften the composition, desorb water from the raw lignin or induce at least some hydroxyl groups of the raw lignin to undergo dehydration reactions to generate water or both, vaporize the water, and generate pores throughout the softened composition. The method further comprises cooling the porous, softened composition to room temperature to provide the self-expanded lignofoam. The self-expanding lignofoam composition is free of an added plasticizer, an added lubricant, an added foaming agent, and an added blowing agent, and the thermoplastic polymer is not a starch, not a polyurethane, and not a polysiloxane. The resulting self-expanded lignofoams are also provided.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing a graphene-based material comprises exposing graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core, to a cracking and welding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene-based material.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a polarizer pre-alignment device, bottom ends of the first moving alignment member or the second moving alignment member are respectively provided with slits for the base plate of the polarizer cassette can be passed through; the first moving alignment member and/or the second moving alignment member are capable of being folded between a horizontal and vertical angle range, making the polarizer cassette is capable to enter a polarizer pre-alignment station, moving to adjust positions of the first moving alignment member and the second moving alignment member, makes the polarizers in different sizes carried on the polarizer cassette entering the polarizer pre-alignment station is performed the benchmark pre-alignment. The invention also discloses a polarizer attachment device with the polarizer pre-alignment device.

Abstract: A method of making a carbon foam comprises subjecting a precursor composition comprising an amount of at least partially decomposed lignin to a first pressure for a first time, optionally, while heating the precursor composition to a first temperature; heating the compressed precursor composition to a second temperature for a second period of time while subjecting the compressed precursor composition to a second pressure to further decompose the at least partially decomposed lignin and to generate pores within the compressed precursor composition, thereby providing a porous, decomposed precursor composition; and heating the porous, decomposed precursor composition to a third temperature for a third time to carbonize, and optionally, to graphitize, the porous, decomposed precursor composition to provide the carbon foam. Also provided are the carbon foams and composites made from the carbon foams.

Abstract: Highly porous, lightweight, and sustainable organosilane-coated organic aerogels with ultra-low densities and excellent material properties and methods for preparing them are provided. The aerogels are modified to have a superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surface, thus leading to an extremely high affinity for oils and/or organic solvents.

Abstract: Triboelectric nanogenerators that operate in a vertical contact separation mode and methods for fabricating the triboelectric generators are provided. Also provided are methods for using the triboelectric nanogenerators to harvest mechanical energy and convert it into electric energy. In the TENGs, one or both of the triboelectrically active layers comprises a cellulose that has been chemically treated to alter its electron affinity.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing a graphene-based material comprises exposing graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core, to a cracking and welding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene-based material.

Abstract: Triboelectric nanogenerators that operate in a vertical contact separation mode and methods for fabricating the triboelectric generators are provided. Also provided are methods for using the triboelectric nanogenerators to harvest mechanical energy and convert it into electric energy. In the TENGs, one or both of the triboelectrically active layers comprises a cellulose that has been chemically treated to alter its electron affinity.

Abstract: Photocatalytic structures having a capillary-force based electrolyte delivery system are provided. Also provided are photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic cells incorporating the structures and methods for using the cells to generate hydrogen and/or oxygen from water. The photocatalytic structures use an electrolyte-transporting strip comprising a porous network of cellulose nanofibers to transport electrolyte from a body of the electrolyte to a porous photoelectrode or a porous photocatalytic substrate via capillary force.