Process for the fermentative preparation of metabolic products and for the nucleotide sequences encoding for the sod gene

Abstract

The invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding for the sod gene and a process for the fermentative preparation of nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine, using coryneform bacteria in which the sod gene is amplified.

Description

[0001] The invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding for the sod gene and a process for the fermentative preparation of nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine using coryneform bacteria in which the sod gene is amplified.

PRIOR ART

[0002] Nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine, are used in the foodstuffs industry, in animal nutrition, in human medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry.

[0003] It is known that these substances can be prepared by fermentation of strains of coryneform bacteria, in particular Corynebacterium glutamicum. Constant efforts are made to improve the method of preparation due to the high degree of importance of these substances. Process improvements may relate to fermentation engineering factors such as e.g. stirring and supplying with oxygen, or the composition of the nutrient medium, such as e.g. the sugar concentration during fermentation, or the working up process aimed at obtaining the product itself by e.g. ion exchange chromatography or the intrinsic power of the microorganism itself.

[0004] To improve the power of the microorganisms, the methods of mutagenesis, selection and mutant choice are used. Strains which are resistant to antimetabolites or which are auxotrophic for significant regulatory intermediates are obtained in this way and produce nucleotides, vitamins and amino acids.

[0005] For some time now the methods of recombinant DNA engineering have also been used for the strain-improvement of L-amino acid-producing strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum, by amplifying individual amino acid biosynthetic genes and investigating the effect on L-amino acid production.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,010 describes strains of coryneform bacteria which are e.g. resistant to methylviologen or benzoyl peroxide, have an increased activity to superoxide dismutase and have an improved lysine yield. These strains were produced by non-targeted mutagenesis using the mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The increase in the concentration of superoxide dismutase in the strains mentioned there was at most 56%.

[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,697 describes mutants of coryneform bacteria which produce glutamic acid. The increase in the concentration of superoxide dismutase in the strains mentioned there was at most 105%.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The inventor has formulated the object as the provision of new steps for the improved handling of superoxide dismutase from coryneform bacteria. These steps can be used during the fermentative preparation of nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine, are used in the foodstuffs industry, in animal nutrition, in human medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry. Lysine-producing strains of coryneform bacteria are known from the prior art, in which the concentration of superoxide dismutase is increased by 27 to 56% and which liberate amplified lysine. These strains were obtained by non-targeted mutagenesis.

[0010] Whenever L-lysine or lysine is mentioned in the following this is intended to mean not only the base but also salts such as, for example, lysine monohydrochloride or lysine sulfate.

[0011] The invention provides a preferably recombinant DNA from the Corynebacterium source which can replicate in coryneform microorganisms and which contains at least the nucleotide sequence which encodes for the sod gene represented in SEQ-ID-No.1.

[0012] The invention also provides a replicable DNA in accordance with claim 1 comprising:

[0013] (i) the nucleotide sequence, shown in SEQ-ID-No.1, or

[0014] (ii) at least one sequence which corresponds to the sequence (i) within the region of degeneration of the genetic code, or

[0015] (iii) at least one sequence which hybridizes with the sequence which is complementary to sequence (i) or (ii) and optionally

[0016] (iv) functionally neutral sense mutations in (i).

[0017] Coryneform microorganisms, in particular the strain Corynebacterium, transformed by the introduction of the replicatable DNA mentioned above, are also provided by the invention.

[0018] Furthermore the invention provides a process for the fermentative preparation of nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine, using coryneform bacteria which in particular already produce the relevant product and in which the nucleotide sequences encoding for the sod gene are amplified, in particular are overexpressed.

[0019] The expression “amplification” in this connection describes the increase in the intracellular activity of one or more enzymes in a microorganism which are encoded by the corresponding DNA, for example by increasing the copy number of the gene or genes, using a strong promoter or a gene which encodes for a corresponding enzyme with high activity and optionally combining these steps.

[0020] The microorganisms which are the subject of the present invention can produce nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine, from glucose, saccharose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch, cellulose or from glycerol and ethanol. They may be members of the coryneform bacteria family in particular the genus Corynebacterium. In the case of the Corynebacterium genus, in particular the species Corynebacterium glutamicum, it should be mentioned that this is well-known in the specialist field for its ability to produce L-amino acids.

[0021] Suitable strains of the genus Corynebacterium, in particular the species Corynebacterium glutamicum are for example the known wild-type strains

[0022] Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032

[0023] Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum ATCC15806

[0024] Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC13870

[0025] Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ATCC6871

[0026] Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes FERM BP-1539

[0027] Brevibacterium flavum ATCC14067

[0028] Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC13869 and

[0029] Brevibacterium divaricatum ATCC14020

[0030] Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC17965

[0031] Brevibacterium ammoniagenes IF012072

[0032] and mutants or strains prepared therefrom which can produce nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids,

[0033] such as for example the 5′-inosinic acid-producing strains

[0034] Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ATCC15190

[0035] Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ATCC15454

[0036] Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC14998 or

[0037] such as for example the 5′-guanylic acid-producing strains

[0038] Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC21171 or

[0039] Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ATCC19216 or

[0040] such as for example the L-lysine producers

[0041] Corynebacterium glutamicum FERM-P 1709

[0042] Brevibacterium flavum FERM-P1708

[0043] Brevibacterium lactofermentum FERM-P1712

[0044] Corynebacterium glutamicum FERM-P 6463 and

[0045] Corynebacterium glutamicum FERM-P 6464

[0046] Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 5714.

[0047] The inventors were able to isolate the new sod gene from Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC17965.

[0048] Here, the superoxide dismutase enzyme protein was first purified to homogeneity using chromatographic methods. Methods and instructions for protein purification and preparation are fully described e.g. in the textbook by Schleifer and Wensink: Practical Methods in Molecular Biology (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1981), in the manual by Harris and Angal: Protein Purification Methods: A Practical approach (IRL Press, Oxford, UK, 1989), in the textbook by Scopes: Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. (Springer Verlag, New York, USA, 1993) and in generally well-known textbooks and manuals. The pure enzyme protein can then be broken down into peptides by treating with suitable enzymes such as e.g. trypsin or chymotrypsin. The amino acid sequence in these peptides can be determined by the method of N-terminal sequencing described by Edman (Archives of Biochemistry 22, 475, (1949)). Methods and instructions for protein sequencing are given e.g. in Smith: Protein Sequencing Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 64 and Vol. 112 (Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., USA, 1996) and in Kamp et al.: Protein Structure Analysis: Preparation, Characterization and Microsequencing (Springer Verlag, New York, N.Y., USA, 1997). The amino acid sequence in the superoxide dismutase enzyme protein can be partly or completely determined in this way, depending on the degree of complexity.

[0049] By exploiting the known use of a codon for coryneform bacteria (Malumbres et al. (Gene 134, 15-24 (1993)), synthetic oligonucleotides can be synthesized and used as primers for amplifying the corresponding chromosomal DNA segments by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Instructions for this can be found by a person skilled in the art, inter alia, for example in the manual by Gait: Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press, Oxford, UK, 1984) and in Newton and Graham: PCR (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1994). The DNA fragment of the sod gene obtained in this way is then cloned using known methods such as described e.g. in Sambrook et al.: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, USA, 1989) and can be used as probes for testing the complete gene including its 5′ and 3′ flanks in gene banks.

[0050] The construction of gene banks is described in generally well-known textbooks and manuals. The following may be mentioned as examples, the textbook by Winnacker: Gene und Klone, Eine Einfuhrung in die Gentechnologie (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1990) or the manual by Sambrook et al.: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). A very well known gene bank is that of E. coli K-12 strain W3110 which was constructed by Kohara et al. (Cell 50, 495-508 (1987)) in &lgr;-vectors. Bathe et al. (Molecular and General Genetics, 252:255-265, 1996) describe a gene bank of C. glutamicum ATCC13032, which was constructed with the aid of the cosmid vector SuperCos I (Wahl et al., 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 84:2160-2164) in E. coli K-12 strain NM554 (Raleigh et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Research 16:1563-1575). Bormann et al. (Molecular Microbiology 6(3), 317-326)) also describe a gene bank of C. glutamicum ATCC13032 using the cosmid pHC79 (Hohn and Collins, Gene 11, 291-198 (1980)). To produce a gene bank of C. glutamicum in E. coli, plasmids such as pBR322 (Bolivar, Life Sciences, 25, 807-818 (1979)) or pUC9 (Vieira et al., 1982, Gene, 19:259-268) may also be used. Suitable hosts are in particular those E. coli strains which are restriction and recombination defective. An example of these is the strain DH5&agr;mcr described by Grant et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 87, (1990) 4645-4649). The long DNA fragments cloned with the aid of cosmids can then again be sub-cloned in vectors currently used for sequencing and then sequenced as is described e.g. in Sanger et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America USA, 74:5463-5467, 1977).

[0051] The DNA sequences obtained can then be tested with known algorithms or sequence analysis programs such as e.g. that of Staden (Nucleic Acids Research 14, 217-232 (1986)), the GCG program by Butler (Methods of Biochemical Analysis 39, 74-97 (1998)) the FASTA algorithm of Pearson and Lipman (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85, 2444-2448 (1988)) or the BLAST algorithm of Altschul et al. (Nature Genetics 6, 119-129 (1994)) and compared with the sequence registers present in publicly accessible data banks. Publicly accessible banks for nucleotide sequences are for example those in the European Molecular Biologies Laboratories (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany) or those in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA).

[0052] The new DNA sequences of C. glutamicum encoding for the sod gene which was obtained in this way is a constituent of the present invention as SEQ ID NO 1. Furthermore the amino sequence of the corresponding protein was derived from the DNA sequence present. The amino acid sequence of the sod gene product is represented in SEQ ID NO 2.

[0053] Encoding DNA sequence which was produced from SEQ ID NO 1 by the degenerability of the genetic code is also a constituent of the invention. In the same way DNA sequences which hybridize with SEQ ID NO 1 or parts of SEQ ID NO 1 are also a constituent of the invention. In the specialist field, furthermore, conservative amino acid exchanges such as e.g. the exchange of glycine for alanine or of aspartic acid for glutamic acid in proteins, as “sense mutations”, are also known and do not lead to any basic modification in the activity of the protein i.e. they are functionally neutral. Furthermore, it is known that changes to the N and/or C terminus of a protein cannot substantially impair or even stabilize its function. Data relating to this can be found by a person skilled in the art, inter alia, in Ben-Bassat et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 169:751-757 (1987)), in O'Regan et al. (Gene 77:237-251 (1989)), in Sahin-Toth et al. (Protein Sciences 3:240-247 (1994)), in Hochuli et al. (Bio/Technology 6:1321-1325 (1988)) and in well-known textbooks on genetics and molecular biology. Amino acid sequences which are produced in a corresponding manner from SEQ ID NO 2 are also a constituent of the invention.

[0054] Amplification of the sod gene in coryneform bacteria leads to an unusually high increase in the superoxide dismutase concentration in the microorganism.

[0055] To produce an overexpression, the copy number of the corresponding gene can be increased, or the promoter and regulation region or the ribosome bonding site, which is located upstream of the structure gene, can be mutated. Expression cassettes, which are incorporated upstream of the structure gene, operate in the same way. It is also possible to increase expression during the course of fermentative L-lysine production with inducible promoters. Expression is also improved by measures aimed at prolonging the lifetime of m-RNA. Furthermore, enzyme activity can also be amplified by inhibiting degradation of the enzyme protein. The genes or gene constructs can either be present in plasmids with different copy numbers or be integrated and amplified in the chromosome.

[0056] Alternatively, overexpression of the relevant genes may also be achieved by modifying the composition of the media and management of the culture.

[0057] Instructions for these procedures may be found by a person skilled in the art, inter alia, in Martin et al. (Bio/Technology 5, 137-146 (1987)), in Guerrero et al. (Gene 138, 35-41 (1994)), Tsuchiya and Morinaga (Bio/Technology 6, 428-430 (1988)), in Eikmanns et al. (Gene 102, 93-98 (1991)), in European patent EP-B-0 472 869, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,893, in Schwarzer and Puhler (Bio/Technology 9, 84-87 (1991)), in Reinscheid et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 126-132 (1994)), in Labarre et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 175, 1001-1007 (1993)), in patent application WO 96/15246, in Malumbres et al. (Gene 134, 15-24 (1993)), in the Japanese patent document JP-A-10-229891, in Jensen and Hammer (Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 58, 191-195 (1998)), in Makrides (Microbiological Reviews, 60:512-538 (1996)) and in well-known textbooks on genetics and molecular biology.

[0058] An example of a plasmid with the help of which the sod gene can be overexpressed is pMM23 (FIG. 1) which is contained in the strain MH20-22B/pMM23. Plasmid pMM23 is an E. coli-C. glutamicum shuttle vector based on plasmid pBL1 (Ferandez-Gonzalez et al., Journal of Bacteriology 176(11), 3154-3161 (1994)), pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen, Journal of Bacteriology 134(3), 1141-1156 (1978)) and the trc promoter (Brosius et al. , Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 3539-3541 (1985)) which carries the sod gene. Other plasmid vectors which can be replicated in C. glutamicum such as e.g. pEKEx1 (Eikmanns et al., Gene 102: 93-98 (1991)) or pZ8-1 (European patent 0 375 889) may be used in the same way as starting vectors for cloning and expressing the sod gene.

[0059] It may also be advantageous for the production of nucleotides, vitamins and in particular L-amino acids to overexpress one or more enzymes in the particular biosynthetic pathway in addition to the sod gene.

[0060] Thus, for example, for the preparation of nucleotides

[0061] the purF gene encoding for the glutamine PRPP-amidotransferase may be simultaneously overexpressed

[0062] the carAB gene encoding for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase may be simultaneously overexpressed.

[0063] Thus, for example, for the preparation of D-pantothenic acid

[0064] the panD gene encoding for aspartate decarboxylase (Dusch et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 1530-1539 (1999)) may be simultaneously overexpressed.

[0065] Finally, for example, for the preparation of L-lysine

[0066] the dapA gene encoding for dihydrodipicolinate synthase may be simultaneously overexpressed (EP-B 0 197 335), or

[0067] a DNA fragment promoting S-(2-aminoethyl)-cysteine resistance may be simultaneously amplified (EP-A 0 088 166).

[0068] Furthermore it may be advantageous for the production of nucleotides, vitamins and in particular L-amino acids, quite particularly L-lysine, to switch off undesired side reactions apart from overexpression of the sod gene (Nakayama: “Breeding of Amino Acid Producing Micro-organisms”, in Overproduction of Microbial Products, Krumphanzl, Sikyta, Vanek (eds.) Academic Press, London, UK, 1982).

[0069] The microorganisms prepared according to the invention may be cultivated continuously or batchwise in a batch process or a fed batch process or a repeated fed batch process for the purposes of producing metabolic products. A review of known cultivation methods is given in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einfuhrung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1994)).

[0070] The culture medium to be used must satisfy the requirements of the particular strains in an appropriate manner. Descriptions of culture media for various microorganisms are given in the book “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” by the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981). Sugar and carbohydrates such as e.g. glucose, saccharose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch and cellulose, oils and fats, such as e.g. soya oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut fat, fatty acids such as e.g. palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols such as e.g. glycerol and ethanol and organic acids such as e.g. acetic acid can be used as sources of carbon. These substances may be used individually or as a mixture. Organic nitrogen-containing compounds such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, maize steep water, soya bean meal and urea or inorganic compounds such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate may be used as sources of nitrogen. The sources of nitrogen may be used individually or as a mixture. Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts may be used as sources of phosphorus. The culture medium must also contain salts of metals such as e.g. magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate which are required for growth. Finally essential growth substances such as amino acids and vitamins may also be used in addition to the substances mentioned above. Over and above these, appropriate precursors may also be added to the culture medium. The feedstocks mentioned may be added to the culture as a one-off batch or may be supplied during cultivation in an appropriate manner.

[0071] Basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water or acid compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid may be used in an appropriate manner to control the pH of the culture. Anti-foam agents such as e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters may be used to control the production of foam. To maintain the stability of plasmids, suitable selectively acting substances e.g. antibiotics may be added to the medium. In order to maintain aerobic conditions, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures such as e.g. air may be introduced into the culture. The temperature of the culture is generally 20° C. to 45° C. and preferably 25° C. to 40° C. Cultivation is continued until a maximum in the desired L-amino acid has been produced. This objective is normally achieved within 10 hours to 160 hours.

[0072] The following microorganisms were deposited at the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) in accordance with the Budapest treaty:

[0073] Escherichia coli strain XL1 blue/pMM23 as DSM 12860

[0074] Corynebacterium melassecola strain 1019 as DSM 12859.

[0075] The process according to the invention is used for the fermentative preparation of nucleotides, vitamins and in particular L-amino acids with coryneform bacteria, quite particularly the preparation of L-lysine.

[0076] The following figures are attached:

[0077] FIG. 1: Chart of the plasmid pMM23

[0078] FIG. 2: Chart of the plasmid pCGL482.

[0079] The values for data relating to base pair numbers obtained are within the scope of reproducibility.

[0080] The abbreviations used are explained below:

[0081] Ptrc: trc promoter

[0082] Sod: superoxide dismutase gene

[0083] cat: chloramphenicol-resistant gene

[0084] ori pBL1: replication region of the plasmid pBL1

[0085] ori pACYC: replication region of the plasmid pACYC184

[0086] ori M13: replication region of the phage M13

[0087] bp: base pair

[0088] NotI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease NotI

[0089] XbaI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease XbaI

[0090] BamHI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease BamHI

[0091] NcoI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease NcoI

[0092] SalI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease SalI

[0093] BglII: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease BglII

[0094] NdeI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease NdeI

[0095] SmaI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease SmaI

[0096] PstI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease PstI

[0097] StuI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease StuI

[0098] XhoI: cutting point of the restriction endonuclease XhoI

EXAMPLES

[0099] The following examples will further illustrate this invention.

Example 1

Cloning and Sequencing of the Sod Gene

[0100] 1. Purification and Characterization of Superoxide Dismutase of Corynebacterium Melassecola ATCC17965

[0101] For purification of superoxide dismutase, Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC17965 was grown aerobically on Bacto® Brain Heart Infusion medium (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, USA) at 34° C. until late exponential phase. Cells from one liter culture were harvested by centrifugation using an Avantiô J-25 centrifuge, and a JLA-10.500 rotor, of BECKMANN(Palo Alto, USA) at 5,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C., and resuspended in a solution of 10 mM MgCl2, 1 &mgr;g/ml Ribonuclease A, 1 &mgr;g/ml Deoxyribonuclease I, 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5 to give a final optical density of 500 as measured by a DU 7400 spectrophotometer of BECKMAN(Palo Alto, USA) at a wavelength of 570 nm. For disruption, cells were passed three times though a Manual-Fill 40K cell (FA-030) with a FRENCH® pressure cell press of SLM AMINCO® (Urbana, USA) at a shear force of 16,000 psi (110 MPa). The resulting extract was centrifuged using an Avantiô J-25 centrifuge and a JA-25.50 rotor of BECKMAN (Palo Alto, USA) at 10,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was ultracentrifuged using a L8-70M ultracentrifuge and a VTi 65.2 rotor of BECKMAN (Palo Alto, USA)at 130,000 g for 2 hours at 4° C. The supernatant was used as the crude extract.

[0102] From this step, purification of superoxide dismutase was followed by either activity staining after non denaturing gel electrophoresis as described by Schmidt et al. (European Journal of Biochemistry 156, 149-155 (1986)) or by the specific enzymatic assay described by Ukeda et al. (Analytical Biochemistry 251 (2), 206-209 (1997)), and by SDS-PAGE analysis as described by Laemmli (Nature 227, 680-685 (1970)). Protein content was estimated by the method of Lowry (Lowry et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265-275 (1951)) using Bovine Immunoglobulin G as a standard.

[0103] The crude extract was precipitated for 30 minutes on ice by adding cristalline ammonium sulfate to a final saturation of 90%. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C., using an Avantiô J-25 centrifuge and a JA-25.50 rotor of BECKMAN (Palo Alto, USA), and discarded. The supernatant was adjusted to 100% ammonium sulfate saturation and the precipitate was collected by centrifugation as before. The pellet was dissolved in 10 ml 50 mM Tris-Cl buffer pH 8.0. This solution was dialysed for 24 hours against 2 liters of the same buffer. The protein solution was applied to a 2 ml Bioscale Q2 ion-exchange column of BIO-RAD (Hercules, USA), the column was washed with two column volumes of 50 mM Tris-Cl buffer pH 8.0 and then eluted with a 0-0.5 M NaCl linear gradient. The active fractions were pooled, dialysed against 50 mM Tris-Cl buffer pH 8.0. The proteins were separated by gel filtration onto a 100 ml Sephacryl S300 column of PHARMACIA Biotech (St Quentin en Yvelines, France). All the chromatographic steps were performed with the FPLC BioLogic HR System of BIO-RAD (Hercules, USA). The active fractions were pooled and concentrated with Centricon®-30 concentrator cartridges from AMICON (Epernon, France). The final superoxide dismutase solution had a volume of 540 &mgr;l with a protein concentration of 0.2 mg/ml as estimated by the method of Lowry (Lowry et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265-275 (1951)). Superoxide dismutase was estimated to be pure by SDS-PAGE analysis (Laemmli, Nature 227, 680-685 (1970)), and its subunit molecular weight was estimated to be 24.5 kDa.

[0104] Pure superoxide dismutase (10 &mgr;g) was isolated from a SDS-PAGE acrylamide gel within a slice. Protein was digested in gel slice with 0.2 &mgr;g of trypsin in 200 &mgr;l of 0.01% TWEEN 20, 0.1 M Tris-Cl buffer pH 8.6. Tryptic peptides were separated by a linear acetonitrile/0.1% Trifluoro Acetic Acid gradient onto a DEAE-C18 column with an 104A HPLC chromatography system of APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS (Foster City, USA). Two isolated peptides were sequenced with an APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS 473A Sequencer (Foster City, USA). These peptides have the following sequence: 1 peptide 15: NLAFNLGGHTNHSVF peptide 18: FQDHFNSAALGLQGS

[0105] A comparison, using the BLAST programm ( Altschul et al., Journal of Molecular Biology 215, 403-410 (1990)), of sequenced peptides with protein sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) database revealed high identities with superoxide dismutases of Actinomyces viscosus (100% identity, accession number X81381), Corynebacterium diphteriae (86% identity, accession number X81382) for peptide 15, and Corynebacterium diphteriae (78% identity, accession number X81382) and Corynebacterium pseudodiphteriticum (73% identity, accession number X81383) for peptide 18.

[0106] 2. Cloning of the Sod Gene

[0107] The molecular biology techniques used in cloning experiments were described by Ausubel et al. (Ausubel et al., in: Current protocols in molecular biology, John Wiley and sons (eds), New York, USA (1987)), except when otherwise stated. Molecular biology products were purchased by PROMEGA CORPORATION (Madison, USA) or BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM FRANCE S.A. (Meylan, France), except when specified.

[0108] To clone the sod gene encoding superoxide dismutase, a genomic DNA bank was constructed. Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC17965 was grown aerobically on Bacto® Brain Heart Infusion medium (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, USA) at 34° C. until late exponential phase. Cells from a 25 ml culture were harvested by centrifugation using an Avantiô J-25 centrifuge, and a JLA-10.500 rotor, of BECKMANN(Palo Alto, USA)at 5,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C., resuspended in 3 ml of 10 mM Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate, 1% glucose, 20 mg/ml lysozyme, 25 mM Tris-Cl buffer pH 8.5, and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. Cell lysis was achieved by the addition of 6.5 ml of 1 mM Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate, 0.5% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 1 mg/ml proteinase K, 10 mM Tris-Cl buffer pH 7.5, and incubation at 37° C. for 1 hour. To this suspension, 1.8 ml of 5M NaCl and 1.5 ml of 10% Cetyl Tridecyl Ammonium Bromide, 0.7 M NaCl solution were added. After incubation at 60° C. for 20 minutes, chromosomal DNA was extracted by gentle mixing with an equal volume of 24:1 V/V chloroform/isoamyl alcohol solution. Chromosomal DNA in the aqueous phase was precipitated with 0.6 volumes of isopropanol. The DNA precipitate was recovered by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C., using an Avantiô J-25 centrifuge and a JA-25.50 rotor of BECKMAN (Palo Alto, USA), and resuspended in 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris-Cl buffer pH 7.5. To 1 mg of chromosomal DNA diluted in the appropriate buffer, 15 units of restriction enzyme Mbo I were added, and the mix incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. Partially restricted DNA was size-fractionated by ultracentrifugation in a 10-40% W/V sucrose gradient, using a L8-70M ultracentrifuge and a SW40Ti rotor of BECKMAN (Palo Alto, USA) at 80,000 g for 17 hours at 20° C. Chromosomal DNA fragments in the size range 6 to 10 kb, as estimated by horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis, were recovered and pooled. The selection-positive cloning vector pUN121 (Nilsson et al., Nucleic Acids Research 11, 8019-8030 (1983)) was linearized by the restriction enzyme Bcl I. To 1 &mgr;g of linearized pUN 121, 2 &mgr;g of Mbo I-generated chromosomal DNA fragments from Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC17965 were added in a ligation mixture containing 0.1 unit T4 DNA ligase, incubated for 24 hours at 16° C. The ligation mixture was then used to transform the Escherichia coli strain DH5&agr; (Hanahan, Journal of Molecular Biology 166, 557-580 (1983)) by electroporation as described by Bonamy et al. (Bonamy et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 66, 263-270 (1990)). Transformants were recovered after incubation on 10 &mgr;g/ml tetracycline-containing Bacto® Luria Bertani agar (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, USA) plates for 24 hours at 37° C. More than 10,000 independant transformant clones were obtained, indicating from Clarke and Carbon (Clarke and Carbon, Cell 9, 91-99 (1976)) any Corynebacterium melassecola-issued chromosomal DNA fragment to be present at least one time in this DNA bank with a 99.9% probability. Transformants were picked-up individually and cultivated for 24 hours at 37° C. in 25 &mgr;l of LB liquid medium, containing 100 &mgr;g/ml ampicillin, in 96-wells microtitration plates. All the transformants were replica-plated on AMERSHAM Hybondô-N nylon membranes from AMERSHAM (Little Chalfont, England) and allowed to grow for 24 hours at 37° C. Colonies were lysed onto membranes. Master microtitration plates were stored at −80° C. until use, after each well was completed to 50 &mgr;l with 25 &mgr;l of 80% glycerol.

[0109] Screening of the Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965 DNA bank for the presence of the sod gene was achieved by DNA/DNA hybridization with a sod-specific radioactive probe as described by Ausubel et al. (Ausubel et al., in: Current protocols in molecular biology, John Wiley and sons (eds), New York, USA (1987)). The sod-specific DNA probe was prepared as follows. Taking into account the codon bias index for highly expressed genes in Corynebacterium species (Malumbres et al., Gene 134, 15-24 (1993)), degenerated oligonucleotides S1 and S2 were designed on the basis of peptide 15 and peptide 18 sequences respectively. An additional oligonucleotide, namely S3 was designed from the peptide DMWEHAFYL. These oligonucleotides had the following sequences: 2 S1 5′ GGCCACACCAACCACTCCGTSTT 3′ S2 5′ GAGTTGAAGTGRTCCTGGAACTT 3′ S3 5′ AGGTAGAAWGCGTGCTCCCACAT 3′ (single letter code: S = C or G, R = A or G, W = A or T)

[0110] Oligonucleotide were synthesed with a Polygen DNA synthetiser of POLYGEN GmbH (Langen, Germany). These oligonucleotides were used to amplify a DNA fragment in a Polymerase Chain Reaction experiment, with Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965 chromosomal DNA, prepared as before, as the template. This experiment was performed in a Crocodile II microprocessor controlled incubation system of APPLIGENE ONCOR (Illkirch, France), with Ampli Taq Gold polymerase and its buffer from PERKIN ELMER (Foster City, USA) as follows: 3 Chromosomal DNA 30 ng oligonucleotide S1 0.5 &mgr;M oligonucleotide S2 or S3 0.5 &mgr;M Ampli Taq Gold 2.5 units Buffer x10 5 &mgr;l Water to 50 &mgr;l final volume

[0111] Polymerase chain Reaction consisted in 10 minutes incubation at 94° C., followed by 35 amplification cycles (1 minute denaturation at 94° C., 1 minute annealling at 50° C., 1 minute polymerisation at 72° C. for each cycle). The size of amplified DNA fragments, as estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis, was close to what expected from nucleotide sequence data of known sod genes. Amplification with oligonucleotides S1 and S2 gave a fragment of about 130 nucleotides, and amplification with oligonucleotides S1 and S3 a fragment of about 290 nucleotides. Both amplified fragments were cloned into the specialized vector pGEM®-T of PROMEGA CORPORATION (Madison, USA) to give plasmids pMM6 and pMM7. Plasmid pMM6 contained the fragment amplified with S1 and S2, pMM7 contains the fragment amplified with S1 and S3. Inserted fragments were sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method of Sanger et al. ( Sanger et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 74, 5463-5467 (1977)), with oligonucleotide S1 as the primer. DNA sequencing was performed with a Model 373 DNA sequencing system of APPLIED BIOSYSTEM (Foster City, USA). DNA sequence analysis confirmed that both fragments corresponded to fragments of a superoxide dismutase-encoding gene.

[0112] The origin of the amplified fragment obtained with S1 and S3 as primers was controlled by Southern experiment (Southern, Journal of Molecular Biology 98, 503-517 (1975)) as follows. Chromosomal DNA of Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965 and from Escherichia coli DH5&agr; (Hanahan, Journal of Molecular Biology 166, 557-580 (1983)) were restricted with enzymes Hind III, Pst I or Pvu II. DNA fragments were separated by horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis, blotted onto a AMERSHAM Hybondô-N nylon membrane from AMERSHAM (Little Chalfont, England). Oligonucleotides S1 and S3 were used to amplify, by polymerase chain reaction as described before with pMM7 as the template, a sod-specific DNA fragment. This fragment was radioactively labelled with &agr;32P dCTP with the T7 QuickPrimeô Kit of PHARMACIA Biotech (St Quentin en Yvelines, France). Labelling was performed as indicated by the furnisher. The radioactive probe specifically hybridized with Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965 chromosomal DNA.

[0113] This labelled DNA probe was also used to screen the Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965 genomic library previously plated onto nylon membranes. From this screening, six colonies were first selected. Plasmids were isolated from the respective clones and analysed by restriction analysis and polymerase chain reaction. Plasmid pMM8 was selected for further studies because it contains a 10-kbp recombinant DNA fragment that hybridize with the radioactive probe derived from pMM7, from which a 290 nucleotides fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction with oligonucleotides S1 and S3 as primers.

[0114] 3. Sequencing of the Sod Gene

[0115] The sod locus in plasmid pMM8 was sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method of Sanger et al. (Sanger et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 74, 5463-5467 (1977)) on a a Model 373 DNA sequencing system of APPLIED BIOSYSTEM (Foster City, USA). Sequencing started from oligonucleotide S1 as a primer in one direction and oligonucleotide S3 in the other one.

[0116] Sequence determination proceeded to completion on the two strands by a DNA walking, strategy, new oligonucleotides beeing designed from previously determined nucleotide sequences and synthetized as described before. The nucleotide sequence was computer-analysed using the program Gene Jockey II, Sequence Processor provided by BIOSOFT (Cambridge, UK). The sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO.1. A major open reading frame of 603 nucleotides was thus identified. This open reading frame corresponds to a 200 amino acids protein (SEQ ID NO.2). This deduced protein has a calculated molecular weight of 22,103 da, close to the experimental value determined for superoxide dismutase protein by SDS-Page electrophoresis (See above). Experimentally determined peptide 15 and peptide 18 sequences are found within the deduced protein sequence. Moreover, the deduced protein shows extensive identity to other completely sequenced superoxide dismutases as seen from comparisons with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) database. Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965 superoxide dismutase shows identities with those of Nocardia asteroides (65% identity, accession number U02341), Mycobacterium fortuitum (63% identity, accession number X70914), Mycobacterium avium (63% identity, accession number U11550), Mycobacterium leprae (61% identity, accession number X16453) and Mycobacterium tuberculosus (60% identity, accession number X52861).

Example 2

Expression of the Sod Gene

[0117] 1. Cloning of the Sod Gene into an Expression Vector:

[0118] For expression of the sod gene the expression vector pMM23 was constructed starting from pCGL482.

[0119] Plasmid pCGL482 (FIG. 2) is an Escherichia coli-Corynebacterium glutamicum -shuttle vector composed of segments of pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen, Journal of Bacteriology 134(3), 1141-1156 (1978)), pBL1 (Ferandez-Gonzalez et al., Journal of Bacteriology 176(11), 3154-3161 (1994)), the origine of replication of phage M13 (Rashed and Oberer, Microbiological Review 50, 401-427, (1986))), a multiple cloning site and the chloramphenicol resistance gene of pACYC184 as selection marker.

[0120] DNA of pCGL482 was digested with restriction enzymes BamHI and StuI. Plasmid pMM8 was digested with NcoI and SmaI and the 0.8 kbp DNA fragment comprising the sod gene isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasmid pKK388-1 (Brosius, in Vector: A survey of molecular cloning vectors and their uses, Rodrigez Editor, pp 205-225, Butterworth Boston, USA (1988))was digested with BamHI and NcoI and the 0.36 kbp DNA fragment encompassing the trc promoter (Brosius et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 3539-3541 (1985)) isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The three components were mixed and treated with T4-DNA-ligase. The ligation mixture was used to transform Escherichia coli strain XL1-Blue (Bullock et al., BioTechniques 5, 376-378 (1987))) by electroporation as described by Bonamy et al.(Bonamy et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 66, 263-270 (1990)). Transformants were selected by incubation on Bacto® Luria Bertani agar (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, USA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (30 pg/ml) for 2 days at 37° C. Plasmid DNA was isolated from one single colony and designated pMM23 (FIG. 1).

[0121] C. melassecola strain 1019 (deposited under DSM 12859) which is a restriction deficient mutant derived from strain ATCC 17965 was transformed with plasmids pCGL482 and pMM23 as described by Bonamy et al. (Bonamy et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 66, 263-270 (1990)). Transformants were selected on Bacto® Brain Heart Infusion agar (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, USA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (6 &mgr;g/ml) incubated at 34° C. for 2 days.

[0122] 2. Enzyme Measurements

[0123] Strains 1019, 1019/pCGL482 and 1019/pMM23 were grown aerobically on Bacto® Brain Heart Infusion medium (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, USA) supplemented with chloramphenicol for the latter two strains at 34° C. until the mid exponential phase. Strains were harvested by centrifugation using a Megafuge 1.0 R centrifuge of HERAUS Instruments GmbH (Hanau, Germany) at 5,000 g for 15 minutes and resuspended in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 8.0 to give a final optical density of 50 as measured by a DU 7400 photometer of BECKMAN(Palo Alto, USA) at a wavelength of 570 nm.

[0124] The cells were mechanically disrupted with glass beads. A volume of 1 ml cell suspension was mixed with 1 g of glass beads having a diameter of 0,5 mm in a 2 ml Eppendorf tube. The suspension was vortexed for 2 minutes and then incubated on ice for 2 minutes. This procedure was repeated three times. The resulting suspension was centrifuged for at least 15 minutes at 13,000 rpm using a Sigma 113 centrifuge of SIGMA (St Louis, USA). The supernatant was used for enzyme assays.

[0125] Superoxide dismutase assays were performed as described by Ukeda et al. (Analytical Biochemistry 251(2), 206-209 (1997)) using Escherichia coli Mn dependent superoxide dismutase obtained from SIGMA-ALDRICH (St Quentin Fallavier, France) as a standard. Estimations of protein concentration were performed by the method of Lowry (Lowry et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265-275 (1951)) using Bovine Immunoglobulin G as a standard. The results are shown in table 1. One enzyme unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that inhibit the rate of reduction of cytochrome c by 50% in a coupled system with xanthine and xanthine oxidase at pH 7.8 and 25° C. 4 TABLE 1 Superoxide dismutase Activity Strain units/mg protein 1019 16 1019/pCGL482 13 1019/pMM23 56

[0126]

Claims

1. Preferably recombinant DNA, from Corynebacterium, which is replicatable in coryneform microorganisms and which contains at least the nucleotide sequence which encodes for the sod gene represented in SEQ-ID-No. 1.

2. Replicable DNA in accordance with claim 1 comprising

(i) the nucleotide sequence, shown in SEQ-ID-No.1, or

(ii) at least one sequence which corresponds to the sequence (i) within the region of degeneration of the genetic code, or

(iii) at least one sequence which hybridizes with the sequence which is complementary to sequence (i) or (ii) and optionally

(iv) functionally neutral sense mutations in (i).

3. An amino acid sequence for the protein derived from the nucleotide sequences in accordance with claims 1 or 2, represented in SEQ-ID-No. 2.

4. Coryneform microorganisms, in particular the genus Corynebacterium, transformed by the introduction of one or more of the replicatable DNA's in accordance with one of claims 1 or 2.

5. Shuttle vector pMM23, characterised by the restriction chart given in FIG. 1 and deposited in Escherichia coli under the name DSM 12860.

6. A process for increasing the superoxide dismutase activity in coryneform bacteria, wherein the sod gene, or nucleotide sequences encoding therefor, is amplified, in particular overexpressed.

7. A process for preparing metabolic products, in particular L-lysine, by fermentation of coryneform bacteria, wherein bacteria are used in which the sod gene or nucleotide sequences encoding therefor is amplified, in particular overexpressed.

8. A process according to claim 7, wherein bacteria are used in which other genes in the biosynthetic pathway of the desired metabolic product are amplified.

9. A process according to claim 7, wherein bacteria are used in which metabolic pathways which reduce production of the desired metabolic product are at least partly switched off.

10. A process according to claims 7 to 9, wherein a strain which has been transformed with a plasmid vector is used and the plasmid vector carries the nucleotide sequence encoding for the sod gene.

11. A process according to claim 9, wherein bacteria transformed with the plasmid vector pMM23, deposited in Escherichia coli under the number DSM 12860, is used.

12. A process according to one or more of the preceding Claims, wherein coryneform bacteria are used which produce nucleotides, vitamins and amino acids.

13. A process according to one or more of the preceding Claims, wherein the coryneform bacteria used produce L-lysine.

14. A process according to claim 8 to produce nucleotides, wherein the purF gene encoding for glutamine-PRPP-amidotransferase is simultaneously overexpressed.

15. A process according to claim 8 to prepare nucleotides, wherein the carAB gene encoding for carbamoyl synthetase is simultaneously overexpressed.

16. A process according to claim 8 for preparing D-pantothenic acid, wherein the panD gene encoding for aspartate decarboxylase is simultaneously overexpressed.

17. A process according to claim 8 for preparing L-lysine, wherein the dapA gene encoding for dihydrodipicolinate synthase is simultaneously overexpressed.

18. A process according to claim 8 for preparing L-lysine, wherein a DNA fragment promoting S-(2-aminoethyl)cysteine resistance is simultaneously amplified.

19. A process for the fermentative preparation of the desired metabolic products in accordance with one or more of the preceding Claims, wherein the following steps are performed:

a) fermentation of the coryneform bacteria which produce the desired metabolic product, in which at least the sod gene is amplified,

b) enrichment of the desired metabolic product in a medium or in the cells of the bacteria and

c) isolation of the desired product.

20. A process for the fermentative preparation of L-amino acids according to claim 19, wherein the following steps are performed:

a) fermentation of the coryneform bacteria which produce the desired metabolic product, in which at least the sod gene is amplified,

b) enrichment of the desired metabolic product in a medium or in the cells of the bacteria and

c) isolation of the desired product.

21. A process for the fermentative preparation of D-pantothenic acid according to claim 19, wherein the following steps are performed:

a) fermentation of the coryneform bacteria which produce D-pantothenic acid, in which at least the sod gene is amplified,

b) enrichment of D-pantothenic acid in a medium or in the cells of the bacteria and

c) isolation of this acid.