Compositions and methods for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer
The disclosed nucleic acid primer sets, used in combination with quantitative amplification (PCR) of tissue cDNA, can indicate the presence of specific proteases in a tissue sample. The detected proteases are themselves specifically overexpressed in certain cancers, and their presence may serve for early detection of associated ovarian and other malignancies, and for the design of interactive therapies for cancer treatment.
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[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part and claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC §120 of U.S. Ser. No. 09/039,211, filed Mar. 14, 1998.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] Generally, the present invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and medicine. More specifically, the present invention is in the field of ovarian and other cancer diagnosis,
[0004] 2. Background of the Invention
[0005] To date, ovarian cancer remains the number one killer of women with gynecologic malignant hyperplasia. Approximately 75% of women diagnosed with such cancers are already at an advanced stage (III and IV) of the disease at their initial diagnosis. During the past 20 years, neither diagnosis nor five year survival rates have greatly improved for these patients. This is substantially due to the high percentage of high-stage initial detections of the disease. Therefore, the challenge remains to develop new markers that improve early diagnosis and thereby reduce the percentage of high-stage initial diagnoses.
[0006] Extracellular proteases have already been implicated in the growth, spread and metastatic progression of many cancers, due to the ability of malignant cells not only to grow in situ, but to dissociate from the primary tumor and to invade new surfaces. The ability to disengage from one tissue and re-engage the surface of another tissue is what provides for the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Therefore, extracellular proteases may be good candidates for markers of neoplastic development.
[0007] In order for malignant cells to grow, spread or metastasize, they must have the capacity to invade local host tissue, dissociate or shed from the primary tumor, and for metastasis to occur, enter and survive in the bloodstream, implant by invasion into the surface of the target organ and establish an environment conducive for new colony growth (including the induction of angiogenic and growth factors). During this progression, natural tissue barriers have to be degraded, including basement membranes and connective tissue. These barriers include collagen, laminin, proteoglycans and extracellular matrix glycoproteins, including fibronectin. Degradation of these natural barriers, both those surrounding the primary tumor and at the sites of metastatic invasion, is believed to be brought about by the action of a matrix of extracellular proteases.
[0008] Proteases have been classified into four families: serine proteases, metallo-proteases, aspartic proteases and cysteine proteases. Many proteases have been shown to be involved in the human disease process and these enzymes are targets for the development of inhibitors as new therapeutic agents. Additionally, certain individual proteases have been shown to be induced and overexpressed in a diverse group of cancers, and as such, are potential candidates for markers of early diagnosis and possible therapeutic intervention. A group of examples are shown in Table 1. 1 TABLE 1 Known proteases expressed in various cancers Gastric Brain Breast Ovarian Serine uPA uPA NES-1 NES-1 Proteases: PAI-1 PAI-1 uPA uPA tPA PAI-2 Cysteine Cathepsin B Cathepsin L Cathepsin B Cathepsin B Proteases: Cathepsin L Cathepsin L Cathepsin L Metallo- Matrilysin* Matrilysin Stromelysin-3 MMP-2 proteases: Collagenase* Stromelysin MMP-8 Stromelysin-1* Gelatinase B MMP-9 Gelatinase A uPA, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator; tPA, Tissue-type plasminogen activator; PAI-1, Plasminogen activator 0 inhibitors; PAI-2 Plasminogen activator inhibitors; NES-1, Normal epithelial cell-specific-1; MMP, Matrix P metallo-protease. *Overexpressed in gastrointestinal ulcers.
[0009] Significantly, there is a good body of evidence supporting the downregulation or inhibition of individual proteases and the reduction in invasive capacity or malignancy. In work by Clark et al., inhibition of in vitro growth of human small cell lung cancer was demonstrated using a general serine protease inhibitor. More recently, Torres-Rosedo et al., [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 7181-7185 (1993)] demonstrated an inhibition of hepatoma tumor cell growth using specific antisense inhibitors for the serine protease hepsin gene. Metastatic potential of melanoma cells has also been shown to be reduced in a mouse model using a synthetic inhibitor (batimastat) of metallo-proteases. Powell et al. [Cancer Research, 53, 417-422 (1993)] presented evidence to confirm that the expression of extracellular proteases in relatively non-invasive tumor cells enhances their malignant progression using a tumorgenic, but non-metastatic, prostate cell line. Specifically, enhanced metastasis was demonstrated after introducing and expressing the PUMP-1 metallo-protease gene. There is also a body of data to support the notion that expression of cell surface proteases on relatively non-metastatic cell types increases the invasive potential of such cells.
[0010] Thus, the prior art is deficient in a good tumor marker useful as an indicator of early disease, particularly for ovarian cancers. The present invention fulfills this long-standing need and desire in the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION[0011] This invention allows for the detection of cancer, especially ovarian cancer, by screening for PUMP-1 mRNA in tissue, which is indicative of the PUMP-1 protease, which is shown herein to be specifically associated with the surface of 80 percent of ovarian and other tumors. Proteases are considered to be an integral part of tumor growth and metastasis, and therefore, markers indicative of their presence or absence are useful for the diagnosis of cancer. Furthermore, the present invention is useful for treatment (i.e., by inhibiting PUMP-1 or expression of PUMP-1), for targeted therapy, for vaccination, etc.
[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of diagnosing cancer in an individual, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining a biological sample from an individual; and (b) detecting PUMP-1 in the sample. Usually, the presence of PUMP-1 in the sample is indicative of the presence of cancer in the individual, and the absence of PUMP-1 in the sample is indicative of the absence of cancer in the individual.
[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of (a) isolating mRNA from the sample; and (b) detecting PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample. Typically, the presence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, and the absence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia.
[0014] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of (a) isolating protein from the sample; and (b) detecting PUMP-1 protein in the sample. Generally, the presence of the PUMP-1 protein in the sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, and the absence of the PUMP-1 protein in the sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia.
[0015] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of inhibiting expression of endogenous PUMP-1 in a cell, comprising the step of (a) introducing a vector into a cell, wherein the vector comprises a PUMP-1 gene in opposite orientation operably linked to elements necessary for expression. Upon expression of the vector, the cell produces PUMP-1 antisense mRNA, which hybridizes to endogenous PUMP-1 mRNA, thereby inhibiting expression of endogenous PUMP-1 in the cell.
[0016] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of inhibiting PUMP-1 protein in a cell, comprising the step of (a) introducing an antibody into a cell which is specific for a PUMP-1 protein or a fragment thereof. Generally, binding of the antibody to the PUMP-1 protein inhibits the PUMP-1 protein.
[0017] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of targeted therapy to an individual, comprising the step of (a) administering a compound to an individual, wherein the compound has a targeting moiety and a therapeutic moiety. Specifically, the targeting moiety is specific for PUMP-1.
[0018] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of vaccinating an individual against PUMP-1, comprising the step of (a) inoculating an individual with a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof which lacks PUMP-1 protease activity. Typically, inoculation with the PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof elicits an immune response in the individual, thereby vaccinating the individual against PUMP-1.
[0019] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1, comprising the steps of exposing dendritic cells to a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof which lacks PUMP-1 protease activity. Usually, exposure to the PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof activates the dendritic cells, thereby producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1.
[0020] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an immunogenic composition, comprising an immunogenic fragment of a PUMP-1 protein and an appropriate adjuvant.
[0021] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No. 29, as well as a composition comprising the oligonucleotide and a physiologically acceptable carrier. Additionally, there is provided a method of treating a neoplastic state in an individual in need of such treatment, comprising the step of (a) administering to the individual an effective dose of the above-described oligonucleotide.
[0022] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of screening for compounds that inhibit PUMP-1 activity, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a sample with a compound, wherein the sample comprises PUMP-1 protein; and (b) assaying for PUMP-1 protease activity. Typically, a decrease in PUMP-1 protease activity in the presence of the compound relative to PUMP-1 protease activity in the absence of the compound is indicative of a compound that inhibits PUMP-1 activity.
[0023] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting ovarian malignant hyperplasia in a biological sampler comprising the steps of (a) isolating the proteases or protease mRNA present in the biological sample; and (b) detecting specific proteases or protease mRNA present in the biological sample. Representative proteases are hepsin, protease M, complement factor B, SCCE, other serine proteases indicated in lanes 2 and 4 of FIG. 1, cathepsin L and PUMP-1.
[0024] Other and further aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are given for the purpose of disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS[0025] The appended drawings have been included herein so that the above-recited features, advantages and objects of the invention will become clear and can be understood in detail. These drawings form a part of the specification. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and should not be considered to limit the scope of the invention.
[0026] FIG. 1 shows agarose gel comparison of PCR products derived from normal and carcinoma cDNA.
[0027] FIG. 2 shows Northern blot analysis of ovarian tumors using hepsin, SCCE, PUMP-1, TADG-14 and &bgr;-tubulin probes.
[0028] FIG. 3 shows amplification with serine protease redundant primers: histidine sense (S1) with aspartic acid antisense (AS1), using normal cDNA (Lane 1) and tumor cDNA (Lane 2); and histidine sense (S1) with serine antisense (AS2), using normal cDNA (Lane 3) and tumor cDNA (Lane 4).
[0029] FIG. 4 shows amplification with cysteine protease redundant primers. Normal (Lane 1), low malignant potential (Lane 2), serious carcinoma (Lane 3), mucinous carcinoma (Lane 4), and clear cell carcinoma (Lane 5).
[0030] FIG. 5 shows amplification with metallo-protease redundant primers. Normal (Lane 1), low malignant potential (Lane 2), serious carcinoma (Lane 3), mucinous carcinoma (Lane 4), and clear cell carcinoma (Lane 5).
[0031] FIG. 6 shows amplification with specific primers directed towards the serine protease, hepsin. Expression in normal (Lanes 1-3), low malignant potential tumors (Lanes 4-8), and ovarian carcinomas (Lanes 9-12).
[0032] FIG. 7 shows hepsin expression levels in normal, low malignant potential tumors, and ovarian carcinomas. S=serious, M=mucinous, LMP=low malignant potential.
[0033] FIG. 8 shows serine protease stratum corneum chymotrypsin enzyme (SCCE) expression in normal, low malignant potential tumors, and ovarian carcinomas.
[0034] FIG. 9 shows metallo-protease PUMP-1 (MMP-7) gene expression in normal (lanes 1-2) and ovarian carcinomas tissue (Lanes 3-10).
[0035] FIG. 10 shows Northern blot analysis of hepsin expression in normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. (FIG. 10A), lane 1, normal ovary (case 10); lane 2, serous carcinoma (case 35); lane 3, mucinous carcinoma (case 48); lane 4, endometrioid carcinoma (case 51); and lane 5, clear cell carcinoma (case 54). In cases 35, 51 and 54, more than a 10-fold increase in the hepsin 1.8 kb transcript abundance was observed. Northern blot analysis of hepsin in normal human fetal (FIG. 10B) and adult tissues (FIG. 10C). Significant overexpression of the hepsin transcript is noted in both fetal liver and fetal kidney. Notably, hepsin overexpression is not observed in normal adult tissue. Slight expression above the background level is observed in the adult prostate.
[0036] FIG. 11 shows hepsin expression in normal (N), mucinous (M) and serous (S) low malignant potential (LMP) tumors and carcinomas (CA). FIG. 11A shows quantitative PCR of hepsin and internal control &bgr;-tubulin. FIG. 11B shows a bar graph of expression of hepsin in 10 normal ovaries and 44 ovarian carcinoma samples.
[0037] FIG. 12 shows northern blot analysis of mRNA expression of the SCCE gene in fetal tissue (FIG. 12A) and in ovarian tissue (FIG. 12B).
[0038] FIG. 13A shows a comparison of quantitative PCR of cDNA from normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. FIG. 13B shows a bar graph comparing the ratio of SCCE to &bgr;-tubulin in 10 normal and 44 ovarian carcinoma tissues.
[0039] FIG. 14 shows a comparison by quantitative PCR of normal and ovarian carcinoma expression of mRNA for protease M.
[0040] FIG. 15 shows the TADG-12 catalytic domain including an insert near the His 5′-end.
[0041] FIG. 16 shows northern blot analysis comparing TADG-14 expression in normal and ovarian carcinoma tissues (FIG. 16A), and preliminary quantitative PCR amplification of normal and carcinoma cDNAs using specific primers for TADG-14 (FIG. 16B).
[0042] FIG. 17A shows Northern blot analysis of PUMP-1 mRNA from normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. Lane 1, normal ovary; lane 2, serous carcinoma; lane 3, mucinous carcinoma; lane 4, endometrioid carcinoma; lane 5, clear cell carcinoma. PUMP-1 transcripts are detected only in carcinoma cases (lanes 2-5). FIG. 17B shows that among normal human fetal tissues, fetal lung and fetal kidney show increased transcript. FIG. 17C shows that PUMP-1 overexpression is not observed in normal human adult tissues. Slight expression above the background level is observed in the prostate.
[0043] FIG. 18A shows quantitative PCR analysis of PUMP-1 expression. Cases 3, 4 and 9 are normal ovaries. Cases 19, 21, 14, 15 and 16 are LMP tumors. Cases 43, 23, 36 and 37 are ovarian carcinomas. Expression levels of PUMP-1 relative to &bgr;-tubulin are significantly elevated in 8 or 9 tumor cases compared to that or normal ovaries. FIG. 18B shows the ratio of mRNA expression of PUMP-1 compared to the internal control &bgr;-tubulin in 10 normal and 44 ovarian carcinomas.
[0044] FIG. 19 shows the ratio of PUMP-1 expression to expression of &bgr;-tubulin in normal ovary, LMP tumors and ovarian carcinomas. PUMP-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly elevated in LMP tumor (p<0.05) and carcinoma (p<0.0001) compared to that in normal ovary. All 10 samples of individual normal ovary showed low levels of PUMP-1 expression.
[0045] FIG. 20 shows immunohistochemical staining of PUMP-1 in normal ovary and ovarian tumor tissues. FIG. 20A shows normal ovarian epithelium shows no PUMP-1 immunoreactivity (×20). FIG. 20B shows intense staining of secretory vessels in mucinous tumors (×20). FIG. 20C shows cytoplasmic staining of PUMP-1 in serous tumors (×20). FIG. 20D shows clear cell tumors (×100). FIG. 20E shows secretion of PUMP-1 to the extracellular environment of endometrioid tumors (×100).
[0046] FIG. 21 shows a comparison of PCR amplified products for the hepsin, SCCE, protease M, PUMP-1 and Cathepsin L genes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION[0047] This invention identifies a PUMP-1 protease on ovarian and other tumor cells which is characteristic of this type of cancer, and in various combinations with other proteases, is characteristic of individual tumor types. Such information can provide the basis for diagnostic tests (assays or immunohistochemistry), prognostic evaluation (depending on the display pattern) and therapeutic intervention utilizing either antibodies directed at the protease, antisense vehicles for downregulation or protease inhibitors both from established inhibition data and/or for the design of new drugs. Long-term treatment of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis has not succeeded with existing chemotherapeutic agents—most tumors become resistant to drugs after multiple cycles of chemotherapy. The full-length sequence of PUMP-1 (SEQ ID No. 29) is as follows: 2 1 AAGAACAATT GTCTCTGGAC GGCAGCTATG CGACTCACCG TGCTGTGTGC 51 TGTGTGCCTG CTGCCTGGCA GCCTGGCCCT GCCGCTGCCT CAGGAGGCGG 101 GAGGCATGAG TGAGCTACAG TGGGAACAGG CTCAGGACTA TCTCAAGAGA 151 TTTTATCTCT ATGACTCAGA AACAAAAAAT GCCAACAGTT TAGAAGCCAA 201 ACTCAAGGAG ATGCAAAAAT TCTTTGGCCT ACCTATAACT GGAATGTTAA 251 ACTCCCGCGT CATAGAAATA ATGCAGAAGC CCAGATGTGG AGTGCCAGAT 301 GTTGCAGAAT ACTCACTATT TCCAAATAGC CCAAAATGGA CTTCCAAAGT 351 GGTCACCTAC AGGATCGTAT CATATACTCG AGACTTACCG CATATTACAG 401 TGGATCGATT AGTGTCAAAG GCTTTAAACA TGTGGGGCAA AGAGATCCCC 451 CTGCATTTCA GGAAAGTTGT ATGGGGAACT GCTGACATCA TGATTGGCTT 501 TGCGCGAGGA GCTCATGGGG ACTCCTACCC ATTTGATGGG CCAGGAAACA 551 CGCTGGCTCA TGCCTTTGCG CCTGGGACAG GTCTCGGAGG AGATGCTCAC 601 TTCGATGAGG ATGAACGCTG GACGGATGGT AGCAGTCTAG GGATTAACTT 651 CCTGTATGCT GCAACTCATG AACTTGGCCA TTCTTTGGGT ATGGGACATT 701 CCTCTGATCC TAATGCAGTG ATGTATCCAA CCTATGGAAA TGGAGATCCC 751 CAAAATTTTA AACTTTCCCA GGATGATATT AAAGGCATTC AGAAACTATA 801 TGGAAAGAGA AGTAATTCAA GAAAGAAATA GAAACTTCAG GCAGAACATC 851 CATTCATTCA TTCATTGGAT TGTATATCAT TGTTGCACAA TCAGAATTGA 901 TAAGCACTGT TCCTCCACTC CATTTAGCAA TTATGTCACC CTTTTTTATT 951 GCAGTTGGTT TTTGAATGTC TTTCACTCCT TTTATTGGTT AAACTCCTTT 1001 ATGGTGTGAC TGTGTCTTAT TCCATCTATG AGCTTTGTCA GTGCGCGTAG 1051 ATGTCAATAA ATGTTACATA CACAAATA
[0048] The present invention is directed toward a method of diagnosing cancer in an individual, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining a biological sample from an individual; and (b) detecting PUMP-1 in the sample. Generally, the presence of PUMP-1 in the sample is indicative of the presence of cancer in the individual, and the absence of PUMP-1 in the sample is indicative of the absence of cancer in the individual.
[0049] The present invention is directed toward a method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of (a) isolating mRNA from the sample; and (b) detecting PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample. Typically, the presence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, and the absence of the PUMP-1 mRNA in the sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia. This method may further comprise the step(s) of comparing the PUMP-1 mRNA to reference information, wherein the comparison provides a diagnosis of the malignant hyperplasia; and/or comparing the PUMP-1 mRNA to reference information, wherein the comparison determines a treatment of the malignant hyperplasia. Preferably, detection of the PUMP-1 mRNA is by PCR amplification, and even more preferably, using primers SEQ ID No. 8 and SEQ ID No. 9.
[0050] The present invention is directed toward a method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of (a) isolating protein from the sample; and (b) detecting PUMP-1 protein in the sample. Typically, the presence of the PUMP-1 protein in the sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, and the absence of the PUMP-1 protein in the sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia. This method may further comprise the step(s) of comparing the PUMP-1 protein to reference information, wherein the comparison provides a diagnosis of the malignant hyperplasia; and/or comparing the PUMP-1 protein to reference information, wherein the comparison determines a treatment of the malignant hyperplasia. Typically, detection is by immunoaffinity to an antibody, wherein the antibody is specific for PUMP-1.
[0051] The present invention is directed toward a method of inhibiting expression of endogenous PUMP-1 in a cell, comprising the step of (a) introducing a vector into a cell, wherein the vector comprises a PUMP-1 gene in opposite orientation operably linked to elements necessary for expression. Upon expression of the vector in the cell, PUMP-1 antisense mRNA is produced, which hybridizes to endogenous PUMP-1 mRNA, thereby inhibiting expression of exogenous PUMP-1 in the cell.
[0052] The present invention is directed toward a method of inhibiting PUMP-1 protein in a cell, comprising the step of (a) introducing an antibody into a cell, which is specific for a PUMP-1 protein or a fragment thereof, whereupon binding of the antibody to the PUMP-1 protein inhibits the PUMP-1 protein.
[0053] The present invention is directed toward a method of targeted therapy to an individual, comprising the step of (a) administering a compound to an individual, wherein the compound has a targeting moiety and a therapeutic moiety. In the present invention, the targeting moiety is specific for PUMP-1. Preferably, the targeting moiety is an antibody specific for PUMP-1 or a ligand or ligand binding domain that binds PUMP-1. Likewise, the therapeutic moiety is preferably a radioisotope, a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, an immune stimulant or a cytotoxic agent. Generally, the individual suffers from a disease such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer or another cancer in which PUMP-1 is overexpressed.
[0054] The present invention is directed toward a method of vaccinating an individual against PUMP-1, comprising the step of (a) inoculating an individual with a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof, which lacks PUMP-1 protease activity. Generally, inoculation with the PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof elicits an immune response in the individual, thereby vaccinating the individual against PUMP-1. Typically, the individual has cancer, is suspected of having cancer or is at risk of getting cancer. Preferably, the PUMP-1 fragment is a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment, and more preferably, the 9-residue fragment is SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 or 152.
[0055] The present invention is directed toward a method of producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1, comprising the steps of exposing dendritic cells to a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof, which lacks PUMP-1 protease activity. Typically, exposure to the PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof activates the dendritic cells, thereby producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1. Generally, the immune-activated cells are B-cells, T-cells and/or dendrites. Preferably, the PUMP-1 fragment is a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment, and more preferably, the 9-residue fragment is SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 or 152. Oftentimes, the dendritic cells are isolated from an individual prior to exposure and then reintroduced into the individual subsequent to the exposure. Typically, the individual has cancer, is suspected of having cancer or is at risk of getting cancer.
[0056] The present invention is directed toward an immunogenic composition, comprising an immunogenic fragment of a PUMP-1 protein and an appropriate adjuvant. Preferably, the fragment is a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment, and more preferably, the 9-residue fragment is SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 or 152.
[0057] The present invention is directed toward an oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No. 29. The present invention further provides a composition comprising the above-described oligonucleotide and a physiologically acceptable carrier. The present invention is directed toward a method of treating a neoplastic state in an individual in need of such treatment, comprising the step of (a) administering to the individual an effective dose of the above-described oligonucleotide. Typically, the neoplastic state is ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer or another cancer in which PUMP-1 is overexpressed.
[0058] The present invention is directed toward a method of screening for compounds that inhibit PUMP-1 activity, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a sample with a compound, wherein the sample comprises PUMP-1 protein; and (b) assaying for PUMP-1 protease activity. Usually, a decrease in the PUMP-1 protease activity in the presence of the compound relative to PUMP-1 protease activity in the absence of the compound is indicative of a compound that inhibits PUMP-1 activity.
[0059] The present invention is directed toward a method for detecting ovarian malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of (a) isolating the proteases or protease mRNA present in the biological sample; and (b) detecting specific proteases or protease mRNA present in the biological sample. Representative proteases are hepsin, protease M, complement factor B, SCCE, other serine proteases indicated in lanes 2 and 4 of FIG. 1, cathepsin L and PUMP-1. This method may further comprise the step of comparing the specific proteases or protease mRNA detected to reference information, wherein the comparison provides a diagnoses of the malignant hyperplasia; and/or comparing the specific proteases or protease mRNA detected to reference information, wherein the comparison determines a treatment of the malignant hyperplasia. Generally, the protease mRNA is detected by amplification of total mRNA, or the protease is detected with an antibody.
[0060] According to the above descriptions of the present invention, representative biological samples are blood, urine, saliva, tears, interstitial fluid, ascites fluid, tumor tissue biopsy and circulating tumor cells. Typically, detection of the PUMP-1 is by means such as Northern blot, Western blot, PCR, dot blot, ELIZA sandwich assay, radioimmunoassay, DNA array chips and flow cytometry. Generally, the cancer is ovarian, breast, lung, colon, prostate or others in which PUMP-1 is overexpressed.
[0061] An additional object of the present invention is a number of nucleic acid sequences that are useful in its practice. These nucleic acid sequences are listed in Table 2. It is anticipated that these nucleic acid sequences be used in mixtures to accomplish the utility of this invention. Features of such mixtures include: SEQ ID Nos. 1 & 2; SEQ ID Nos. 1 & 3; SEQ ID Nos. 4 & 5; SEQ ID Nos. 6 & 7; and SEQ ID Nos. 8 & 9. The skilled artisan may be able to develop other nucleic acid sequences and mixtures thereof to accomplish the benefit of this invention, but it is advantageous to have the sequences listed in Table 2 available without undue experimentation.
[0062] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
[0063] In accordance with the present invention there may be employed conventional molecular biology, microbiology, and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis, Fritsch & Sambrook, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1982) “DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach,” Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed. 1985); “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” (M. J. Gait ed. 1984); “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1985); “Transcription and Translation” (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); “Animal Cell Culture” (R. I. Freshney, ed. 1986); “Immobilized Cells And Enzymes” (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, “A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning” (1984). Therefore, if appearing herein, the following terms shall have the definitions set out below.
[0064] As used herein, the term “cDNA” shall refer to the DNA copy of the mRNA transcript of a gene.
[0065] As used herein, the term “derived amino acid sequence” shall mean the amino acid sequence determined by reading the triplet sequence of nucleotide bases in the cDNA.
[0066] As used herein the term “screening a library” shall refer to the process of using a labeled probe to check whether, under the appropriate conditions, there is a sequence complementary to the probe present in a particular DNA library. In addition, “screening a library” could be performed by PCR.
[0067] As used herein, the term “PCR” refers to the polymerase chain reaction that is the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 to Mullis, as well as other improvements now known in the art.
[0068] The amino acid described herein are preferred to be in the “L” isomeric form. However, residues in the “D” isomeric form can be substituted for any L-amino acid residue, as long as the desired functional property of immunoglobulin-binding is retained by the polypeptide. NH2 refers to the free amino group present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide. COOH refers to the free carboxy group present at the carboxy terminus of a polypeptide. In keeping with standard polypeptide nomenclature, J Biol. Chem., 243:3552-59 (1969), abbreviations for amino acid residues may be used.
[0069] It should be noted that all amino-acid residue sequences are represented herein by formulae whose left and right orientation is in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus. Furthermore, it should be noted that a dash at the beginning or end of an amino acid residue sequence indicates a peptide bond to a further sequence of one or more amino-acid residues. The above Table is presented to correlate the three-letter and one-letter notations which may appear alternately herein.
[0070] A “replicon” is any genetic element (e.g., plasmid, chromosome, virus) that functions as an autonomous unit of DNA replication in vivo; i.e., capable of replication under its own control.
[0071] A “vector” is a replicon, such as plasmid, phage or cosmid, to which another DNA segment may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached segment. A “vector” may further be defined as a replicable nucleic acid construct, e.g., a plasmid or viral nucleic acid.
[0072] A “DNA molecule” refers to the polymeric form of deoxyribonucleotides (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine) in its either single-stranded form or as a double-stranded helix. This term refers only to the primary and secondary structure of the molecule, and does not limit it to any particular tertiary forms. Thus, this term includes double-stranded DNA found, inter alia, in linear DNA molecules (e.g., restriction fragments), viruses, plasmids, and chromosomes. The structure is discussed herein according to the normal convention of giving only the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction along the nontranscribed strand of DNA (i.e., the strand having a sequence homologous to the mRNA).
[0073] An expression vector is a replicable construct in which a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting expression of the polypeptide in a cell. The need for such control sequences will vary depending upon the cell selected and the transformation method chosen. Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter and/or enhancer, suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites and sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals. See, for example, techniques described in Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Press, N.Y. A gene and its transcription control sequences are defined as being “operably linked” if the transcription control sequences effectively control transcription of the gene. Vectors of the invention include, but are not limited to, plasmid vectors and viral vectors. Preferred viral vectors of the invention are those derived from retroviruses, adenosvirus, adeno-associated virus, SV40 virus, or herpes viruses. In general, expression vectors contain promoter sequences which facilitate the efficient transcription of the inserted DNA fragment and are used in connection with a specific host. The expression vector typically contains an origin of replication, promoter(s), terminator(s), as well as specific genes which are capable of providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells. The transformed hosts can be fermented and cultured according to means known in the art to achieve optimal cell growth.
[0074] An “origin of replication” refers to those DNA sequences that participate in DNA synthesis.
[0075] A DNA “coding sequence” is a double-stranded DNA sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are typically determined by a start codon at the 5′ (amino) terminus and a translations, stop codon at the 3′ (carboxyl) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, prokaryotic sequences, cDNA from eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian) DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. A polyadenylation signal and transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3′ to the coding sequence.
[0076] Transcriptional and translational control sequences are DNA regulatory sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals, terminators, and the like, that provide for the expression of a coding sequence in a host cell.
[0077] A “promoter sequence” is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNA polymerase in a cell and initiating transcription of a downstream (3′ direction) coding sequence. For purposes of defining the present invention, the promoter sequence is bounded at its 3′ terminus by the transcription initiation site and extends upstream (5′ direction) to include the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. Within the promoter sequence will be found a transcription initiation site, as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase. Eukaryotic promoters often, but not always, contain “TATA” boxes and “CAT” boxes. Prokaryotic promoters typically contain Shime-Dalgarno ribosome-binding sequences in addition to the −10 and −35 consensus sequences.
[0078] An “expression control sequence” is a DNA sequence that controls and regulates the transcription and translation of another DNA sequence. A coding sequence is “under the control” of transcriptional and translational control sequences in a cell when RNA polymerase transcribes the coding sequence into mRNA, which is then translated into the protein encoded by the coding sequence.
[0079] A “signal sequence” can be included near the coding sequence. This sequence encodes a signal peptide, N-terminal to the polypeptide, that communicates to the host cell to direct the polypeptide to the cell surface or secrete the polypeptide into the media, and this signal peptide is clipped off by the host cell before the protein leaves the cell. Signal sequences can be found associated with a variety of proteins native to prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
[0080] As used herein, the terms “restriction endonucleases” and “restriction enzymes” refer to enzymes, each of which cut double-stranded DNA at or near a specific nucleotide sequence.
[0081] A cell has been “transformed” by exogenous or heterologous DNA when such DNA has been introduced inside the cell. The transforming DNA may or may not be integrated (covalenty linked) into the genome of the cell. In prokaryotes, yeast, and mammalian cells for example, the transforming DNA may be maintained on an episomal element such as a plasmid. With respect to eukaryotic cells, a stably transformed cell is one in which the transforming DNA has become integrated into a chromosome so that it is inherited by daughter cells through chromosome replication.
[0082] This stability is demonstrated by the ability of the eukaryotic cell to establish cell lines or clones comprised of a population of daughter cells containing the transforming DNA. A “clone” is a population of cells derived from a single cell or ancestor by mitosis. A “cell line” is a clone of a primary cell that is capable of stable growth in vitro for many generations.
[0083] Two DNA sequences are “substantially homologous” when at least about 75% (preferably at least about 80%, and most preferably at least about 90% or 95%) of the nucleotides match over the defined length of the DNA sequences. Sequences that are substantially homologous can be identified by comparing the sequences using standard software available in sequence data banks, or in a Southern hybridization experiment under, for example, stringent conditions as defined for that particular system. Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within the skill of the art. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., supra; DNA Cloning, Vols. I & II, supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization, supra.
[0084] A “heterologous” region of the DNA construct is an identifiable segment of DNA within a larger DNA molecule that is not found in association with the larger molecule in nature. Thus, when the heterologous region encodes a mammalian gene, the gene will usually be flanked by DNA that does not flank the mammalian genomic DNA in the genome of the source organism. Another example is a construct where the coding sequence itself is not found in nature (e.g., a cDNA where the genomic coding sequence contains introns, or synthetic sequences having codons different than the native gene). Allelic variations or naturally-occurring mutational events do not give rise to a heterologous region of DNA as defined herein.
[0085] The labels most commonly employed for these studies are radioactive elements, enzymes, chemicals which fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light, and others. A number of fluorescent materials are known and can be utilized as labels. These include, for example, fluorescein, rhodamine, auramine, Texas Red, AMCA blue and Lucifer Yellow. A particular detecting material is anti-rabbit antibody prepared in goats and conjugated with fluorescein through an isothiocyanate. Proteins can also be labeled with a radioactive element or with an enzyme. The radioactive label can be detected by any of the currently available counting procedures. The preferred isotope may be selected from 3H, 14C, 32P, 35S, 36Cl, 51Cr, 57Co, 58Co, 59Fe, 90Y, 125I, 131I, and 186Re. Enzyme labels are likewise useful, and can be detected by any of the presently utilized calorimetric, spectrophotometric, fluorospectrophotometric, amperometric or gasometric techniques. The enzyme is conjugated to the selected particle by reaction with bridging molecules such as carbodiimides, diisocyanates, glutaraldehyde and the like. Many enzymes which can be used in these procedures are known and can be utilized. The preferred are peroxidase, &bgr;-glucuronidase, &bgr;-D-glucosidase, &bgr;-D-galactosidase, urease, glucose oxidase plus peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,654,090, 3,850,752, and 4,016,043 are referred to by way of example for their disclosure of alternate labeling material and methods.
[0086] A particular assay system developed and utilized in the art is known as a receptor assay. In a receptor assay, the material to be assayed is appropriately labeled and then certain cellular test colonies are inoculated with a quantity of both the label after which binding studies are conducted to determine the extent to which the labeled material binds to the cell receptors. In this way, differences in affinity between materials can be ascertained.
[0087] An assay useful in the art is known as a “cis/trans” assay. Briefly, this assay employs two genetic constructs, one of which is typically a plasmid that continually expresses a particular receptor of interest when transfected into an appropriate cell line, and the second of which is a plasmid that expresses a reporter such as luciferase, under the control of a receptor/ligand complex. Thus, for example, if it is desired to evaluate a compound as a ligand for a particular receptor, one of the plasmids would be a construct that results in expression of the receptor in the chosen cell line, while the second plasmid would possess a promoter linked to the luciferase gene in which the response element to the particular receptor is inserted. If the compound under test is an agonist for the receptor, the ligand will complex with the receptor, and the resulting complex will bind the response element and initiate transcription of the luciferase gene. The resulting chemiluminescence is then measured photometrically, and dose response curves are obtained and compared to those of known ligands. The foregoing protocol is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,784.
[0088] As used herein, the term “host” is meant to include not only prokaryotes but also eukaryotes such as yeast, plant and animal cells. A recombinant DNA molecule or gene which encodes a human PUMP-1 protein of the present invention can be used to transform a host using any of the techniques commonly known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Especially preferred is the use of a vector containing coding sequences for the gene which encodes a human PUMP-1 protein of the present invention for purposes of prokaryote transformation. Prokaryotic hosts may include E. coli, S. tymphimurium, Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtilis. Eukaryotic hosts include yeasts such as Pichia pastoris, mammalian cells and insect cells.
[0089] As used herein, “substantially pure DNA” means DNA that is not part of a milieu in which the DNA naturally occurs, by virtue of separation (partial or total purification) of some or all of the molecules of that milieu, or by virtue of alteration of sequences that flank the claimed DNA. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector, into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus, or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote; or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence, e.g., a fusion protein. Also included is a recombinant DNA which includes a portion of the nucleotides listed in SEQ ID No. 29 and which encodes an alternative splice variant of PUMP-1.
[0090] By a “substantially pure protein” is meant a protein which has been separated from at least some of those components which naturally accompany it. Typically, the protein is substantially pure when it is at least 60% (by weight) free from the proteins and other naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated in vivo. Preferably, the purity of the preparation (by weight) is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%. A substantially pure PUMP-1 protein may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source; by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a PUMP-1 polypeptide; or by chemically synthesizing the protein. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., column chromatography, such as immunoaffinity chromatography using an antibody specific for PUMP-1, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or HPLC analysis. A protein is substantially free of naturally associated components when it is separated from at least some of those contaminants which accompany it in its natural state. Thus, a protein which is chemically synthesized or produced in a cellular system different from the cell from which it naturally originates will be, by definition, substantially free from its naturally associated components. Accordingly, substantially pure proteins include eukaryotic proteins synthesized in E. coli, other prokaryotes, or any other organism in which they do not naturally occur.
[0091] The term “oligonucleotide”, as used herein, is defined as a molecule comprised of two or more ribonucleotides, preferably more than three. Its exact size will depend upon many factors, which, in turn, depend upon the ultimate function and use of the oligonucleotide. The term “Primer”, as used herein, refers to an oligonucleotide, whether occurring naturally (as in a purified restriction digest) or produced synthetically, and which is capable of initiating synthesis of a strand complementary to a nucleic acid when placed under appropriate conditions, i.e., in the presence of nucleotides and an inducing agent, such as a DNA polymerase, and at a suitable temperature and pH. The primer may be either single-stranded or double-stranded and must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of the desired extension product in the presence of the inducing agent. The exact length of the primer will depend upon many factors, including temperature, sequence and/or homology of primer and the method used. For example, in diagnostic applications, the oligonucleotide primer typically contains 15-25 or more nucleotides, depending upon the complexity of the target sequence, although it may contain fewer nucleotides.
[0092] The primers herein are selected to be “substantially” complimentary to particular target DNA sequences. This means that the powers must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with their respective strands. Therefore, the primer sequence need not reflect the exact sequence of the template. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide fragment (i.e., containing a restriction site) may be attached to the 5′ end of the primer, with the remainder of the primer sequence being complementary to the strand. Alternatively, non-complementary bases or longer sequences can be interspersed into the primer, provided that the primer sequence has sufficient complementary with the sequence to hybridize therewith and form the template for synthesis of the extension product.
[0093] The probe to which the DNA of the invention hybridizes preferably consists of a sequence of at least 20 consecutive nucleotides, more preferably 40 nucleotides, even more preferably 50 nucleotides, and most preferably 100 nucleotides or more (up to 100%) of the coding sequence of the nucleotides listed in SEQ ID No. 29 or the complement thereof. Such a probe is useful for detecting expression of PUMP-1 in a cell by a method including the steps of (a) contacting mRNA obtained from the cell with a labeled PUMP-1 hybridization probe; and (b) detecting hybridization of the probe with the mRNA.
[0094] By “high stringency” is meant DNA hybridization and wash conditions characterized by high temperature and low salt concentration, e.g., wash conditions of 65° C. at a salt concentration of approximately 0.1X SSC, or the functional equivalent thereof. For example, high stringency conditions may include hybridization at about 42° C. in the presence of about 50% formamide; a first wash at about 65° C. with about 2X SSC containing 1% SDS; followed by a second wash at about 65° C. with about 0.1X SSC.
[0095] The DNA may have at least about 70% sequence identity to the coding sequence of the nucleotides listed in SEQ ID No. 29, preferably at least 75% (e.g., at least 80%); and most preferably at least 90%. The identity between two sequences is a direct function of the number of matching or identical positions. When a position in both of the two sequences is occupied by the same monomeric subunit, e.g., if a given position is occupied by an adenine in each of two DNA molecules, then they are identical at that position. For example, if 7 positions in a sequence 10 nucleotides in length are identical to the corresponding positions in a second 10-nucleotide sequence, then the two sequences have 70% sequence identity. The length of comparison sequences will generally be at least 50 nucleotides, preferably at least 60 nucleotides, more preferably at least 75 nucleotides, and most preferably 100 nucleotides. Sequence identity is typically measured using sequence analysis software (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group (GCG), University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705).
[0096] The present invention comprises a vector comprising a DNA sequence which encodes a human PUMP-1 protein, wherein said vector is capable of replication in a host, and comprises, in operable linkage: a) an origin of replication; b) a promoter; and c) a DNA sequence coding for said PUMP-1 protein. Preferably, the vector of the present invention contains a portion of the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 29. Vectors may be used to amplify and/or express nucleic acid encoding a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof.
[0097] In addition to substantially full-length proteins, the invention also includes fragments (e.g., antigenic fragments) of the PUMP-1 protein. As used herein, “fragment,” as applied to a polypeptide, will ordinarily be at least 10 residues, more typically at least 20 residues, and preferably at least 30 (e.g., 50) residues in length, but less than the entire, intact sequence. Fragments of the PUMP-1 protein can be generated by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., by enzymatic digestion of naturally occurring or recombinant PUMP-1 protein, by recombinant DNA techniques using an expression vector that encodes a defined fragment of PUMP-1, or by chemical synthesis. The ability of a candidate fragment to exhibit a characteristic of PUMP-1 (e.g., binding to an antibody specific for PUMP-1) can be assessed by methods described herein. Purified PUMP-1 or antigenic fragments of PUMP-1 can be used to generate new antibodies or to test existing antibodies (e.g., as positive controls in a diagnostic assay) by employing standard protocols known to those skilled in the art. Included in this invention is polyclonal antisera generated by using PUMP-1 or a fragment of PUMP-1 as the immunogen in, e.g., rabbits. Standard protocols for monoclonal and polyclonal antibody production known to those skilled in this art are employed. The monoclonal antibodies generated by this procedure can be screened for the ability to identify recombinant PUMP-1 cDNA clones, and to distinguish them from other cDNA clones.
[0098] Further included in this invention are PUMP-1 proteins which are encoded, at least in part, by portions of SEQ ID No. 29, e.g., products of alternative mRNA splicing or alternative protein processing events, or in which a section of PUMP-1 sequence has been deleted. The fragment, or the intact PUMP-1 polypeptide, may be covalently linked to another polypeptide, e.g., one which acts as a label, a ligand or a means to increase antigenicity.
[0099] The invention also includes a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to PUMP-1. The invention encompasses not only an intact monoclonal antibody, but also an immunologically-active antibody fragment, e.g., a Fab or (Fab)2 fragment; an engineered single chain Fv molecule; or a chimeric molecule, e.g., an antibody which contains the binding specificity of one antibody, e.g., of murine origin, and the remaining portions of another antibody, e.g., of human origin.
[0100] In one embodiment, the antibody, or a fragment thereof, may be linked to a toxin or to a detectable label, e.g., a radioactive label, non-radioactive isotopic label, fluorescent label, chemilaminescent label, paramagnetic label, enzyme label, or colorimetric label. Examples of suitable toxins include diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, ricin, and cholera toxin. Examples of suitable enzyme labels include malate hydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase, acetylcholinesterase, etc. Examples of suitable radioisotopic labels include 3H, 125I, 131I, 32P, 35S, 14C, etc.
[0101] Paramagnetic isotopes for purposes of in vivo diagnosis can also be used according to the methods of this invention. There are numerous examples of elements that are useful in magnetic resonance imaging. For discussions on in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, see, for example, Schaefer et al., (1989) JACC 14, 472-480; Shreve et al., (1986) Magn. Reson. Med. 3, 336-340; Wolf, G. L., (1984) Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 16, 93-95; Wesbey et al., (1984) Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 16, 145-155; Runge et al., (1984) Invest. Radiol. 19, 408-415. Examples of suitable fluorescent labels include a fluorescein label, an isothiocyalate label, a rhodamine label, a phycoerythrin label, a phycocyanin label, an allophycocyanin label, an ophthaldehyde label, a fluorescamine label, etc. Examples of chemiluminescent labels include a luminal label, an isoluminal label, an aromatic acridinium ester label, an imidazole label, an acridinium salt label, an oxalate ester label, a luciferin label, a luciferase label, an aequorin label, etc.
[0102] Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable labels which may be employed in accordance with the present invention. The binding of these labels to antibodies or fragments thereof can be accomplished using standard techniques commonly known and used by those of ordinary skill in the art. Typical techniques are described by Kennedy et al., (1976) Clin. Chim. Acta 70, 1-31; and Schurs et al., (1977) Clin. Chim. Acta 81, 1-40. coupling techniques mentioned in the latter are the glutaraldehyde method, the periodate method, the dimaleimide method, the m-maleimidobenzyl-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester method. All of these methods are incorporated by reference herein.
[0103] Also within the invention is a method of detecting PUMP-1 protein in a biological sample, which includes the steps of contacting the sample with the labeled antibody, e.g., radioactively tagged antibody specific for PUMP-1, and determining whether the antibody binds to a component of the sample. Antibodies to the PUMP-1 protein can be used in an immunoassay to detect increased levels of PUMP-1 protein expression in tissues suspected of neoplastic transformation. These same uses can be achieved with Northern blot assays and analyses.
[0104] As described herein, the invention provides a number of diagnostic advantages and uses. For example, the PUMP-1 protein is useful in diagnosing cancer in different tissues since this protein is highly overexpressed in tumor cells. Antibodies (or antigen-binding fragments thereof) which bind to an epitope specific for PUMP-1 are useful in a method of detecting PUMP-1 protein in a biological sample for diagnosis of cancerous or neoplastic transformation. This method includes the steps of obtaining a biological sample (e.g., cells, blood, plasma, tissue, etc.) from a patient suspected of having cancer, contacting the sample with a labeled antibody (e.g., radioactively tagged antibody) specific for PUMP-1, and detecting the PUMP-1 protein using standard immunoassay techniques such as an ELISA. Antibody binding to the biological sample indicates that the sample contains a component which specifically binds to an epitope within PUMP-1.
[0105] Likewise, a standard Northern blot assay can be used to ascertain the relative amounts of PUMP-1 mRNA in a cell or tissue obtained from a patient suspected of having cancer, in accordance with conventional Northern hybridization techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. This Northern assay uses a hybridization probe, e.g., radiolabelled PUMP-1 cDNA, either containing the full-length, single stranded DNA having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No. 29, or a fragment of that DNA sequence at least 20 (preferably at least 30, more preferably at least 50, and most preferably at least 100 consecutive nucleotides in length). The DNA hybridization probe can be labeled by any of the many different methods known to those skilled in this art.
[0106] The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion:
EXAMPLE 1[0107] Amplification of Serine Proteases Using Redundant and Specific Primers
[0108] Only cDNA preparations deemed free of genomic DNA were used for gene expression analysis. Redundant primers were prepared for serine proteases, metallo-proteases and cysteine protease. The primers were synthesized to consensus sequences of amino acid surrounding the catalytic triad for serine proteases, viz. histidine . . . aspartate . . . and serine. The sequences of both sense (histidine & aspartate) and antisense (aspartate and serine) redundant primers are shown in Table 2. 3 TABLE 2 PCR Primers 5′→3′ SEQ ID No. Redundant Primers: Serine Protease (histidine) = S1 tgggtigtiacigcigcica(ct)t 1 Serine Protease (aspartic acid) = AS1 a(ag)ia(ag)igciatitcitticc 2 Serine Protease (serine) = AS11 a(ag)iggiccicci(cg)(ta)(ag)tcicc 3 Cysteine Protease - sense ca(ag)ggica(ag)tg(ct)ggi(ta)(cg)itg(ct)tgg 4 Cysteine Protease - antisense taiccicc(ag)tt(ag)caicc(ct)tc 5 Metallo Protease - sense cci(ac)gitg(tc)ggi(ga)(ta)icciga 6 Metallo Protease - antisense tt(ag)tgicciai(ct)tc(ag)tg 7 Specific Primers: Serine Protease (hepsin) = sense tgtcccgatggcgagtgttt 8 Serine Protease (hepsin) = antisense cctgttggccatagtactgc 9 Serine Protease (SCCE) = sense agatgaatgagtacaccgtg 10 Serine Protease (SCCE) = antisense ccagtaagtccttgtaaacc 11 Serine Protease (Comp B) = sense aagggacacgagagctgtat 12 Serine Protease (Comp B) = antisense aagtggtagttggaggaagc 13 Serine Protease (Protease M) = sense ctgtgatccaccctgactat 20 Serine Protease (Protease M) = antisense caggtggatgtatgcacact 21 Serine Protease (TADG12) = sense (Ser10-s) gcgcactgtgtttatgagat 22 Serine Protease (TADG12) = antisense ctctttggcttgtacttgct 23 (Ser10-as) Serine Protease (TADG13) = sense tgagggacatcattatgcac 24 Serine Protease (TADG13) = antisense caagttttccccataattgg 25 Serine Protease (TADG14) = sense acagtacgcctgggagacca 26 Serine Protease (TADGI4) = antisense ctgagacggtgcaattctgg 27 Cysteine Protease (Cath-L) = sense attggagagagaaaggctac 14 Cysteine Protease (Cath-L) = antisense cttgggattgtacttacagg 15 Metallo Protease (PUMP1) = sense cttccaaagtggtcacctac 16 Metallo Protease (PUMP1) = antisense ctagactgctaccatccgtc 17
EXAMPLE 2[0109] Carcinoma Tissue
[0110] Several protease entities were identified and subcloned from PCR amplification of cDNA derived from serous cystadenocarcinomas. Therefore, the proteases described herein are reflective of surface activities for this type of carcinoma, the most common form of ovarian cancer. Applicant has also shown PCR amplification bands unique to the mucinous tumor type and the clear cell type of similar base pair size. About 20-25% of ovarian cancers are classified as either mucinous, clear cell, or endometrioid.
EXAMPLE 3[0111] Ligation, Transformation and Sequencing
[0112] To determine the identity of the PCR products, all the appropriate bands were ligated into Promega T-vector plasmid and the ligation product was used to transform JM109 cells (Promega) grown on selective media. After selection and culturing of individual colonies, plasmid DNA was isolated by means of the WIZARD MINIPREP™ DNA purification system (Promega). Inserts were sequenced using a Prism Ready Reaction Dydeoxy Terminators cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). Residual dye terminators were removed from the completed sequencing reaction using a CENTRISEP SPIN™ column (Princeton Separation), and samples were loaded into an Applied Biosystems Model 373A DNA sequencing system. The results of subcloning and sequencing for the serine protease primers are summarized in Table 3. 4 TABLE 3 Serine protease candidates Subclone Primer Set Gene Candidate 1 His-Ser hepsin 2 His-Ser SCCE 3 His-Ser Compliment B 4 His-Asp Cofactor 1 5 His-Asp TADG-12* 6 His-Ser TADG-13* 7 His-Ser TADG-14* 8 His-Ser Protease M 9 His-Ser TADG-15* *indicates novel proteases
EXAMPLE 4[0113] Cloning and Characterization
[0114] Cloning and characterization of new gene candidates was undertaken to expand the panel representative of extracellular proteases specific for ovarian carcinoma subtypes. Sequencing of the PCR products derived from tumor cDNA confirms the potential candidacy of these genes. The three novel genes all have conserved residues within the catalytic triad sequence consistent with their membership) in the serine protease family.
[0115] Applicant compared the PCR products amplified from normal and carcinoma cDNAs using sense-histidine and antisense-aspartate as well as sense-histidine and antisense-serine. The anticipated PCR products of approximately 200 bp and 500 bp for those pairs of primers were observed (aspartate is approximately 50-70 amino acids downstream from histidine, and serine is about 100-150 amino acids toward the carboxy end from histidine).
[0116] FIG. 1 shows a comparison of PCR products derived from normal and carcinoma cDNA as shown by staining in an agarose gel. Two distinct bands in lane 2 were present in the primer pair sense-His/antisense ASP (AS1) and multiple bands of about 500 bp are noted in the carcinoma lane for the sense-His/antisense-Ser (AS2) primer pairs in lane 4.
EXAMPLE 5[0117] Quantitative PCR
[0118] The mRNA overexpression of PUMP-1 was detected and determined using quantitative PCR. Quantitative PCR was performed generally according to the method of Noonan et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 87:7160-7164 (1990)]. The following oligonucleotide primers were used: 5 PUMP-1: forward 5′-CTTCCAAAGTGGTCACCTAC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 16), and reverse 5′-CTAGACTGCTACCATCCGTC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 17); and &bgr;-tubulin: forward 5′- TGCATTGACAACGAGGC-3′ (SEQ ID No. 18), and reverse 5′- CTGTCTTGA CATTGTTG-3′ (SEQ ID No. 19).
[0119] &bgr;-tubulin was utilized as an internal control. The predicted sizes of the amplified genes were 250 bp for PUMP-1 and 454 bp for &bgr;-tubulin. The primer sequences used in this study were designed according to the cDNA sequences described by Leytus et al. [Biochemistry, 27, 1067-1074 (1988)] for PUMP-1, and Hall et al. [Mol. Cell. Biol., 3, 854-862 (1983)] for &bgr;-tubulin. The PCR reaction mixture consisted of cDNA derived from 50 ng of mRNA converted by conventional techniques, 5 pmol of sense and antisense primers for both the PUMP-1 gene and the &bgr;-tubulin gene, 200 &mgr;mol of dNTPs, 5 &mgr;Ci of &agr;-32PdCTP and 0.25 units of Taq DNA polymerase with reaction buffer (Promega) in a final volume of 25 &mgr;l. The target sequences were amplified in parallel with the &bgr;-tubulin gene. Thirty cycles of PCR were carried out in a Thermal Cycler (Perkin-Elmer Cetus). Each cycle of PCR included 30 sec of denaturation at 95° C., 30 sec of annealing at 63° C. and 30 sec of extension at 72° C. The PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gels and the radioactivity of each PCR product was determined by using a PhosphorImager™ (Molecular Dynamics). Student's t test was used for comparison of mean values.
[0120] Experiments comparing PCR amplification in normal ovary and ovarian carcinoma suggested overexpression and/or alteration in mRNA transcript in tumor tissues. Northern blot analysis of TADG-14 confirms a transcript size of 1.4 kb and data indicate overexpression in ovarian carcinoma (FIG. 2). Isolation and purification using both PCR and a specific 250 bp PCR product to screen positive plaques yielded a 1.2 kb clone of TADG-14. Other proteases were amplified by the same method using the appropriate primers from Table 2.
EXAMPLE 6[0121] Tissue Bank
[0122] A tumor tissue bank of fresh frozen tissue of ovarian carcinomas as shown in Table 4 was used for evaluation. Approximately 100 normal ovaries removed for medical reasons other than malignancy were obtained from surgery and were available as controls. 6 TABLE 4 Ovarian cancer tissue bank Total Stage I/11 Stage III/IV No Stage Serous Malignant 166 15 140 8 LMP 16 9 7 0 Benign 12 0 0 12 Mucinous Malignant 2 6 6 14 6 LMP 28 25 3 0 Benign 3 0 0 3 Endometrioid Malignant 38 17 21 0 LMP 2 2 0 0 Benign 0 0 0 0 Other* Malignant 61 23 29 9 LMP 0 0 0 0 Benign 5 0 0 5 *Other category includes the following tumor types: Brenner's tumor, thecoma, teratoma, fibrothecoma, fibroma, granulosa cell, clear cell, germ cell, mixed mullerian, stromal, undifferentiated, and dysgerminoma.
[0123] From the tumor bank, approximately 100 carcinomas were evaluated encompassing most histological sub-types of ovarian carcinoma, including borderline or low-malignant potential tumors and overt carcinomas. The approach included using mRNA prepared from fresh frozen tissue (both normal and malignant) to compare expression of genes in normal, low malignant potential tumors and overt carcinomas. The cDNA prepared from polyA+ mRNA was deemed to be genomic DNA-free by checking all preparations with primers that encompassed a known intron-exon splice site using both &bgr;-tubulin and p53 primers.
EXAMPLE 7[0124] Northern Blots
[0125] Significant information can be obtained by examining the expression of these candidate genes by Northern blot. Analysis of normal adult multi-tissue blots offers the opportunity to identify normal tissues which may express the protease. Ultimately, if strategies for inhibition of proteases for therapeutic intervention are to be developed, it is essential to appreciate the expression of these genes in normal tissue if and when it occurs.
[0126] Significant information is expected from Northern blot analysis of fetal tissue. Genes overexpressed in carcinomas are often highly expressed in organogenesis. As indicated, the hepsin gene cloned from hepatoma cells and overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma is overtly expressed in fetal liver. Hepsin gene expression was also detected in fetal kidney, and therefore, could be a candidate for expression in renal carcinomas.
[0127] Northern panels for examining expression of genes in a multi-tissue normal adult as well as fetal tissue are commercially available (CLONTECH). Such evaluation tools are not only important to confirm the overexpression of individual transcripts in tumor versus normal tissues, but also provides the opportunity to confirm transcript size, and to determine if alternate splicing or other transcript alteration may occur in ovarian carcinoma.
EXAMPLE 8[0128] Northern Blot Analysis
[0129] Northern blot analysis was performed as follows: 10 &mgr;g of mRNA was loaded onto a 1% formaldehyde-agarose gel, electrophoresed and blotted onto a HyBond-N+™ nylon membrane (Amersham). 32P-labeled cDNA probes were made using Prime-a-Gene Labeling System™ (Promega). The PCR products amplified by specific primers were used as probes. Blots were prehybridized for 30 min and then hybridized for 60 min at 68° C. with 32P-labeled cDNA probe in ExpressHyb™ Hybridization Solution (CLONTECH). Control hybridization to determine relative gel loading was accomplished using the &bgr;-tubulin probe.
EXAMPLE 9[0130] PCR Products Corresponding to Serine, Cysteine and Metallo-Proteases
[0131] Based on their unique expression in either low malignant potential tumors or carcinomas, PCR-amplified cDNA products were cloned and sequenced and the appropriate gene identified based upon nucleotide and amino acid sequences stored in the GCG and EST databases. FIGS. 3, 4 & 5 show the PCR product displays comparing normal and carcinomatous tissues using redundant primers for serine proteases (FIG. 3), for cysteine proteases (FIG. 4) and for metallo-proteases (FIG. 5). Note the differential expression in the carcinoma tissues versus the normal tissues. The proteases were identified using redundant cDNA primers (see Table 2) directed towards conserved sequences that are associated with intrinsic enzyme activity (for serine proteases, cysteine proteases and metallo-proteases) by comparing mRNA expression in normal, low malignant potential and overt ovarian carcinoma tissues according to Sakanari et al. [Biochemistry 86, 4863-4867 (1989)].
EXAMPLE 10[0132] Serine Proteases
[0133] For the serine protease group, using the histidine domain primer sense, S1, in combination with antisense primer AS2, the following proteases were identified:
[0134] (a) Hepsin, a trypsin-like serine protease cloned from hepatoma cells shown to be a cell surface protease essential for the growth of hepatoma cells in culture and highly expressed in hepatoma tumor cells (FIG. 3, lane 4);
[0135] (b) Complement factor B protease (human factor IX), a protease involved in the coagulation cascade and associated with the production and accumulation of fibrin split products associated with tumor cells (FIG. 3, lane 4). Compliment factor B belongs in the family of coagulation factors X (Christmas factor). As part of the intrinsic pathway, compliment factor B catalyzes the proteolytic activation of coagulation factor X in the presence of Ca2+ phospholipid and factor VIIIa e5; and
[0136] (c) A stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) serine protease involved in desquarnation of skin cells from the human stratum corneum (FIG. 3, lane 4). SCCE is expressed in keratinocytes of the epidermis and functions to degrade the cohesive structures in the cornified layer to allow continuous skin surface shedding.
EXAMPLE 11[0137] Cysteine Proteases
[0138] In the cysteine protease group, using redundant sense and anti-sense primers for cysteine proteases, one unique PCR product was identified by overexpression in ovarian carcinoma when compared to normal ovarian tissue (FIG. 4, lanes 3-5). Cloning and sequencing this PCR product identified a sequence of Cathepsin L, which is a lysomal cysteine protease whose expression and secretion is induced by malignant transformation, growth factors and tumor promoters. Many human tumors (including ovarian) express high levels of Cathepsin L. Cathepsin L cysteine protease belongs in the stromolysin family and has potent elastase and collagenase activities. Published data indicates increased levels in the serum of patients with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. It has not heretofore been shown to be expressed in other ovarian tumors.
EXAMPLE 12[0139] Metallo-proteases
[0140] Using redundant sense and anti-sense primers for the metallo-protease group, one unique PCR product was detected in the tumor tissue which was absent in normal ovarian tissue (FIG. 5, lanes 2-5). Subcloning and sequencing this product indicates it has complete homology in the appropriate region with the so-called PUMP-1 (MMP-7) gene. This zinc-binding metallo-protease is expressed as a proenzyme with a signal sequence and is active in gelatin and colagenase digestion. PUMP-1 has also been shown to be induced and overexpressed in 9 of 10 colorectal carcinomas compared to normal colon tissue, suggesting a role for this substrate in the progression of this disease.
EXAMPLE 13[0141] Expression of PUMP-1
[0142] The expression of the metallo-protease PUMP-1 gene in 10 normal ovaries, 12 low malignant potential (LMP) tumors, and 32 ovarian carcinoma (both mucinous and serous type) by quantitative PCR using PUMP-1-specific primers (see Table 2) was determined (primers directed toward the &bgr;-tubulin message were used as an internal standard) (Table 5). Using a cut-off level for overexpression of the mean for normal ovary +2SD, 9 of 12 LMP (75%) tumor cases and 26 of 32 (81%) carcinoma cases were above the cut-off value. PUMP-1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in tumors compared to that in normal ovary for both LMP tumor (p<0.05) and carcinoma (p<0.0001). All 10 cases of normal ovaries showed relatively low levels of PUMP-1 mRNA expression.
[0143] Table 5 summarizes the data obtained on the histological type, stage, grade and mRNA overexpression of PUMP-1 in all the cases studied. Lymph node metastases were histopathologically proven in 5 cases and all these cases showed overexpression of PUMP-1. Also of note, all 5 cases of stage I carcinoma showed overexpression of PUMP-1. Overall, the expression ratio (mean±SD) for normal ovary was determined to be 0.084±0.065; for LMP tumors, 0.905±1.251; and for carcinomas, 0.663±0.630 (Table 6). From a histological point of view (Table 6), overexpression of PUMP-1 was observed in 21 of 26 (80.8%) serous tumors (6 of 7 LMP tumors and 15 of 19 carcinomas) and 8 of 12 (66.7%) mucinous tumors (3 of 5 LMP tumors and 5 of 7 carcinomas). For endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, PUMP-1 was found to be overexpressed in all 6 cases examined. 7 TABLE 5 Patient Characteristics and Expression of PUMP-1 Gene mRNA expression Case Histological typea Stage/Grade LNb of PUMP-1c 1 normal ovary n 2 normal ovary n 3 normal ovary n 4 normal ovary n 5 normal ovary n 6 normal ovary n 7 normal ovary n 8 normal ovary n 9 normal ovary n 10 normal ovary n 11 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N 4+ 12 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE n 13 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE 4+ 14 S adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N 4+ 15 S adenoma (LMP) 3/1 P 4+ 16 S adenoma (LMP) 3/1 P 4+ 17 S adenoma (LMP) 3/1 P 4+ 18 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE n 19 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N n 20 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 N 4+ 21 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE 4+ 22 M adenoma (LMP) 1/1 NE 4+ 23 S carcinoma 1/2 N 4+ 24 S carcinoma 1/3 N 4+ 25 S carcinoma 3/1 NE 4+ 26 S carcinoma 3/2 NE 4+ 27 S carcinoma 3/2 P 4+ 28 S carcinoma 3/2 NE 2+ 29 S carcinoma 3/3 NE n 30 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 31 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 32 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 33 S carcinoma 3/3 N 2+ 34 S carcinoma 3/3 NE n 35 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 36 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 37 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 2+ 38 S carcinoma 3/3 N n 39 S carcinoma 3/2 NE 4+ 40 S carcinoma 3/3 NE 2+ 41 S carcinoma 3/2 NE n 42 M carcinoma 1/2 N 4+ 43 M rarcinoma 2/2 NE 4+ 44 M carcinoma 2/2 N 4+ 45 M carcinoma 3/1 NE 4+ 46 M carcinoma 3/2 NE n 47 M carcinoma 3/2 NE n 48 M carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 49 E carcinoma 2/3 N 4+ 50 E carcinoma 3/2 NE 4+ 51 E carcinoma 3/3 NE 4+ 52 C carcinoma 1/3 N 4+ 53 C carcinoma 1/1 N 4+ 54 C carcinoma 3/2 P 4+ aS, serous; M, mucinous; E, endometriold; C, clear cell; bLN, lymph node metastasis; P, positive; N, negative; NE, not examined; cn, normal range = mean ± 2SD; 2+, mean +2SD to +4SD; 4+, mean +4SD or greater.
[0144] 8 TABLE 6 Overexpression of PUMP-1 in normal ovaries and ovarian tumors PUMP-1 Ratio of PUMP-1 Type N Overexpression to &bgr;-tubulin Normal 10 0 (0%) 0.084 ± 0.065 LMP 12 9 (75.0%) 0.905 ± 1.251 Serous 7 6 (85.7%) 1.301 ± 1.542 Mucinous 5 3 (60.0%) 0.351 ± 0.269 Carcinomous 32 26 (81.3%) 0.663 ± 0.630 Serous 19 15 (78.9%) 0.675 ± 0.774 Mucinous 7 5 (71.4%) 0.474 ± 0.337 Endometrioid 3 3 (100%) 0.635 ± 0.224 Clear Cell 3 3 (100%) 1.062 ± 0.060
EXAMPLE 14[0145] Expression of SCCE and PUMP-1
[0146] Studies using both SCCE-specific primers (FIG. 8) and PUMP-specific primers (FIG. 9) indicate overexpression of these proteases in ovarian carcinomas.
[0147] Examination of PUMP-1 antigen expression in normal and carcinomatous tissues by immunolocalization using both a peptide derived polyclonal antibody and a commercial monoclonal antibody (Calbiochem) confirmed the quantitative PCR data shown in Table 7. Little or no staining was observed in normal ovary (FIG. 20A), while intense tumor cell staining of secretory bodies could be detected in several mucinous tumors (e.g., FIG. 20B). Intense cytoplasmic staining was also observed in serous tumors (FIG. 20C), clear cell tumors (FIG. 20D) and a secreted product was most noticeable in endometroid tumors (FIG. 20E). 9 TABLE 7 Expression of PUMP-1 protein by immunolocalization Histology mRNAa Proteinb Normal ovary n − S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 2+ + S Carcinoma n − S Carcinoma 4+ + S Carcinoma 2+ + S Carcinoma n − M Carcinoma n − C Carcinoma 4+ + C Carcinoma 4+ + C Carcinoma 4+ + amRNA expression of PUMP-1 (see Table 5). n = low or no transcript detected by quantitative PCR. 2+/4+ = overexpression of PUMP-1 transcription by more than 2SD or 4SD over the normal level of PUMP-1 in normal ovary. b+, >10% positive tumor cells; −, negative.
EXAMPLE 15[0148] Summary of Known Proteases Detected Herein
[0149] Most of the proteases described herein were identified from the sense-His/antisense-Ser primer pair, yielding a 500 bp PCR product (FIG. 1, lane 4). Some of the enzymes are familiar, a short summary of each follows.
[0150] Hepsin
[0151] Hepsin is a trypsin-like serine protease cloned from hepatoma cells. Hepsin is an extracellular protease (the enzyme includes a secretion signal sequence) which is anchored in the plasma membrane by its amino terminal domain, thereby exposing its catalytic domain to the extracellular matrix. Hepsin has also been shown to be expressed in breast cancer cell lines and peripheral nerve cells. It has never before been associated with ovarian carcinoma. Specific primers for the hepsin gene were synthesized and the expression of hepsin examined using Northern blots of fetal tissue and ovarian tissue (both normal and ovarian carcinoma).
[0152] FIG. 10A shows that hepsin was expressed in fetal liver and fetal kidney as anticipated, but at very low levels or not at all in fetal brain and lung. FIG. 10B shows that hepsin was expressed in ovarian carcinomas of different histologic types, but not in normal ovary. The mRNA identified in both Northern blots was the appropriate size for the hepsin transcript. The expression of hepsin was examined in 10 normal ovaries and 44 ovarian tumors using specific primers to &bgr;-tubulin and hepsin in a quantitative PCR assay, and found it to be linear over 35 cycles. Expression is presented as the ratio of 32P-hepsin band to the internal control, the 32P-&bgr;-tubulin band.
[0153] FIGS. 11A & 11B show hepsin expression in normal (N), mucinous (M) and serous (S) low malignant potential (LMP) tumors and carcinomas (CA). FIG. 11A shows quantitative PCR of hepsin and internal control &bgr;-tubulin. FIG. 11B shows a bar graph of expression of PUMP-1 in 10 normal ovaries and 44 ovarian carcinoma samples.
[0154] Hepsin mRNA is highly overexpressed in most histopathologic types of ovarian carcinomas including some low malignant potential tumors (see FIGS. 11A & 11B). Most noticeably, hepsin is highly expressed in serous, endometrioid and clear cell tumors tested. It is highly expressed in some mucinous tumors, but it is not overexpressed in the majority of such tumors.
[0155] Stratum Corneum Chymotrypsin Enzyme (SCCE)
[0156] The PCR product identified was the catalytic domain of the sense-His/antisense-Ser of the SCCE enzyme. This extracellular protease was cloned, sequenced and shown to be expressed on the surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis. SCCE is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease whose function is suggested to be in the catalytic degradation of intercellular cohesive structures in the stratum corneum layer of the skin. This degradation allows continuous shedding (desquamation) of cells from the skin surface. The subcellular localization of SCCE is in the upper granular layer in the stratum corneum of normal non-palmoplantar skin and in the cohesive parts of hypertrophic plantar stratum corneum. SCCE is exclusively associated with the stratum corneum and has not so far been shown to be expressed in any carcinomatous tissues.
[0157] Northern blots were probed with the PCR product to determine expression of SCCE in fetal tissue and ovarian carcinoma (FIGS. 12A & 12B). Noticeably, detection of SCCE messenger RNA on the fetal Northern was almost non-existent (a problem with the probe or the blot was excluded by performing the proper controls). A faint band appeared in fetal kidney. On the other hand, SCCE mRNA is abundant in the ovarian carcinoma mRNA (FIG. 12B). Two transcripts of the correct size are observed for SCCE. The same panel of cDNA used for hepsin analysis was used for SCCE expression.
[0158] No SCCE expression was detected in the normal ovary lane of the Northern blot. A comparison of all candidate genes, including a loading marker (&bgr;-tubulin), was shown to confirm that this observation was not a result of a loading bias. Quantitative PCR using SCCE primers, along with &bgr;-tubulin internal control primers, confirmed the overexpression of SCCE mRNA in carcinoma of the ovary with no expression in normal ovarian tissue (FIG. 13).
[0159] FIG. 13A shows a comparison using quantitative PCR of SCCE cDNA from normal ovary and ovarian carcinomas. FIG. 13B shows the ratio of SCCE to the &bgr;-tubulin internal standard in 10 normal and 44 ovarian carcinoma tissues. Again, it is observed that SCCE is highly overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma cells. It is also noted that some mucinous tumors overexpress SCCE, but the majority do not.
[0160] Protease M
[0161] Protease M was identified from subclones of the His-ser primer pair. This protease was first cloned by Anisowicz, et al, [Molecular Medicine, 2, 624-636 (1996)] and shown to be overexpressed in breast and ovarian carcinomas. A preliminary evaluation indicates that this enzyme is overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma (FIG. 14).
[0162] Cofactor I and Complement Factor B
[0163] Several serine proteases associated with the coagulation pathway were also subcloned. Examination of normal and ovarian carcinomas by quantitative PCR for expression of these enzymes, it was noticeable that this mRNA was not clearly overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas when compared to normal ovarian tissue. It should be noted that the same panel of tumors was used for the evaluation of each candidate protease.
EXAMPLE 16[0164] Summary of Previously Unknown Proteases Detected Herein
[0165] TADG-12
[0166] TADG-12 was identified from the primer pairs, sense-His/antisence-Asp (see FIG. 1, lanes 1 & 2). Upon subcloning both PCR products in lane 2, the 200 bp product had a unique protease-like sequence not included in GenBank. This 200 bp product contains many of the conserved amino acids common for the His-Asp domain of the family of serine proteins. The second and larger PCR product (300 bp) was shown to have a high degree of homology with TADG-12 (His-Asp sequence), but also contained approximately 100 bp of unique sequence. Synthesis of specific primers and the sequencing of the subsequent PCR products from three different tumors demonstrated that the larger PCR product (present in about 50% of ovarian carcinomas) includes an insert of about 100 bp near the 5′ end (and near the histidine) of the sequence. This insert may be a retained genomic intron because of the appropriate position of splice sites and the fact that the insert does not contain an open reading frame (see FIG. 15). This suggests the possibility of a splice site mutation which gives rise to retention of the intron, or a translocation of a sequence into the TADG-12 gene in as many as half of all ovarian carcinomas.
[0167] TADG-13 and TADG-14
[0168] Specific primers were synthesized for TADG-13 and TADG-14 to evaluate expression of genes in normal and ovarian carcinoma tissue. Northern blot analysis of ovarian tissues indicates the transcript for the TADG-14 gene is approximately 1.4 kb and is expressed in ovarian carcinoma tissues (FIG. 16A) with no noticeable transcript presence in normal tissue. In quantitative PCR studies using specific primers, increased expression of TADG-14 in ovarian carcinoma tissues was noted compared to a normal ovary FIG. 16B). The presence of a specific PCR product for TADG-14 in both an HeLa library and an ovarian carcinoma library was also confirmed. Several candidate sequences corresponding to TADG-14 have been screened and isolated from the HeLa library.
[0169] Clearly from sequence homology, these genes fit into the family of serine proteases. TADG-13 and -14 are, however, heretofore undocumented genes which the specific primers of the invention allow to be evaluated in normal and tumor cells, and with which the presence or absence of expression of these genes is useful in the diagnosis or treatment selection for specific tumor types.
[0170] PUMP-1
[0171] In a similar strategy using redundant primers to metal binding domains and conserved histidine domains, a differentially expressed PCR product identical to matrix metallo-protease 7 (MMP-7) was identified, herein called PUMP-1. Using specific primers for PUMP-1, PCR produced a 250 bp product for Northern blot analysis.
[0172] To confirm the results of quantitative PCR and to identify the appropriate transcript size for PUMP-1, Northern blot hybridization was performed using representative samples of each histological type of carcinoma. As shown in FIG. 17A, Northern blot hybridization with a 32P-labeled PUMP-1 probe revealed an intense band in carcinoma cases and no visible band in normal ovary. The size of the PUMP-1 transcript in carcinoma cases was approximately 1.1 Kb. Among normal human fetal tissues examined, fetal lung and fetal kidney showed increased transcript expression (FIG. 17B), on the other hand, PUMP-1 expression was not observed or was expressed at very low levels in normal human adult tissues, including spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon and peripheral blood leukocyte (FIG. 17C).
[0173] Quantitative PCR comparing normal versus ovarian carcinoma expression of the PUMP-1 mRNA indicates that this gene is highly expressed in serous carcinomas, including most low malignant serous tumors, and is, again, expressed to a lesser extent in mucinous tumors (see FIGS. 18A & 18B). PUMP-1, however, is so far the protease most frequently found overexpressed in mucinous tumors (See Table 8).
[0174] Cathepsin-L
[0175] Using redundant cysteine protease primers to conserved domains surrounding individual cysteine and histidine residues, the cathepsin-L protease was identified in several serous carcinomas. An initial examination of the expression of cathepsin L in normal and ovarian tumor tissue indicates that transcripts for the cathepsin-L protease are present in both normal and tumor tissues (FIG. 21). However, its presence or absence in combination with other proteases of the present invention permits identification of specific tumor types and treatment choices.
EXAMPLE 17[0176] Summary of Data
[0177] Redundant primers to conserved domains of serine, metallo-, and cysteine proteases have yielded a set of genes whose mRNAs are overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma. The genes which are clearly overexpressed include the serine proteases hepsin, SCCE, protease M TADG12, TADG14 and the metallo-protease PUMP-1 (see FIG. 21 and Table 8). Northern blot analysis of normal and ovarian carcinoma tissues, summarized in FIG. 14, indicated overexpression of hepsin, SCCE, PUMP-1 and TADG-14. A &bgr;-tubulin probe to control for loading levels was included. 10 TABLE 8 Overexpression of proteases in ovarian tumors Type N PUMP-1 SCCE Pump-1 Prot M Normal 10 0% (0/10) 0% (0/10) 0% (0/10) 0% (0/10) LMP 12 58.3% (7/12) 66.7% (8/12) 75.0% (9/12) 75% (9/12) Serous 7 85.7% (6/7) 85.7% (6/7) 85.7% (6/7) 100% (7/7) mucinous 5 20.0% (1/5) 40.0% (2/5) 60% (3/5) 40.0% (2/5) Carcinoma 32 84.4% (27/32) 78.1% (25/32) 81.3% (26/32) 90.6% (29/32) serous 19 94.7% (18/19) 89.5% (17/19) 78.9% (15/19) 94.7% (18/19) mucinous 7 42.9% (3/7) 28.6% (2/7) 71.4% (5/7) 85.7% (6/7) endometr. 3 100% (3/3) 100% (3/3) 100% (3/3) 100% (3/3) clear cell 3 100% (3/3) 100% (3/3) 100% (3/3) 67.7% (2/3)
EXAMPLE 18[0178] Implications
[0179] For the most part, these proteins previously have not been associated with the extracellular matrix of ovarian carcinoma cells. No panel of proteases which might contribute to the growth, shedding, invasion and colony development of metastatic carcinoma has been previously described, including the three new candidate serine proteases which are herein disclosed. The establishment of an extracellular protease panel associated with either malignant growth or malignant potential offers the opportunity for the identification of diagnostic or prognostic markers and for therapeutic intervention through inhibition or down regulation of these proteases.
[0180] The availability of the instant gene-specific primers coding for the appropriate region of tumor specific proteases allows for the amplification of a specific cDNA probe using Northern and Southern analysis, and their use as markers to detect the presence of the cancer in tissue. The probes also allow more extensive evaluation of the expression of the gene in normal ovary versus low malignant potential tumor, as well as both high- and low-stage carcinomas. The evaluation of a panel of fresh frozen tissue from all the carcinoma subtypes (Table 4) allowed the determination of whether a protease is expressed predominantly in early stage disease or within specific carcinoma subtypes. It was also determined whether each genes' expression is confined to a particular stage in tumor progression and/or is associated with metastatic lesions. Detection of specific combinations of proteases is an identifying characteristic of the specific tumor types and yields valuable information for diagnoses and treatment selection. Particular tumor types may be more accurately diagnosed by the characteristic expression pattern of each specific tumor.
EXAMPLE 19[0181] Antisense PUMP-1
[0182] PUMP-1 is cloned and expressed in the opposite orientation such that an antisense RNA molecule (SEQ ID No. 28) is produced. For example, the antisense RNA is used to hybridize to the complementary RNA in the cell and thereby inhibit translation of PUMP-1 RNA into protein.
EXAMPLE 20[0183] Peptide Ranking
[0184] For vaccine or immune stimulation, individual 9-mers to 11-mers of the PUMP-1 protein were examined to rank the binding of individual peptides to the top 8 haplotypes in the general population (Parker et al., (1994)). The computer program used for this analyses can be found at <http://www-bimas.dcrt.nih.gov/molbio/hla_bind/>. Table 9 shows the peptide ranking based upon the predicted half-life of each peptide's binding to a particular HLA allele. A larger half-life indicates a stronger association with that peptide and the particular HLA molecule. The PUMP-1 peptides that strongly bind to an HLA allele are putative immunogens, and are used to innoculate an individual against PUMP-1. 11 TABLE 9 PUMP-1 peptide ranking HLA Type Predicted SEQ & Ranking Start Peptide Dissociation1/2 ID No. HLA A0201 1 208 FLYAATHEL 314.455 30 2 134 NMWGKEIPL 128.056 31 3 81 IMQKPRCGV 85.394 32 4 10 CLLPGSLAL 79.041 33 5 60 KEMQKFFGL 59.278 34 6 203 SLGINFLYA 51.916 35 7 73 MLNSRVIEI 40.792 36 8 4 TVLCAVCLL 15.907 37 9 132 ALNMWGKEI 10.433 38 10 109 VTYRIVSYT 7.122 39 11 127 RLVSKALNM 4.968 40 12 154 IMIGFARGA 4.636 41 13 43 YLYDSETKN 4.497 42 14 140 IPLHFRKVV 4.449 43 15 146 KVVWGTADI 3.195 44 16 36 QDYLKRFYL 3.029 45 17 2 RLTVLCAVC 2.037 46 18 201 GSSLGINFL 1.764 47 19 70 ITGMLNSRV 1.642 48 20 205 GINFLYAAT 1.537 49 HLA A0205 1 4 TVLCAVCLL 84.000 50 2 208 FLYAATHEL 63.000 51 3 60 KEMQKFFGL 21.168 52 4 10 CLLPGSLAL 21.000 53 5 134 NMWGKEIPL 21.000 54 6 8 AVCLLPGSL 14.000 55 7 146 KVVWGTADI 6.000 56 8 73 MLNSRVIEI 3.400 57 9 81 IMQKPRCGV 3.400 58 10 66 FGLPITGML 3.150 59 11 147 VVWGTADIM 2.550 60 12 212 ATHELGHSL 2.100 61 13 178 HAFAPGTGL 2.100 62 14 205 GINFLYAAT 2.000 63 15 22 QEAGGMSEL 1.960 64 16 112 RIVSYTRDL 1.680 65 17 167 YPFDGPGNT 1.350 66 18 3 LTVLCAVCL 1.190 67 19 140 IPLHFRKVV 1.020 68 20 109 VTYRIVSYT 1.020 69 HLA A1 1 225 SSDPNAVMY 750.000 70 2 78 VIEIMQKPR 9.000 71 3 198 WTDGSSLGI 6.250 72 4 238 NGDPQNFKL 6.250 73 5 92 VAEYSLFPN 4.500 74 6 35 AQDYLKRFY 3.750 75 7 202 SSLGINFLY 3.750 76 8 46 DSETKNANS 2.700 77 9 87 CGVPDVAEY 2.500 78 10 248 QDDIKGIQK 2.500 79 11 27 MSELQWEQA 1.350 80 12 150 GTADIMIGF 1.250 81 13 123 ITVDRLVSK 1.000 82 14 108 VVTYRIVSY 1.000 83 15 54 SLEAKLKEM 0.900 84 16 163 HGDSYPFDG 0.625 85 17 10 CLLPGSLAL 0.500 86 18 151 TADIMIGFA 0.500 87 19 138 KEIPLHFRK 0.500 88 20 137 GKEIPLHFR 0.450 89 HLA A24 1 115 SYTRDLPHI 50.000 90 2 112 RIVSYTRDL 12.000 91 3 66 FGLPITGML 10.080 92 4 37 DYLKRFYLY 9.000 93 5 51 NANSLEAKL 7.920 94 6 166 SYPFKGPGN 7.500 95 7 10 CLLPGSLAL 7.200 96 8 4 TVLCAVCLL 6.000 97 9 31 QWEQAQDYL 6.000 98 10 3 LTVLCAVCL 6.000 99 11 212 ATHELGHSL 5.760 100 12 238 NGDPQNFKL 5.280 101 13 44 LYDSETKNA 5.000 102 14 235 TYGNGDPQN 5.000 103 15 243 NFKLSQDDI 5.000 104 16 8 AVCLLPGSL 4.800 105 17 12 LPGSLALPL 4.800 106 18 58 KLKEMQKFF 4.800 107 19 201 GSSLGINFL 4.800 108 20 208 FLYAATHEL 4.400 109 HLA B7 1 120 LPHITVDRL 80.000 110 2 12 LPGSLALPL 80.000 111 3 8 AVCLLPGSL 60.000 112 4 84 KPRCGVPDV 40.000 113 5 89 VPDVAEYSL 24.000 114 6 4 TVLCAVCLL 20.000 115 7 178 HAFAPGTGL 18.000 116 8 51 NANSLEAKL 12.000 117 9 212 ATHELGHSL 12.000 118 10 140 IPLHFRKVV 6.000 119 11 147 VVWGTADIM 5.000 120 12 208 FLYAATHEL 4.000 121 13 101 SPKWTSKVV 4.000 122 14 10 CLLPGSLAL 4.000 123 15 3 LTVLCAVCL 4.000 124 16 201 GSSLGINFL 4.000 125 17 134 NMWGKEIPL 4.000 126 18 112 RIVSYTRDL 4.000 127 19 125 VDRLVSKAL 4.000 128 20 66 FGLPITGML 4.000 129 HLA B8 1 134 NMWGKEIPL 4.000 130 2 56 EAKLKEMQK 3.200 131 3 101 SPKWTSKVV 2.400 132 4 73 MLNSRVIEI 2.000 133 5 84 KPRCGVPDV 1.200 134 6 127 RLVSKALNM 1.000 135 7 105 TSKVVTYRI 1.000 136 8 51 NANSLEAKL 0.800 137 9 12 LPGSLALPL 0.800 138 10 120 LPHITVDRL 0.800 139 11 178 HAFAPGTGL 0.800 140 12 54 SLEAKLKEM 0.400 141 13 10 CLLPGSLAL 0.400 142 14 208 FLYAATHEL 0.400 143 15 125 VDRLVSKAL 0.400 144 16 158 FARGAHGDS 0.400 145 17 36 QDYLKRFYL 0.400 146 18 212 ATHELGHSL 0.300 147 19 116 YTRDLPHIT 0.300 148 20 62 MQKFFGLPI 0.300 149 HLA B2702 1 159 ATGAHGDSY 200.000 150 2 30 LQWEQAQDY 100.00 151 3 196 ERWTDGSSL 90.000 152 4 40 KRFYLYDSE 30.000 153 5 1 MRLTVLCAV 20.000 154 6 144 FRKVVWGTA 20.000 155 7 117 TRDLPHITV 20.000 156 8 134 NNWGKEIPL 7.500 157 9 96 SLFPNSPKW 7.500 158 10 62 MQKFFGLPI 6.000 159 11 35 AQDYLKRFY 6.000 160 12 208 FLYAATHEL 4.500 161 13 76 SRVIEIMQK 4.000 162 14 126 DRLVSKALN 3.000 163 15 60 KEMQKFFGL 2.700 164 16 58 KLKEMQKFF 2.700 165 17 256 KLYGKRSNS 2.250 166 18 85 PRCGVPDVA 2.000 167 19 111 YRIVSYTRD 2.000 168 20 178 HAFAPGTGL 1.500 169 HLA B4403 1 87 CGVPDVAEY 36.000 170 2 202 SSLGINFLY 27.000 171 3 79 IEIMQKPRC 20.000 172 4 60 KEMQKFFGL 18.000 173 5 225 SSDPNAVMY 18.000 174 6 47 SETKNANSL 12.000 175 7 195 DERWTDGSS 12.000 176 8 214 HELGHSLGM 12.000 177 9 22 QEAGGMSEL 12.000 178 10 249 DDIKGIQKL 11.250 179 11 93 AEYSLFPNS 8.000 180 12 138 KEIPLHFRK 6.000 181 13 184 TGLGGDAHF 3.000 182 14 200 DGSSLGINF 3.000 183 15 35 AQDYLKRFY 3.000 184 16 34 QAQDYLKRF 2.250 185 17 30 LQWEQAQDY 2.250 186 18 250 DIKGIQKLY 2.025 187 19 150 GTADIMIGF 2.000 188 20 37 DYLKRFYLY 1.800 189
[0185] Any patents or publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Further, these patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
[0186] One skilled in the art will appreciate readily that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those objects, ends and advantages inherent herein. The present examples, along with the methods, procedures, treatments, molecules, and specific compounds described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims.
Claims
1. A method of diagnosing cancer in an individual, comprising the steps of:
- (a) obtaining a biological sample from an individual; and
- (b) detecting PUMP-1 in said sample, wherein the presence of PUMP-1 in said sample is indicative of the presence of cancer in said individual, wherein the absence of PUMP-1 in said sample is indicative of the absence of cancer in said individual.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, saliva, tears, interstitial fluid, ascites fluid, tumor tissue biopsy and circulating tumor cells.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said detection of said PUMP-1 is by means selected from the group consisting of Northern blot, Western blot, PCR, dot blot, ELIZA sandwich assay, radioimmunoassay, DNA array chips and flow cytometry.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said cancer is selected from the group consisting of ovarian, breast, lung, colon, prostate and others in which PUMP-1 is overexpressed.
5. A method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of:
- (a) isolating mRNA from said sample; and
- (b) detecting PUMP-1 mRNA in said sample, wherein the presence of said PUMP-1 mRNA in said sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, wherein the absence of said PUMP-1 mRNA in said sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the step of:
- comparing said PUMP-1 mRNA to reference information, wherein said comparison provides a diagnosis of said malignant hyperplasia.
7. The method of claim 5 further comprising the step of:
- comparing said PUMP-1 mRNA to reference information, wherein said comparison determines a treatment of said malignant hyperplasia.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein said detection of said PUMP-1 mRNA is by PCR amplification.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said PCR amplification uses primers selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 8 and SEQ ID 9.
10. The method of claim 5, wherein said biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, saliva, tears, interstitial fluid, ascites fluid, tumor tissue biopsy and circulating tumor cells.
11. A method for detecting malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of:
- (a) isolating protein from said sample; and
- (b) detecting PUMP-1 protein in said sample, wherein the presence of said PUMP-1 protein in said sample is indicative of the presence of malignant hyperplasia, wherein the absence of said PUMP-1 protein in said sample is indicative of the absence of malignant hyperplasia.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of:
- comparing said PUMP-1 protein to reference information, wherein said comparison provides a diagnosis of said malignant hyperplasia.
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of:
- comparing said PUMP-1 protein to reference information, wherein said comparison determines a treatment of said malignant hyperplasia.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein said detection is by immunoaffinity to an antibody, wherein said antibody is specific for PUMP-1.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein said biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, saliva, tears, interstitial fluid, ascites fluid, tumor tissue biopsy and circulating tumor cells.
16. A method of inhibiting expression of endogenous PUMP-1 in a cell, comprising the step of:
- introducing a vector into a cell, wherein said vector comprises a PUMP-1 gene in opposite orientation operably linked to elements necessary for expression, wherein expression of said vector in said cell produces PUMP-1 antisense mRNA, wherein said PUMP-1 antisense mRNA hybridizes to endogenous PUMP-1 mRNA, thereby inhibiting expression of endogenous PUMP-1 in said cell.
17. A method of inhibiting PUMP-1 protein in a cell, comprising the step of:
- introducing an antibody into a cell, wherein said antibody is specific for a PUMP-1 protein or a fragment thereof, wherein binding of said antibody to said PUMP-1 protein inhibits said PUMP-1 protein.
18. A method of targeted therapy to an individual, comprising the step of:
- administering a compound to an individual, wherein said compound has a targeting moiety and a therapeutic moiety, wherein said targeting moiety is specific for PUMP-1.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein said targeting moiety is selected from the group consisting of an antibody specific for PUMP-1 and a ligand or ligand binding domain that binds PUMP-1.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein said therapeutic moiety is selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, an immune stimulant and a cytotoxic agent.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein said individual suffers from a disease selected from the group consisting of ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and other cancers in which PUMP-1 is overexpressed.
22. A method of vaccinating an individual against PUMP-1, comprising the step of:
- inoculating an individual with a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof, wherein said PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof lack PUMP-1 propane activity, wherein said inoculation with said PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof elicits an immune response in said individual, thereby vaccinating said individual against PUMP-1.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein said individual has cancer, is suspected of having cancer or is at risk of getting cancer.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein said PUMP-1 fragment is selected from the group consisting of a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein said 9-residue fragment is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and 152.
26. A method of producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1, comprising the steps of:
- exposing dendritic cells to a PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof, wherein said PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof lacks PUMP-1 protease activity, wherein said exposure to said PUMP-1 protein or fragment thereof activates said dendritic cells, thereby producing immune-activated cells directed toward PUMP-1.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein said immune-activated cells are selected from the group consisting of B-cells, T-cells and dendrites.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein said PUMP-1 fragment is selected from the group consisting of a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein said 9-residue fragment is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and 152.
30. The method of claim 26, wherein said dendritic cells are isolated from an individual prior to said exposure, wherein said activated dendritic cells are reintroduced into said individual subsequent to said exposure.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein said individual has cancer, is suspected of having cancer or is at risk of getting cancer.
32. An immunogenic composition, comprising an immunogenic fragment of a PUMP-1 protein and an appropriate adjuvant.
33. The immunogenic composition of claim 32, wherein said fragment is selected from the group consisting of a 9-residue fragment up to a 20-residue fragment.
34. The immunogenic composition of claim 33, wherein said 9-residue fragment is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 70, 110, 111, 150, 151 and 152.
35. An oligonucleotide having a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No. 29.
36. A composition comprising the oligonucleotide of claim 35 and a physiologically acceptable carrier.
37. A method of treating a neoplastic state in an individual in need of such treatment, comprising the step of: administering to said individual an effective dose of the oligonucleotide of claim 35.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein said neoplastic state is selected from the group consisting of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and other cancers in which PUMP-1 is overexpressed.
39. A method of screening for compounds that inhibit PUMP-1 activity, comprising the steps of:
- contacting a sample with a compound, wherein said sample comprises PUMP-1 protein; and
- assaying for PUMP-1 protease activity, wherein a decrease in said PUMP-1 protease activity in the presence of said compound relative to PUMP-1 protease activity in the absence of said compound indicatives the compound inhibits PUMP-1 activity.
40. A method for detecting ovarian malignant hyperplasia in a biological sample, comprising the steps of:
- (a) isolating the proteases or protease mRNA present in said biological sample; and
- (b) detecting specific proteases or protease mRNA present in said biological sample, wherein said proteases are selected from the group consisting of hepsin, protease M, complement factor B, SCCE, other serine proteases indicated in lanes 2 and 4 of FIG. 1, cathepsin L and PUMP-1.
41. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of: comparing the specific proteases or protease mRNA detected to reference information, wherein said comparison provides a diagnoses of said malignant hyperplasia.
42. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of: comparing the specific proteases or protease mRNA detected to reference information, wherein said comparison determines a treatment of said malignant hyperplasia.
43. The method of claim 40, wherein said protease mRNA is detected by amplification of total mRNA.
44. The method of claim 40, wherein said protease is detected with an antibody.
45. The method of claim 40, wherein said biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, saliva, tears, interstitial fluid, ascites fluid, tumor tissue biopsy and circulating tumor cells.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 16, 2001
Publication Date: Oct 31, 2002
Applicant: The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Inventor: Timothy J. O' Brien (Little Rock, AR)
Application Number: 09835948
International Classification: C12Q001/68; G01N033/574;
