Method and apparatus for three-dimensional spectrally encoded imaging
A method and apparatus for obtaining three-dimensional surface measurements using phase-sensitive spectrally encoded imaging is described. Both transverse and depth information is transmitted through a single-mode optical fiber, allowing this technique to be incorporated into a miniature probe.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of Provisional Application No. 60/525,684 filed Nov. 28, 2003.
STATEMENTS REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCHNot applicable.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates generally optical imaging and more particularly to a method and apparatus for performing three-dimensional surface measurements.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONAs is known in the art, optical techniques for surface profilometry are commonly performed using interferometric measurements. Analyzing the interference fringe pattern formed by overlap of a reflected wave from an optically smooth surface with a reference wave, enables surface profile measurements with high accuracy. Projecting an interference fringe pattern on an object surface is effective for probing rough surfaces. High-resolution, point-by-point measurements of rough surfaces have been demonstrated using a long coherence length source with a Fizeau interferometer and with a broadband source.
White-light interferometry is capable of simultaneously imaging large field of views by scanning only the path length of a reference arm. In this approach, light reflected from the surface interferes with a reference wave to form a speckle pattern on a camera. When the reference optical path length is scanned, each individual speckle exhibits an intensity modulation. The surface height is determined at the maximum point of the modulation envelope. White-light interferometry is an extremely robust technique, allowing for high resolution imaging in three dimensions with a large field of view.
Depth resolved imaging with a large, three-dimensional field of view is more challenging when utilizing small diameter flexible imaging probes such as borescopes, laparoscopes, and endoscopes. Confocal imaging through a fiber-bundle using a lens with a high numerical aperture is one solution to this problem. The three-dimensional field of view for these devices, however, is limited to less than a few millimeters due to the small objective lens clear aperture and low f-number required for high-resolution optical sectioning.
Other methods, such as stereo imaging and structured illumination have been proposed.
These methods all require additional hardware for the probe, increasing the size, cost, and complexity of these devices.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIn accordance with the present invention, an imaging technique includes encoding a transverse location of an object by wavelength and encoding an axial or depth coordinate of each point on the object by phase. With this particular arrangement, a technique for generating two-dimensional images of an object as well as surface profile measurements of the object is provided. By combining the surface profile with the two dimensional image, a three-dimensional spectrally-encoded imaging technique is provided. Encoding the depth (or height) information is accomplished by changing a phase length of a reference path and detecting phase differences in signals reflected from the surface of the object each time the phase length of the reference path is changed. The phase length of the reference path establishes a coherence length (CL) at the surface being measured. Thus by changing the phase length of the reference path, a different coherent length is established. By detecting phase differences in signals reflected from the surface of the object each time the phase length of the reference path is changed, the height at different points along the surface can be detected.
In one embodiment, a surface profile of an object is measured by utilizing the technique of the present invention in conjunction with a probe of the type described in published PCT application number WO 02/038040 A2 (now pending in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as application Ser. No. 09/709,162 filed Nov. 10, 2000) said application being assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The techniques of the present invention can thus be used in conjunction with techniques for performing a miniature endoscopy with a high number of resolvable points as described in the aforementioned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/709,162. The aforementioned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/709,162 describes a technique in which a broadband light source and a diffraction grating are used to spectrally encode reflectance across a transverse line within a sample and a two-dimensional image is formed by scanning this spectrally encoded line. Since this method only requires a single optical fiber, it is capable of enabling two-dimensional imaging through a small diameter, flexible probe. By utilizing the techniques of the present invention, a three-dimensional spectrally-encoded image can be provided. In three-dimensional spectrally-encoded imaging, the transverse location of the image is encoded by wavelength and the axial or depth coordinate of each point is encoded by phase.
Using the phase-sensitive spectrally encoded imaging techniques of the present invention, volume data can be acquired through a single optical fiber. The present invention thus makes possible three-dimensional macroscopic imaging within the confines of a miniature, flexible probe. Data measured using techniques of the present invention has clearly demonstrated the potential of this technology for probe-based imaging for industrial applications. It should be appreciated, however, that the phase-sensitive spectrally encoded imaging technique of the present invention can also be used in medical and other applications. For example, phase-sensitive spectrally encoded imaging technique of the present invention can be used to visualize multiply scattering tissues in three-dimensions for biomedical applications.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a method for measuring a surface of a specimen includes operating a beam provided as spectrally-encoded points of a spectrum, focusing the beam onto a specimen disposed in a sample arm, scanning the beam in a first direction across the specimen to create a two dimensional image, changing a path length of a reference path and generating an interference pattern with a reflection from light from the sample and reference arms. The signals from the sample and reference arms are then directed to a detection arm where they are combined. With this particular arrangement, a method for detecting a height of a surface is provided. In order to obtain a surface profile of the specimen, the propagation path length of the reference path is changed and interference patterns at each changed path length are used to provide the height information.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, a system includes a source, a splitter/combiner having a first port coupled to the source, having a second port coupled to a reference path, having a third port coupled to a sample path and having a fourth port coupled to a detection path. The sample path includes a dispersive element which provides a spectrally encoded focal plane. The reference path includes a path length change device which is adapted to change a propagation path length of light propagating in the reference path. With this particular arrangement, system for three-dimensional imaging is provided. By changing the propagation path length of the reference path, a phase-sensitive spectrally encoded imaging system is provided. The phase information contained in signals reflected form the specimen in the sample path can be used to provide depth (height) information of a surface. Thus, both transverse and depth information can be transmitted through a single-mode optical fiber, allowing such a system to be incorporated into a miniature probe.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe foregoing features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which:
Referring now to
The system 10 includes a reference path 16 coupled to a second port 14b of the beam splitter 14 and a sample path 18 coupled to a third port 14c of the beam splitter 14. The reference path 16 includes a path-length change device 17. Path-length change device 17 is adapted to change a propagation path length of light propagating in the reference path 16. The device 17 allows the optical path length of the reference arm 17 to be changed in a controlled and known manner. In some embodiments, device 17 may be provided such that it can introduce a change in the group delay of optical signals propagating in path 16. Such a change in group delay may or may not be accompanied by a physical change in the optical path length of the reference arm. Changes in group delay in optical signals may be desired to reduce speckle artifacts and possibly result in increased system sensitivity. It should be appreciated that in embodiments in which the reference arm does not include a path-length change device 17, then the depth at a single spot along a scan line of a sample may be computed.
The sample path 18 has disposed therein a sample 19 (also referred to herein as a specimen 19). The sample path 18 may optionally include one or more of a dispersive elements 18a, a beam focusing device 18b and a scanning element (or more simply, a scanner) 18c as described in co-pending application Ser. No. 09/709,162. The dispersive element may be provided, for example, as a diffraction grating and in response to a signal fed thereto from the beam splitter, the dispersive element disperses the signal into a spectrum in an image plane. The dispersive element may also be provided as a dispersive prism, a fiber grating, a blazed grating, a grism, a holographic lens grating or any other element which provides angular separation of light signals propagating at different wavelengths. That is, in response to light signals incident thereon, the dispersive element directs different wavelengths in different directions or, stated differently, the dispersive element disperses the spectrum of the light signal provided thereto to provide a spectrally encoded focal plane.
The beam focusing device 18b focuses individual spectrally-encoded points toward the sample 19 disposed in the sample path 18. The beam focusing device may be provided, for example, from an optical system such as a lens system.
The scanning element 18c, scans the spectrally-encoded beam across the specimen 19 to produce a two-dimensional image. It should be understood that the positions of the dispersive device 18a and beam focusing device 18b are selected in accordance with the requirements and needs of the particular application.
It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, it may be desirable to provide the dispersive element 18a the scanner 18c and the beam focusing device 18b as separate elements. For example, the dispersive element 18a may be provided as a diffraction grating, the beam focusing device 18b may be provided as a lens disposed to focus the beam on the specimen and the scanner 18c may be provided as a galvanometric scanner disposed to direct light to and from the diffraction grating. The dispersive element 18a, scanner 18c and lens system 18b may be combined in a single housing.
In other embodiments, however, it may be desirable to provide the dispersive element 18a, the scanner 18c and the lens system 18b as a single integrated element. Alternatively still, the functions performed by the dispersive element 18a, scanner 18c and lens system 18b may be provided from a single device.
In order to obtain a surface profile of the specimen 19, the propagation path length of the reference path 16 is changed. In one embodiment, the path length of the reference path 16 is changed by providing the device 17 as a movable reflective device disposed at the end of the reference arm. Movement of the reflective device changes the path length of the reference arm 16. In one embodiment, the movable reflective device can be provided as a mirror disposed on a movable platform at the end of the reference arm 16. Movement of the platform (and thus the mirror) changes the optical path length of the reference arm 16. Other techniques for changing the path length of the reference path, may of course, also be used.
The source 12 emits a light signal to the beam splitter 14 which splits the light and provides a first portion of the light signal to the reference arm 16 and a second portion of the signal to the sample arm 18. The light impinges upon device 17 and sample 19 in the reference and sample paths 16, 18 respectively and is reflected back toward ports 14b, 14c of splitter/combiner 14. Ideally, the splitting ratio of the splitter/combiner 14 is selected such that an equal amount of reflected power is received at each of the splitter ports 14b, 14c.
The reference line can also include an optical attenuator (not shown in
Signals reflected from the reference and sample arms 16, 18 are coupled to a detector arm 20 via splitter/combiner circuit 14. The detector arm 20 receives signals fed thereto and detects depth. As mentioned above, it is possible for detector arm 21 to analyze a pattern provided thereto without scanning the reference arm. Detector 21b can thus determine depth information at a single point in an image, along a line in an image or in an entire two-dimensional image (i.e. to provide a three-dimensional image).
In one embodiment, the detector receives time-domain measurements and provides depth information by using a Fourier transform (e.g. an FFT). In another embodiment, detector arm 21 includes a dispersive device 21a and a detector 21b. In this case, the dispersive element disperses the wavelengths of an optical signal provided thereto and the dispersed spectrum is detected by the detector 21b. The dispersive device 21a may be provided from a number of devices including but not limited to a grating or a dispersive prism. Similarly, the detector 21b may be provided from a number of devices including but not limited to a charge coupled device (CDD) camera.
Referring now to
In one embodiment, the source 32 is provided as abroad-bandwidth titanium-sapphire source having a center wavelength of 860 nanometers (nm) and an FWHM bandwidth of 200 nm while the interferometer 34 is provided as a 50/50 Michelson interferometer and the sample arm 42 includes a diffraction grating (600 lines/mm) to disperse the spectrum in the horizontal image plane (x-axis). A lens 48 (f=75 mm, beam diameter=1 mm) focuses the individual spectrally-encoded points onto a specimen 50.
The beam was scanned in the vertical dimension (y-axis) by a galvanometric scanner (60 Hz) 44 to create a two-dimensional image. These parameters resulted in a spatial transverse resolution of approximately 40 μm. The image was comprised of approximately 585×585 resolvable points; each transverse spot contained a bandwidth of 0.34 nm. The overall power on the sample was 10 mW.
In order to obtain surface profiles, the path length of the reference arm 36 was controlled by moving a mirror 40 mounted on a translation stage. The power of the reference beam was attenuated using a neutral density (ND) filter 308 to maximize the contrast of the interference pattern.
Referring now to
Although this example utilizes only three coherence lengths, it should be appreciated that the any desired number of coherence lengths can be used. The particular number of coherence lengths to use will depend upon the particular application. Its should also be appreciated that while the coherence lengths are changed by moving a mirror to adjust a phase length of the reference path, any technique which effectively changes the coherence length such that phase can be used to determine surface depth of a sample can also be used.
Referring again to
At each horizontal line on the CCD, the intensity is given by:
I(ω)=|E(ω)+E0(ω)|2=2|A0(ω)|2·{1−cos[φ(ω)−φ0(ω)]}, (1)
where E(ω)=A(ω) exp(iφ0(ω)) and E0(ω)=A0(ω)exp(iφ(ω) are the spectra reflected from the sample and the reference arms, respectively. For simplicity, it is assumed that the spectral amplitudes from the sample and reference arms are real and equal, A(ω)=A0(ω). Algorithms for extracting phase difference from a spectral interference signal between two waves with continuous and smooth phases are well known. Spectral phase measurements were performed mainly for dispersion measurements using broadband sources and white light. Using a Fourier-limited reference field (φ0(ω)=0) with a given delay τ between the reference and the signal fields, the interference term in Eq. (1) is simply cos[φ(ω)−ωτ]. With a straight forward algorithm, the spectral phase can be unambiguously extracted from the interference pattern I(ω). In one configuration, the depth or surface height h at each point is given by h=c·φ(ω)/(2ω), where c is the speed of light.
To demonstrate the ability of this scheme to probe optically smooth surfaces, a plano-convex lens (Melles-Griot, f=1 m, BK7 glass) was placed in the sample arm (e.g. lens 48 was provided as a plano-convex lens), with its convex surface facing toward the grating. In order to match the optical path length over the entire field of view, an additional two lenses, in a confocal configuration, were placed at the sample arm between the scanner and the diffraction grating. A delay of 2.18 ps (654 μm) was introduced between the sample and the reference arms. The interference pattern for this setup is shown in
Referring Now to
In most industrial and medical applications, the specimen surface is not optically smooth, but contains many surface irregularities. When the surface is rough and the diffraction-limited point-spread function of the imaging system is broad in comparison to the microscopic surface variations, the interference between the sample and the reference is manifested by a granular speckle pattern. This pattern has a characteristic speckle size that matches the system's point-spread function. The depth of the speckle pattern along the z axis is defined by the coherence length,
CL=(c•N)/Δω (2)
where N is the number of resolvable points along the x-axis (wavelength) and Δω is the total source bandwidth. Unlike white-light interferometry, where the coherence length is given by CL=c/Δω and can be as short as a few microns, here the coherence length is N times larger, since it is determined only by the spectral width of each spectrally encoded spot. Throughout this work, the coherence length (310 μm) was smaller than the confocal parameter (2.7 mm) and therefore determined the axial resolution. The large depth of focus allowed imaging over a range equivalent to the confocal parameter by scanning only the optical path length of the reference arm.
To demonstrate the ability of a 3-D spectrally-encoded imaging apparatus to measure the profile of rough surfaces, the face of a small plastic doll was imaged. The doll's face is shown in
In
Referring now to
Referring now to
In summary the techniques and apparatus described above can be used to provide three-dimensional macroscopic images using a phase-sensitive spectrally encoded imaging technique. Using the techniques of the present invention, volume data can be acquired through a single optical fiber without any additional modifications to the spectrally-encoded imaging device. These features make three-dimensional imaging within the confines of a miniature, flexible probe possible.
Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims. It should further be noted that any patents, patent applications and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Claims
1. A method for three-dimensional imaging of a surface comprises:
- encoding a wavelength to determine a transverse location of the surface; and
- encoding a phase to determine a depth coordinate of at least one point on the surface.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein encoding a phase to determine a depth coordinate of at least one point on the surface comprises:
- transmitting a signal against the surface and to a reference path having a first phase length;
- collecting a phase coherent signal reflected from the surface;
- collecting a phase coherent signal from reference path having the first phase length;
- detecting an interference signal produced by interference between a phase of the coherent signal collected from the surface and a phase of the reference signal from the reference path having the first phase length; and
- processing the interference signal to determine depth information of the surface.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising:
- changing the phase length of the reference path to a second phase length;
- collecting a phase coherent signal from reference path having the second phase length;
- detecting an interference signal produced by interference between a phase of the coherent signal collected from the surface and a phase of the reference signal from the reference path having the second phase length; and
- processing the interference signal to determine depth information of the surface.
4. The method of claim 2 further comprising:
- repeatedly changing the phase length of the reference path to a plurality of different phase lengths;
- collecting phase coherent signals from reference path at each of the different phase lengths;
- at each of the different reference path phase lengths, detecting an interference signal produced by interference between a phase of the coherent signal collected from the surface and a phase of the reference signal from the reference path; and
- processing each interference signal to determine depth information of the surface.
5. A method for three-dimensional surface measurements of an object comprising:
- (a) determining a transverse location of a surface of a sample by encoding a wavelength;
- (b) determining a depth coordinate of at least one point on the surface by encoding a phase.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein determining a depth coordinate of at least one point on the surface by encoding a phase comprises measuring an interference signal produced by interference between a phase of a reference signal and a phase of a signal reflected from a surface of the object.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising providing the reference signal having a plurality of different phases and using the different reference signal phases to determine height at a plurality of locations on the surface.
8. A method for measuring a surface of a specimen, the method comprising:
- (a) operating a beam provided as spectrally-encoded points of a spectrum;
- (b) focusing the beam onto a specimen disposed in a sample arm;
- (c) scanning the beam in a first direction across the specimen to create a two dimensional image;
- (d) changing a path length of a reference path; and
- (e) generating an interference pattern with a reflection from light from the sample and reference arms;
- (f) directing the signals from the sample and reference arms to a detection arm; and
- (g) combining the signals from the sample and reference arms at the detection arm.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein changing a path length of a reference arm comprises moving a reflective surface in the reference arm.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein changing a path length of a reference arm comprises moving a mirror in a direction which is the same as the direction of light propagation in the reference path.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein combining the signals from the sample and reference arms at the detection arm comprises combining and spatially dispersing the signals with a dispersive element.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising focusing the dispersed signals onto an imaging system.
13. The method of claim 12 further wherein focusing the dispersed signals onto an imaging system comprises focusing the dispersed signals with a lens onto a charge-coupled device.
14. A system for three-dimensional imaging of a surface comprises:
- means for encoding a wavelength to determine a transverse location of the surface; and
- means for encoding a phase to determine a depth coordinate of at least one point on the surface.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said means for encoding a phase to determine a depth coordinate of at least one point on the surface comprises:
- a source for transmitting a signal against the surface and to a reference path having a first phase length;
- means for collecting a phase coherent signal reflected from the surface;
- means for collecting a phase coherent signal from the reference path having the first phase length;
- means for detecting a phase of the coherent signal collected from the surface and a phase of the reference signal from the reference path having the first phase length; and
- means for processing the phase of the coherent signal collected from the surface and the phase of the reference signal to determine depth information of the surface.
16. The method of claim 2 further comprising:
- changing the phase length of the reference path to a second phase length;
- collecting a phase coherent signal from reference path having the second phase length;
- detecting an interference signal produced by interference between a phase of the coherent signal collected from the surface and a phase of the reference signal from the reference path having the second phase length; and
- processing the interference signal to determine depth information of the surface.
17. The system method of claim 16 further comprising means for changing the phase length of the reference path to a plurality of different phase lengths.
Type: Application
Filed: Nov 24, 2004
Publication Date: Jun 16, 2005
Patent Grant number: 7551293
Inventors: Dvir Yelin (Brookline, MA), Brett Bouma (Quincy, MA), Nicusor Iftimia (North Chelmsford, MA), Guillermo Tearney (Cambridge, MA)
Application Number: 10/997,789