Prefabricated building with self-aligning sections and method of manufacture and assembly of same
A method for manufacture and assembly of a structure includes manufacturing, at a first location, wall sections and floor/ceiling sections. The sections include structural portions and optionally external and interior finish features. The sections have self-aligning features, which may include rotatable attachments. At least some of the sections are attached to one another with rotatable attachments to define a structure segment. The structure segment may be placed in an assembled position, with the rotatable attachments fixed, and additional finish features are removably applied. The additional finish features are removed, and the structure segment is removed from the assembled position to a compact orientation for shipping. The structure segment may be placed in a shipping container for transport. The structure segment is transported in the folded position to a second location. The structure segment is moved to a final assembly position at the second location. The structure segment is placed on a foundation, removed from its compact orientation to an assembled orientation, and fixed in place. Finish features may be added. Additional structure segments may be placed on the foundation to complete a structure.
This invention is in the field of buildings, and in particular in the field of buildings that are partially prefabricated.
BACKGROUNDThe construction of structures is labor-intensive and expensive. Residential homes, for example, are typically constructed entirely on their foundations. Wooden and steel frames, interior walls, exterior walls, roofs and other elements are typically all assembled from component lumber, drywall and other items, at the construction site. A wide variety of inputs, including specific materials, and specific construction skills, must be combined at the site. Particularly in the aftermath of natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, or fires, both materials and supplies, and skilled labor, are often unavailable in the region around the construction site. The process at the site is necessarily time-consuming. As a result of the length of time to complete construction, financing costs on the property at the construction site are increased. In some construction techniques, certain components of a building are assembled at a remote location and then transported to the construction site. Partial assembly at a factory reduces the typical duration of work at the construction site, thereby reducing financing costs. The assembly can be carried out using factory labor, rather than skilled labor, thereby reducing labor costs. However, the transportation of large components, such as assembled walls, by road, results in oversized loads, which increase transportation costs substantially. In view of the transportation costs, it has generally been acknowledged that assembly of large components more than about 300 miles from the construction site is not economical. This limited range also makes it more difficult to employ factory assembly as a partial solution to local shortages of materials and skilled labor. The limited range of transportation of large components renders impractical taking advantage of considerable variations in wages between relatively distant regions. Transportation of large components by road also exposes structures to stresses not conventionally encountered by buildings.
It is an object of the invention to overcome the foregoing disadvantages of the prior art.
It is an advantage of the invention that the foregoing disadvantages of buildings and construction techniques of the prior art are overcome.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become evident from the detailed description which follows.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONA method of the invention includes a method of manufacture and assembly of a structure. The method includes the steps of providing sections, having structural supports and optionally at least external or interior finish features, self-aligning or rotatably attached to one another, to define a structure section, and positioning the structure section in an assembled position. At a first location, the sections may be temporarily fixed. The structure may be checked for fit and quality control, and any corrections made at that point. The building section may be removed from its assembled position, placed in a folded position, transported to a second location, mounted in an assembled position, with the sections fixed. Interior and exterior features may then be finished to complete the structure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A method of the invention includes, in one aspect, a method of construction of a structure. The method includes the steps of assembling a structure having sections, including at least structural supports, constructed for self-alignment. The sections may, in some embodiments, be rotatably attached to one another prior to assembly. The sections may have, in addition to structural parts, interior or exterior finish material, or both.
The structure may take a wide variety of forms. The structure includes walls and a roof of a building suitable for use as a residence, storage, industrial, commercial, office and similar uses. The structure may be an open roof structure, such as a stadium. The completed structure refers to a structure which is suitable for use. In a typical structure, a structure is completed when an exterior surface is substantially complete, and when interior surfaces are completed.
The sections of the structure provides structural support, bearing all or most of the load of the structure. The structural support may include beams. Beams may include elongated rigid bars of metal, wood or composite materials, but may be made of any material or combination of materials and may be of any shape. The structural support may be provided by concrete blocks, with or without metal or composite reinforcement, for example.
In some embodiments, rotatable connections are provided among at least some of the sections. The joints permit at least some rotation between adjacent sections. The joints may be of any construction, although preferred constructions are described.
Interior finish features include interior walls, of various materials, including drywall and wooden paneling, attached to the beams to define rooms. Interior wall surfaces may have finishes, such as paint or wallpaper. Interior wall surfaces may include openings for utilities, such as for electrical boxes for outlets and switches, openings for telephone, fiber optic and other types of communications wire and cable, and for water pipes for attachment of appliances.
Exterior finish surfaces will typically include a water-impermeable outer skin, of such materials as composites, aluminum, or treated or painted wood.
An exemplary method of the invention will now be explained, with reference to the figures.
Referring to
The first location may be a factory or other location for specialized assembly of structures and possibly other items. A variety of advantages may be obtained by use of factory assembly over assembly at a construction site. The factory may be located closer to sources of supply of inputs than the construction site. A factory offers better control over environmental conditions. Greater efficiencies in use of materials and in methods of fabrication and assembly of components may be obtained. The first location and second location may both be in the same country or economic area (e.g., the United States or the European Union). Shipment by ground transportation between the first and second location may be available. The first and second locations may be in different countries, but shipment by ground transportation, including truck and train, may be feasible. Truck transportation may include transport of trucks by ship for relatively short distances. The first and second locations may be on different continents, and wall section 100 may be transported by ship. Wall section 100 may be placed in a shipping container and shipped by one or more of water, rail and road.
Studs 104 are elongated rigid bars, which may be of metal, wood or composite materials. Studs 104 may be of the same material and dimensions as studs of conventional construction, or may be of suitable differing dimensions and materials. It will be appreciated that the rectangular cross-section may also be varied within the scope of the invention. Studs 104 may be of conventional size and materials. In this example, studs 104 are equally spaced from one another. Spacing may be the same as in conventional construction, or may be varied as appropriate depending on materials and load. Spacing is maintained in this embodiment by attachment of studs to exterior finish material, but may be maintained by intermediate studs, bars, rods or other rigid spacers, by sill plates, or any other appropriate manner.
Wall section 100 also has external finish features identified generally at 130. External finish features 130 include, in this example, exterior siding 116 and exterior sheathing 120. It will be appreciated that exterior finish features may vary. Exterior siding 116 and exterior sheathing 120 may be permanently attached to studs 104. External finish features may include any suitable weather resistant material, including aluminum panels, composite, wooden panels (clapboard), and other materials. Spaces between studs 104 may be filled with insulation 136, which may be fiberglass batting, foamed plastic panels, or any other suitable form of insulation.
Wall section 100 also preferably includes utility components. Utility components may include provision for various cables and pipes, such as such as electrical cables 141, hot water supply pipes 142, and cold water supply pipes 143. Other cables and pipes, such as fiber optic cables, may be provided. Optionally, cables and pipes may be incorporated in raceways. Electrical cables may include fixed sections and flexible end sections for adjustment and connection to electrical cables in adjacent wall panels. Similarly, water pipes may include rigid sections and flexible sections for attachment to pipes in adjacent sections. Electrical boxes 145 may be provided at suitable locations, such as on sides of one or more studs 104, and connected to electrical cables, as discussed above. The boxes may serve as suitable placement of switches and outlets. At edges of wall section 100, connectors may be provided at terminations of cables 141, 142. Pipes and wiring may be configured with flexible connectors, to connect to adjacent wall sections, and for final attachment to fixtures. Alternatively, pipes and wiring may be made of flexible materials. By use of flexible materials, pipes and wires may be connected through or installed in
Window 124 is shown in wall section 100. The exemplary construction is generally conventional, with jack studs, a reinforced header, and a bottom plate. It will be appreciated that wall sections may be provided with windows of differing configurations, with differing numbers of windows, and with doors in addition to or in place of windows.
Referring to
Depending on the needs of the particular application, wall section 100 may be the entire height of a story in a structure, or may be a fraction of the height. Multiple wall sections 100 may be joined by hinged joints to permit folding for transportation.
A floor/ceiling section will have generally the same construction as wall section 100. Floor ceiling section may have a plurality of parallel, rigid elongated beams providing structural strength. Beams may be made of the same materials as studs 104. Beams will typically be required to support greater loads than studs, and thus will be larger or heavier. Floor/ceiling sections may have finish surface, namely a floor surface, on one side thereof. Floor surface may be of conventional flooring construction, or otherwise. For example, floor surface may include a sheet of plywood, metal or composite attached to beams by nails or screws. Floor surface may include a finish surface such as carpeting or finished wood boards attached to the sheet.
A floor/ceiling section may have on an opposite side from floor surface a second finish surface, namely ceiling surface. Ceiling surface may be generally similar to the finish surfaces of wall section 100. Alternatively, ceiling surface may be of any material suitable for a ceiling surface of a structure.
Floor/ceiling section may have, as with wall section 100, utility components interior thereto. Such utility components may include cables, pipes, ducts and the like, and/or raceways for insertion of electrical and communications cabling, pipes and ducts, openings for electrical fixtures, openings for plumbing fixtures, raceways suitable for electrical cabling, communications cables, pipes and ducts. Floor/ceiling sections may have utility components, such as provisions for integrated utility functions, such as radiant floor heating.
The assembly of various wall sections and floor/ceiling sections into a structure segment will now be explained with reference to the exemplary structure segment shown as FIG. 3. Structure segment 300 is shown, for purposes of ease of viewing, in a partially unfolded configuration. However, structure segment 300 will ordinarily be in this orientation only during the process of assembly and of packing for shipping.
Structure segment 300 will be seen to include three floor/ceiling sections, designated here as 310, 311 and 312. The number of floor/ceiling sections in a structure segment may be selected as desired. The lowest of the floor/ceiling sections, 310, is rotatably attached at each end thereof to a wall section, designated here 320, 321. Wall sections 320, 321 are in turn connected by a rotating, sliding attachment to intermediate floor/ceiling section 311. The rotating sliding attachment permits both the orientation of wall sections 320, 321 to floor/ceiling section 310, to change, and the point of attachment on floor/ceiling section 311 to change.
Floor ceiling section 311 has, in this example, two wall sections 324, 325 rotatably attached at each end and orientated upward, to form walls for a second story of a structure. Floor/ceiling section 311 also has rotatably attached thereto, intermediate its two ends, wall section 326. Wall section 326 is an interior wall section. Preferably, wall section 326 has been provided with interior finish surfaces, such as painted or unpainted drywall, or wooden paneling, prior to attachment. Wall sections 324, 325, 326 all have rotating/sliding attachments to a top floor/ceiling section 312.
Referring to
The assembly of an exemplary building segment 300 will now be explained. Referring to
Building segments may be of differing width depending on available transportation. For example, if transportation by road with oversize load designation is available, then, in the United States, the building segments may be significantly wider, such as up to 15 feet in width, and more than 15 feet in width, depending upon the route.
It will be seen, as in
Building segment 300 is moved to an assembled position, generally by lifting either on the upper portions only, or by lifting both the intermediate and top floor/ceiling sections. A variety of techniques may be employed, including cables tied to floor/ceiling sections and lifted by a crane, a scissors lift, as explained below, a fork lift engaging slots on the studs of the floor or ceiling sections, a system of driven cables, and other techniques.
Building segment 300 may have additional panels added for a complete building. By way of example, referring to
Any additional interior and exterior finish items may be attached at the test location after locking of the hinged connections. Such finish items may include trim and moldings, external features, such as decks and balconies, and internal features, such as cabinets and counters. Electrical outlets, switches and devices may be connected to wiring, and cables may be connected among sections. Other cables, pipes and fixtures may be connected. All of the foregoing connections are preferably fully reversible, making use of reversible electrical connectors for electrical connections, and other reversible connectors.
The structure is then inspected for compliance with design specifications. Any errors in the manufacturing process that result in a failure of components to fit properly can be identified in such inspection and corrected. Replacement components can be obtained, or components altered for proper fit, or to correct other failures to comply with specifications. Inspections required to meet local building codes can be carried out. Code violations can be communicated by inspectors, and appropriate changes made to meet code can be made. If structures meet code, appropriate approvals or certificates can be issued at this time.
The above process is then reversed, and the structure disassembled and placed in its folded position for shipping.
An exemplary structure segment 1000 is shown in
Upon delivery in a shipping container, the structure is removed from the shipping container, such as by crane, and positioned on a foundation. The structure is raised, such as by a crane located on the site. The procedure described above for unfolding to an extended position, insertion of additional components and securing the structure is followed. Several building segments may be placed adjacent one another and connected together to form a single building. Final finish work, including closing seams around connections and joints between building structures, and application of final surface treatments, such as painting, may be completed.
An example is shown in
It will also be appreciated that the individual wall and floor/ceiling sections may be manufactured without provision for hinged connections. When the parts are assembled, they may be removably assembled together by reversible connections, such as various types of engineered locking devices, ties or screws. After testing, the connections are loosened, and the individual parts are packed for shipment. The parts may be packed in a container, similar to the discussion above. The parts may be loaded on suitable pallets or trailers, if desired. When the parts are delivered for final assembly, the parts are successively permanently attached to foundations and then to one another. The respective parts may be provided with features, such as mating protrusions and recesses, that will cause adjacent parts to be self-aligning. This variation still results in substantial cost savings upon assembly.
In
Lowest floor section 1405, in this example, has three wall sections 1410, 1415, 1420 rotatably attached thereto. Wall section 1410 has lower portion 1411 rotatably attached to floor section 1405, at one end of floor section 1405, and to upper portion 1412. Wall section 1415 has lower portion 1416 rotatably attached to floor section 1405, at a point intermediate between the ends of floor section 1405, and in this example at the center of floor section 1405. Lower portion 1416 is rotatably attached to upper wall portion 1418. Wall section 1420 has lower wall portion 1422 rotatably attached to an end of bottom floor section 1405, and rotatably attached to upper wall portion 1424. Each upper wall portion 1412, 1418, 1424 is rotatably attached at its upper end to central floor/ceiling section 1430. Floor/ceiling section 1430 is in turn attached to wall sections 1435, 1440, 1445, which each have upper and lower wall portions rotatably attached to one another. While wall sections 1440 and 1415 are disposed in vertical alignment with one another, this configuration may be changed as appropriate for the design of the interior walls of the structure.
The upper portions of wall sections 1435, 1440, 1445 are rotatably attached to upper ceiling section 1450. Roof supports 1460, 1465 are rotatably attached to upper ceiling section 1450. Each roof support 1460, 1465 has a lower roof support portion, 1462, 1467, and an upper roof support portion, 1464, 1469, rotatably attached to the respective lower roof support portion. The upper portion is in turn rotatably attached to the roof 1470. Roof 1470 here is pitched, with two sections 1473, 1475, attached by a hinged or rotating connection. Roof 1470 has notches at 1472 and 1474, to facilitate engagement with upper ceiling section 1450.
Additional details of a connector useful in the design of
Each rod 1660, 1680 may be rotatably attached to sleeve 1640, such as by a pin 1642 securely mounted in a wall of sleeve 1640 and inserted through a bore in a first end of rod 1660. Each rod 1660, 1680 may be rotatably and slidably attached at a second end to sleeve 1620, such as by a pin 1622 securely mounted in a wall of sleeve 1620 and riding in elongated slot 1664 at a second end of rod 1660. Identical hardware may be provided for rod 1680.
A lower edge of sleeve 1620 is formed to securely engage and register with an upper edge of sleeve 1640. In addition, suitably positioned bores may be provided in sleeves 1620, 1640, to permit insertion of one or more pins to fix the positions of upper and lower wall sections. In the disclosed embodiment, sleeve 1620 has extended legs 1623, 1624 along a lower portion thereof. Mating notches are in an upper edge of sleeve 1640 at 1643, 1644. It will be appreciated that the configuration of the mating surfaces may be altered. The forward wall and forward portions of the side wall of sleeve 1620 are extended, and the side wall extensions have bores therethrough. Side walls of sleeve 1640 have tabs thereon having bores therethrough, which align with bores in side wall extensions of sleeve 1640 to accommodate a pin for locking of sleeves 1620, 1640.
It will be appreciated that a similar connector may be employed for connections between a wall section and a bottom floor section, or between a wall section and a roof section or top ceiling section. In this embodiment, one of the sleeves would be oriented, when in the locked position, to receive a stud orthogonal to the stud received by the other sleeve.
Referring to
The lower edge of sleeve 2010 and the upper edge of center sleeve 220 are formed to assist in engaging the sleeves with one another. The configuration of the lower edge of sleeve 2010 may be the same as the configuration shown on the lower edge of sleeve 1620 in
Referring to
The lower edge of sleeves 2110, 2120 and the upper edge of sleeves 2120, 2130 are formed to assist in engaging the sleeves with one another. Tabs, as at 2022, may be provided with mating bores that align with corresponding bores in the body of the sleeve, to permit locking of the sleeves, and hence of the sections.
As noted, the sleeves have mating upper and lower edges, respectively, to maintain the respective wall sections in contact and not movable relative to one another when the weight of an upper wall section, and the other structures bearing on upper wall section, is transferred to lower wall section.
Referring to
In the alternative embodiment shown in
Roof assembly 450 includes rotatably attached roof sections 452, 454, which are rotatably attached to a ceiling section 440. Roof cap 456 engages interior ends of roof sections 452, 454, to maintain them at a selected orientation relative to ceiling section 440. Interior ends of roof sections 452, 454, are configured and dimensioned to engage with corresponding surfaces in roof cap 456. Roof assembly side wall 458 is rotatably attached to ceiling section 440. Dormer 460 includes a dormer roof 462, end wall 464, and side walls 466.
Referring to
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Referring to
It will be appreciated that other configurations of dormers, roofs and side walls may be employed. For simplicity of illustration, windows and doors have not been shown in the above illustration.
A structure and method according to the invention may involve a removable wall section, such as an interior partition wall. Referring to
A variety of devices and methods may be employed for lifting and lowering components of the structure of the invention. In
Referring to
A wide variety of variations in the materials and configurations of a structure and method of the invention are within the scope of the invention. For example, any suitable materials may be employed. Suitable engineered materials may be employed for structural members, by way of example. The number of stories of a structure may be selected depending on the weight to be borne and the properties of the structural members, and structures of more than two stories are possible. The dimensions of sections of structures may be varied as appropriate to suit differing cargo containers and vehicles. The structures of wall and ceiling sections may be any suitable structures, and are not limited to the use of studs and joists for structural strength. Finish surfaces, utilities, and the like, may be applied at a factory location, or may be added at the assembly location. Rotatable and sliding connections may be employed, or various self-aligning features, may be employed to assist with the proper alignment of sections that are not connected. The types of rotatable connections may vary. The methods used to unfold the parts may vary widely, including the use of fork lifts, cranes, driven pulleys, lifts, and other mechanisms.
Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Rather, the appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the invention, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents of the invention.
Claims
1. A method of manufacture and assembly of a structure, comprising the steps of:
- providing a plurality of structure sections having structural supports, said sections having predefined mechanical connections with one another;
- placing the structure sections in a compact shipping orientation at a first location;
- transporting the structure sections to a second location,
- removing said structure sections from said shipping orientation to an assembled position in accordance with said predefined mechanical connections, and fixing the relative orientations of said sections, at a second location; and
- completing internal and external finish features, whereby the structure is completed.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of providing a second structure section, positioning said second structure section adjacent to said structure section at said second location, unfolding said second structure section, and joining said structure sections to form a building.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least two of said structure sections are rotatably connected.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein, prior to said step of placing, internal and external finish features have been applied on at least one of said structure sections.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said structure sections have utility components therein.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said utility components comprise cables.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said utility components comprise pipes.
8. A prefabricated structure, comprising:
- a plurality of structure sections, each of said structure sections comprising structural supports, said sections being adapted for self-alignment to one another.
9. The structure of claim 8, wherein at least two of said sections are rotatably attached to one another.
10. The structure of claim 9, wherein a first one of said sections is a first floor/ceiling section, and a second one of said sections is a first wall section rotatably attached to said first floor/ceiling section, said structure further comprising a second wall section rotatably attached to said first floor/ceiling section, and a second floor/ceiling section rotatably and slidably attached to said first and second wall sections.
11. The structure of claim 10, wherein said first and second wall sections have an open and a closed orientation relative to said second floor/ceiling section.
12. The structure of claim 10, further comprising a plurality of first arms rotatably attached at one end thereof to said first wall section, said first arms each having an wheel on an opposite end thereof, said wheels riding on tracks defined in said second floor/ceiling section.
13. The structure of claim 12, wherein each of said first arms is attached to one of said structural supports of said first wall section.
14. The structure of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of second arms rotatably attached at one end to said second wall section, said second arms each having a wheel on an opposite end thereof, said wheels riding on said tracks defined in said second floor/ceiling section.
15. The structure of claim 9, wherein a first one of said sections is a first floor/ceiling section, and a second one of said sections is a second floor/ceiling section, said structure further comprising a first wall section comprising a first upper wall portion and a first lower wall portion, and a second wall section comprising a second upper wall portion and a second lower wall portion, said first lower wall portion being rotatably attached to said first floor/ceiling section and to said first upper wall portion; said first upper wall portion being rotatably attached to said second floor/ceiling section; said second lower wall portion being rotatably attached to said first floor/ceiling section and to said second upper wall portion; said second upper wall portion being rotatably attached to said second floor/ceiling section.
16. A segment of a prefabricated structure, comprising a first floor/ceiling section, first and second wall sections attached to said first floor/ceiling section, a second floor/ceiling section attached to said first and second wall sections, third and fourth wall sections attached to said second floor/ceiling section, and a third floor/ceiling section, attached to said third and fourth wall sections, said segment being configurable in a shipping position to fit within a standard shipping container.
17. The segment of claim 16, wherein said segment is configurable in an assembled position to define first and second stories of a structure for human occupancy.
18. The segment of claim 16, wherein each of said section is rotatably attached to at least one of said sections.
19. A section of a building, comprising structural supports, a first finish surface, and self-aligning means for attaching to a second building section.
20. The building section of claim 19, wherein said self-aligning attachment means comprises means for rotatably attaching to a second building section.
21. The building section of claim 19, further comprising a second finish surface, utility lines intermediate said first and second finish surfaces, and flexible connectors to said utility lines.
Type: Application
Filed: Mar 12, 2004
Publication Date: Sep 29, 2005
Inventors: Brian Foucher (Harrisville, NH), Tony Collins (St. Thomas, VI)
Application Number: 10/799,235