Working medium supply control system in heat exchanger
A working medium supply controller in heat exchanger comprising means (M1) for predicting a reference supply amount (Gsteam_set) of working medium in the future based on the detection values of heating medium measuring sensors (S1, S2) and working medium measuring sensors (S3, S4), means (M2) for calculating variation in the quantity of heat (Qmas) of a heat exchanger tube per unit time, means (M3) for calculating a correction supply amount (dGsteam) of the working medium based on the variation in the quantity of heat (Qmas) calculated by the means (M2) for calculating variation in the quantity of heat, and means (M4) for calculating a target supply amount (dGsteam_target) of the working medium based on the reference supply (Gsteam_set) calculated by the means (M1) for predicting a reference supply and the correction supply amount (dGsteam) calculated by the means (M3) for calculating a correction supply amount. Thermal energy recovery efficiency of heating medium can be maximized by minimizing heat mass loss in the heat exchanger tube of the heat exchanger during a transient period where thermal energy of heating medium varies.
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The present invention relates to a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube.
BACKGROUND ARTJapanese Utility Model Registration Publication No. 2-38162 describes an arrangement in which the temperature of steam generated by a waste heat once-through boiler employing as a heat source exhaust gas of an engine rotating at a constant speed is compared with a target steam temperature, and the rate of water supplied to the waste heat once-through boiler is feedback controlled so that the temperature of the steam coincides with the target steam temperature, wherein the control precision is improved by compensating for variations in the load of the engine by adding to a feedback signal a feedforward signal calculated on the basis of the steam pressure at the outlet of the waste heat once-through boiler.
In general, in an evaporator for generating steam by heating water with the exhaust gas of an engine, not only is the engine exhaust gas cooled by an exhaust valve seat, an exhaust valve, an exhaust port, etc. while flowing to the evaporator, but also, since the flow rate of the exhaust gas is small in a low load running region of the engine, there is a large decrease in the temperature of the exhaust gas.
In an evaporator that carries out heat exchange between exhaust gas and water, the larger the difference in temperature between high temperature exhaust gas and low temperature steam (water), the higher the heat exchange efficiency. A heat exchange energy Q of the heat exchanger can be expressed by
Q=Apip×K×(Tgas−Tsteam)
where the heat transfer area of the heat exchanger is Apip, the heat flow-through rate is K, the exhaust gas temperature is Tgas, and the steam (water) temperature is Tsteam. It is not desirable to increase the heat transfer area Apip in order to increase the heat exchange energy Q, since the dimensions of the evaporator increase, and it is necessary to increase the flow rate of the exhaust gas in order to increase the heat flow-through rate K, thus causing the problem that back pressure due to pressure loss is increased and the engine performance is degraded.
On the other hand, in an expander that is operated by steam generated in an evaporator, in principle, the higher the enthalpy of steam at an inlet of the expander, the higher the efficiency, but in reality, because of heat dissipation to walls of the expander and leakage of the steam, the smaller the rate of steam supplied, the greater the influence of the loss. The solid lines in
The above-mentioned arrangement described in Japanese Utility Model Registration Publication No. 2-38162 has as an object making the steam temperature coincide precisely with the target steam temperature, and does not have as an object reducing thermal mass loss occurring in the heat transfer tube of the waste heat once-through boiler.
For example, if control is carried out to increase the target temperature for steam generated in the evaporator in response to an increase in the temperature of the exhaust gas when a vehicle is being accelerated, that is, when the vehicle is in a transition period from the engine being at low load to the engine being at high load, since in the above transition period there is a time lag of a few seconds to around ten seconds between the load of the engine becoming high and the temperature of the exhaust gas increasing because of the influence of the thermal mass of an exhaust passage and the thermal mass of the evaporator, there is a time lag of a few tens of seconds in the temperature of the steam generated when the temperature of the evaporator heat transfer tube increases reaching the target temperature.
When taking into consideration actual travel of the vehicle, the length of the transition period for the change in output of the engine is often on the order of a few seconds; even if the target steam temperature is changed in response to a change in the exhaust gas temperature in order to obtain maximum efficiency of the evaporator under steady running conditions of the engine, a thermal mass loss occurs in the transition period, and there is the problem that the thermal energy of the exhaust gas cannot be recovered effectively.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTIONThe present invention has been carried out under the above-mentioned circumstances, and it is an object thereof to maximize the efficiency of recovery of thermal energy of a heat medium by minimizing the thermal mass loss in a heat transfer tube of a heat exchanger in a transition period in which the thermal energy of the heat medium changes.
In order to attain this object, in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is proposed a working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube, the system including a heat medium measurement sensor for detecting the temperature, the pressure, and the mass flow rate of the heat medium; a working medium measurement sensor for detecting the temperature, the pressure, and the mass flow rate of the working medium; reference supply rate prediction means for predicting a future working medium reference supply rate on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor; heat quantity change calculation means for calculating a heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube; supply rate correction calculation means for calculating a working medium supply rate correction on the basis of the heat quantity change calculated by the heat quantity change calculation means; and target supply rate calculation means for calculating a target working medium supply rate on the basis of the reference supply rate predicted by the reference supply rate prediction means and the supply rate correction calculated by the supply rate correction calculation means.
In accordance with this arrangement, since the target working medium supply rate is calculated by correcting the future working medium reference supply rate predicted on the basis of the values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor using the supply rate correction calculated on the basis of the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube, it is possible to minimize the thermal mass loss occurring in the heat transfer tube even when the thermal energy of the heat medium changes transiently.
Furthermore, in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the first aspect, there is proposed the working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger, wherein the heat quantity change calculation means calculates the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor.
In accordance with this arrangement, since the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube is detected on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor, it is possible to precisely detect the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube.
Moreover, in accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, in addition to the first aspect, there is proposed the working medium supply control system, wherein the system further includes a heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor for measuring a temperature distribution of the heat transfer tube, and the heat quantity change calculation means calculates the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube on the basis of a value detected by the heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor.
In accordance with this arrangement, since the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube is detected on the basis of the value detected by the heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor, it is possible to precisely detect the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube.
Furthermore, in accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, in addition to any one of the first to the third aspects, there is proposed the working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger, wherein the heat medium is an engine exhaust gas.
In accordance with this arrangement, since the engine exhaust gas is utilized as the heat medium, it is possible to operate the heat exchanger by utilizing the waste heat of the engine effectively.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
An embodiment of the present invention is explained below with reference to the attached drawings.
As shown in
An exhaust gas inlet measurement sensor S1 provided on the exhaust manifold 11 on the evaporator 12 inlet side detects an exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in, an exhaust gas inlet pressure Pgas_in, and an exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas. An exhaust gas outlet measurement sensor S2 provided on the exhaust pipe 13 on the evaporator 12 outlet side detects an exhaust gas outlet temperature Tgas-out and an exhaust gas outlet pressure Pgas_out. The exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas can be calculated using an indicated value for the amount of fuel supplied and an indicated value for the air/fuel ratio or can be calculated using an indicated value for the amount of fuel supplied and a measurement value for the mass flow rate of the amount of air taken in.
A water inlet measurement sensor S3 provided at a water inlet of the evaporator 12 detects a water inlet temperature Tsteam_in, a water inlet pressure Psteam_in, and a water mass flow rate Gsteam. A steam outlet measurement sensor S4 provided at a steam outlet of the evaporator 12 detects a steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out and a steam outlet pressure Psteam_out. The water mass flow rate Gsteam can be calculated using the pressure of water supplied from the water supply unit 16 or the degree of opening of a flow rate control valve, or can also be measured directly using a flow meter. A heat transfer tube measurement unit S5 detects a heat transfer tube temperature Ti of each of a plurality of elements forming the heat transfer tube 17.
A water supply control system U, into which are input the exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in, the exhaust gas inlet pressure Pgas_in, the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas, the exhaust gas outlet temperature Tgas_out, the exhaust gas outlet pressure Pgas_out, the water inlet temperature Tsteam_in, the water inlet pressure Psteam_in, the water mass flow rate Gsteam, the steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out, the steam outlet pressure Psteam_out, and the heat transfer tube temperature Ti, controls the rate of water supplied to the evaporator 12 via the water supply unit 16.
In the present invention, while taking into consideration the temperature distribution (that is, the heat transfer tube temperatures Ti) of the heat transfer tube 17 of the evaporator 12, an appropriate water supply rate is set according to changes in the running conditions of the engine E, thereby reducing the thermal mass loss of the evaporator 12. The principle thereof is explained below with reference to
During this process, on the exhaust gas inlet side of point a there is a relatively large increase in the temperature of the heat transfer tube 17 from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, and on the exhaust gas outlet side of point a the temperature of the heat transfer tube 17 hardly changes from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, thus generating a thermal mass loss shown by the hatched area. That is, in the transition period the thermal energy of the exhaust gas is used for increasing the temperature of the heat transfer tube 17 on the exhaust gas inlet side of point a, and is not used for increasing the steam temperature, thus causing the thermal mass loss.
This is explained further with reference to
In contrast, in the present invention shown in
This is explained further with reference to
As shown in the diagram of the Claims of
Details of the control, by the water supply control system U, of the rate of water supplied to the evaporator 12 are now explained with reference to flow charts of
Firstly in step ST1, data at time n are measured by each of the sensors S1 to S4 (excluding the heat transfer tube measurement unit S5), and in the subsequent step ST2 enthalpies Hgas_in, Hsteam_in, Hgas_out, and Hsteam_out of the exhaust gas and the water (steam) are calculated in order to determine the heat quantity changes per unit time Qgas and Qsteam of the exhaust gas and the water (steam).
That is, the enthalpy Hgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Pgas_in and the temperature Tgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of the evaporator 12, the enthalpy Hsteam_in of the water at the inlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Psteam_in and the temperature Tsteam_in of the water at the inlet of the evaporator 12, the enthalpy Hgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Pgas_out and the temperature Tgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of the evaporator 12, and the enthalpy Hsteam_out of the water at the outlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Psteam_out and the temperature Tsteam_out of the water at the outlet of the evaporator 12.
The heat quantity change per unit time Qgas of the exhaust gas is calculated from
Qgas=Ggas×(Hgas_in−Hgas_out)
using the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas, the enthalpy Hgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of the evaporator 12, and the enthalpy Hgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of the evaporator 12. Furthermore, the heat quantity change per unit time Qsteam of the water (steam) is calculated from
Qsteam=Gsteam×(Hsteam_in−Hsteam_out)
using the water mass flow rate Gsteam, the enthalpy Hsteam_in of the water at the inlet of the evaporator 12, and the enthalpy Hsteam_out of the water at the outlet of the evaporator 12.
The heat quantity change per unit time Qgas of the exhaust gas and the heat quantity change per unit time Qsteam of the water (steam) calculated above in principle satisfy Qgas=heat quantity change Qsteam, but in reality because of heat dissipation loss within the evaporator 12, in step ST3 a heat exchange efficiency η in a steady state is looked up in a map using the exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in and the steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out, and a correction is carried out using this heat exchange efficiency η. The heat exchange efficiency η satisfies the following equation in the steady state.
Qgas×η=Qsteam
In the subsequent step ST4, a heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 is calculated from
Qmas=Qgas×η−Qsteam
and in step ST5 the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 is determined.
The direct method for calculating the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 is now explained.
Firstly, in step ST1, a temperature Ti of each section of the heat transfer tube 17 at time n is measured by the heat transfer tube measurement unit S5, and then in step ST6 the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 is calculated from
Qmas=ΣMi×Cpi×{Ti(n)−Ti(n−1)}/dt.
Here, Mi denotes a mass of element i of the divided heat transfer tube 17, Cpi denotes a specific heat of element i of the divided heat transfer tube 17, Ti(n) denotes a temperature of element i at time n, Ti(n−1) denotes a temperature of element i at time n−1, and dt is the time elapsed between time n and time n−1. The symbol Σ denotes the summation of Mi×Cpi×{Ti(n)−Ti(n−1)}/dt for all elements i.
After the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 is determined by the indirect or direct method, in step ST7 the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 is multiplied by a gain GAIN to calculate a water supply rate correction dGsteam from
dGsteam=Qmas×GAIN.
In the subsequent step ST8, an exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas_n+1 at time n+1 is predicted on the basis of data at time n. That is, as shown in
In step ST10, the target water supply rate Gsteam_target is calculated from
Gsteam_target=Gsteam_set+dGsteam
using the reference water supply rate Gsteam_set and the water supply rate correction dGsteam, and the rate of water supplied to the evaporator 12 is controlled on the basis of the target water supply rate Gsteam_target.
Graphs of
In
As shown in
On the other hand, graphs of
As shown in
Although an embodiment of the present invention is explained in detail above, the present invention can be modified in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
For example, in the embodiment a transition period in which the load of the engine E increases is explained, but the same operational effect can be obtained in a transition period in which the load of the engine E decreases.
Furthermore, in the embodiment water (steam) is illustrated as the working medium, but any working medium can be employed.
Moreover, in the embodiment the exhaust gas of the engine E is illustrated as the heat medium, but any heat medium can be employed.
Furthermore, in the embodiment the heat exchanger is exemplified by the evaporator 12, but the present invention is also applicable to a heat exchanger other than the evaporator 12.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITYAs hereinbefore described, although the present invention can be suitably applied to a heat exchanger for a Rankine cycle system that converts thermal energy of engine exhaust gas into mechanical energy, the present invention can also be applied to a heat exchanger for any purpose.
Claims
1. A working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube (17), the system comprising:
- a heat medium measurement sensor (S1, S2) for detecting the temperature (Tgas_in, Tgas_out), the pressure (Pgas_in, Pgas_out), and the mass flow rate (Ggas) of the heat medium;
- a working medium measurement sensor (S3, S4) for detecting the temperature (Tsteam_in, Tsteam_out), the pressure (Psteam_in, Psteam_out), and the mass flow rate (Gsteam) of the working medium;
- reference supply rate prediction means (M1) for predicting a future working medium reference supply rate (Gsteam_set) on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor (S1, S2) and the working medium measurement sensor (S3, S4);
- heat quantity change calculation means (M2) for calculating a heat quantity change per unit time (Qmas) of the heat transfer tube (17);
- supply rate correction calculation means (M3) for calculating a working medium supply rate correction (dGsteam) on the basis of the heat quantity change (Qmas) calculated by the heat quantity change calculation means (M2); and
- target supply rate calculation means (M4) for calculating a target working medium supply rate (Gsteam_target) on the basis of the reference supply rate (Gsteam_set) predicted by the reference supply rate prediction means (M1) and the supply rate correction (dGsteam) calculated by the supply rate correction calculation means (M3).
2. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the heat quantity change calculation means (M2) calculates the heat quantity change per unit time (Qmas) of the heat transfer tube (17) on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor (S1, S2) and the working medium measurement sensor (S3, S4).
3. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor (S5) for measuring a temperature distribution of the heat transfer tube (17), and the heat quantity change calculation means (M2) calculates the heat quantity change per unit time (Qmas) of the heat transfer tube (17) on the basis of a value detected by the heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor (S5).
4. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 1, wherein the heat medium is exhaust gas of an engine (E).
5. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 2, wherein the heat medium is exhaust gas of an engine (E).
6. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according claim 3, wherein the heat medium is exhaust gas of an engine (E).
Type: Application
Filed: Aug 9, 2002
Publication Date: Jun 1, 2006
Applicant: Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo)
Inventor: Tsuyoshi Baba (Wako-shi)
Application Number: 10/524,011
International Classification: F01N 5/02 (20060101); F01N 3/02 (20060101);