Pre-heating contiguous in-line water heater
An improved pre-heating, contiguous in-line water heater is described. The in-line water heater utilizes a passive heating means to passively heat at least a portion of the input water received by the in-line water heater. The result is a more cost efficient water heater. The in-line water heater is integrated with a means for control to receive input from at least one sensor and to regulate the operation of the in-line water heater.
The instant application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/365,072, filed Feb. 12, 2003, U.S. provisional application Nos. 60/526,352 and 60/526,333, both filed on Dec. 2, 2003. The instant disclosure generally concerns water heaters. Specifically, the instant disclosure concerns pre-heating, in-line water heaters.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE BackgroundIn-line water heaters (sometimes referred to as on-demand water heaters) are designed to heat a continuous supply of input water only when hot water is demanded by a user. This is in contrast to typical storage tank water heaters which keep, on the average, 30-70 gallons of water heated and ready for use 24 hours a day. Opening a hot water faucet triggers one or more heating units (typically, either electric or gas) to heat the water as it flows through the in-line water heater. The water takes a circuitous path through tubing in the in-line water heater so the heating units of the in-line heater have an opportunity to heat the water sufficiently. With in-line water heaters, there is never a shortage of hot water since there is never a tank to deplete. In addition, since there is no tank to heat continuously, there is a significant energy savings.
A conventional in-line water heater comprises a water input to allow water from the plumbing system to enter the water heater, a water output to distribute hot water for use, and a series of transit channels, or heating chambers, to direct the water through the in-line water heater. In many cases, these heating chambers are arranged in a baffle like arrangement which requires the water to travel an extended distance in the in-line water heater. These systems also comprise a means for flow detection which is triggered when hot water is demanded from the system. The means for flow detection may be a device known in the art or one described herein. The flow detection device may be linked to a control circuit or means for control. The flow detection device signals the means for control that water is flowing through the system. The means for control then triggers one or more heating units (typically, either electric or gas) to heat the water as it flows through the in-line water heater.
In many cases the means for flow detection and the means for control form an energy saving device, limiting the heating of water to times when water is flowing through the system. A number of flow detection devices have been described. They include pressure responsive controllers, mechanical distributing systems responsive to differences in pressure, or complex electromagnetic devices. However, the art is lacking a simple, economical flow detection device that is specifically designed for use with liquid handling systems, such as water heaters.
The present disclosure describes an in-line water heater comprising one or more of several unique elements which result in a more efficient water heater than was heretofore appreciated in the field.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The present disclosure describes a pre-heating, contiguous in-line water heater. The in-line water heater described comprises a number of unique components (each of which may be used alone or in various combinations), such as, but not limited to, a passive heating means, an improved flow detection device and an improved power transformer unit. A means for control for controlling the in-line water heater and encasement for the in-line water heater are also described.
In-Line Water HeaterAs with conventional water heaters, cold water is fed into the in-line water heater (input water) heated as it travels through the in-line water heater. The in-line water heater described herein has several embodiments. The in-line water heater is described as being used with water, however, it should be understood that the in-line water heater can be used with other liquids as well, if desired. The embodiments described below are given for the purpose of example only such that one of ordinary skill in the art may understand the scope and content of the disclosure and is not meant to preclude other embodiments from the scope of the disclosure.
So that one of ordinary skill in the art may understand the workings of in-line water heater 1, reference is made to the specific embodiments illustrated in the figures. As shown in
One or more of the transit channels may contain a heating element 18 as shown in
The number of heating elements 18 and or transit channels used will depend on the volume of water to be heated by the in-line water heater 1. Referring to the embodiment illustrated in
In commercial applications, each of the transit channels 11-14 may contain a eating element 18. Other factors that may influence the number of heating elements and/or transit channels to be incorporated include the climate of the area where the in-line water heater 1 is used. In temperate climates, three or fewer heating elements may be incorporated into the in-line water heater for use in a residential setting. In colder climates, four heating elements may be required to provide sufficient quantities of hot water. In addition, more transit channels could be incorporated into the in-line water heater 1 and used with or without heating elements 18. The size of the structure may also influence the number of heating elements used and/or the number of transit channels used. For larger structures, more heating elements and/or transit channels may be used as discussed above. Furthermore, the desired output temperature of the water may also influence the number of heating elements and transit channels used. Alternatively, more than one in-line water heater may be used to generate additional quantities of hot water.
An alternate embodiment of the in-line water heater 1 is shown in
Referring to
An additional alternate embodiment of the in-line water heater 1 is described below and shown in
The in-line water heater may further comprise certain accessory elements, such as, but not limited to, connecting means for standard electrical connections for use with residential housing and commercial structures, various sensors, monitoring devices and a means for control. In one embodiment, the connecting means and means for control are contained in a top cap 4, a bottom cap 6 or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the top cap 4 contains the connecting means and the means for control and is divided into two sections, one containing the connecting means (i.e electrical connections) and one containing the means for control. The means for control may be in communication with the various sensors and monitoring devices as disclosed below. The bottom cap 6 functions to contain certain regulatory and sensing devices and to cover the bottom of the in-line water heater 1. The bottom cap 6 may have openings therein to receive the cold water input 8 and the hot water output 10. In addition, the bottom cap 6 may comprise a drain 24. The bottom of bottom cap 6 may be concave to allow the collection and drainage of water that may escape from the in-line water heater 1. As discussed below, the leak detecting means 22 may be placed near the drain 24.
The top cap 4 and bottom cap 6 are adapted with an engagement means to securely and reversible engage the body 2. The engagement means may employ a snap/friction fit, one or more hinges, the use of complementary male and female threads on the top cap 4 and/or bottom cap 6 and the body 2, a combination of the above, or other commonly used means. In addition, there may be a gasket or other sealing means to separate the contents of the top cap 4 from the body 2. Since the top 4 and bottom 6 caps are removable, the system may be easily accessed for maintenance and repair. For example, if the means for control indicated that a heating element is not functioning properly (either by a visual alarm, an audible alarm or both as discussed below), the top cap 4 may be removed. The LED display would indicate which heating element was not functioning correctly. The suspect heating element could then be removed by simply unscrewing the heating element and replacing the heating element with a new one if required.
In an alternate embodiment, the accessory elements, such as, but not limited to, connecting means for standard electrical connections for use with residential housing and commercial structures, various sensors, monitoring devices and a means for control may be separated from the in-line water heater 1. As illustrated in
Panel 156 covers and further isolate the contents of section 162. Panel 156 may have openings to receive the visual display 172, the inputs 17 and connecting means 174. Cover 154 covers both section 160 and section 162 and allows easy access to the components of each section.
Means for Control
The means for control comprises electronics monitoring and regulating components. The connecting means are electrical connections are those that are commonly used in the field and are well know to those of skill in the art. The means for control also comprises standard components, the operation and arrangement of which are well known to those of skill in the art. The means for control is in communication with the various sensors and monitoring devices described below and is also in communication with the heating elements. The means for control may contain a processing unit with sufficient memory and capacity to execute the functions described.
The means for control is capable of performing a number of self-monitoring and self-regulating functions regarding the in-line water heater. These functions include, but are not limited to: 1) monitoring the temperature of the input water as it travels through the in-line water heater; 2) monitoring the heating elements to determine which elements are in use at a given time; 3) providing an input means to set the temperature of the input water to a desired level (referred to as the “set temperature”); 4) determining how many of the heating elements are required to heat the input water to the set temperature and controlling the activation of said heating elements to achieve such heating; 5) monitoring the heating elements to determine which elements are functioning properly; 6) monitoring the system for free water, such as may occur from leaks; 7) monitoring the flow of input water through the system and activating at least one heating element when a flow is detected; 8) alerting the user when the in-line water heater is not functioning within a first set of parameters, such as detection of a leak, detection of a heating element that is not functioning properly, detection of a blockage in the transit channels and detection of an inability to heat said input water to the set temperature; and 9) providing the user of a visual display of a second set of parameter, such as the set temperature, the presence of a leak, the status of each of the heating elements, the current temperature of the input and/or output water and whether the in-line water heater is currently being supplied with power. Other functions that are used in water heaters as are currently known in the art may also be incorporated into the means for control.
The visual display may be any means to visually inform the user of a desired aspect of the in-line water heater. For example, the visual display may be a LED display. The LED display may give the information in any convenient format. For example, the LED display may give the set temperature in a numeric readout and inform the user regarding the status of the heating elements through the use of individual display elements representing each heating element in the in-line water heater. If a heating element was in operation, a display element may be illuminated, or illuminated in a first color. If the heating element is not operating correctly, the display element may be illuminated in a second color. Such display element may simply be a circular LED, or may be graphical in nature.
In addition to a visual display, the in-line water heater may comprise an alarm to alert the user when the in-line water heater is not functioning within established parameters, such as when a leak is detected, when a heating element is not functioning properly, when a block is detected in the transit channels or when the heating elements in operation cannot supply input water at the set temperature for sustained periods of time. For example, if the in-line water heater is not able to generate water meeting the set temperature requirement, an alarm may be generated. In addition, an alarm may be generated when one of the heating elements fails to function properly. Any aspect of the functioning of the means for control may be linked to an alarm. The methods for linking such functions to an alarm are known to those of skill in the art. The alarm may be an audible alarm, a visual alarm or a combination of a audible alarm or a visual alarm.
Flow Detection
The means for control may receive signals from a means for flow detection. The means for flow detection is in fluid communication with the water input into the in-line water heater. The means for flow detection may be a flow detector. The flow detector may be any such detector that is known in the art. In one embodiment, the flow detector comprises the unique design disclosed below. The integration of flow detectors as described is within the ordinary skill in the art. The means for flow detection would signal the means for control when water was flowing thought the in-line water heater. The signal would cause the means for control to activate a sufficient number of heating elements in order to heat the input water to the set temperature. In some cases all of the heating elements may be activated and in some cases less than all of the heating elements may be activated. Location of the flow detecting means may be any position where the flow detecting means has access to determine the flow of water through the system. In one embodiment, the flow detecting means is located in conjunction with cold water input 8. In an alternate embodiment, the flow detecting means is located in conjunction with hot water output pipe 10. In other embodiments, the flow detecting means may be placed inside or in conjunction with transit tubes (such as transit tubes 11-14 in
One embodiment of the means for flow detection is the flow detector illustrated in FIGS. 10A-C. The flow detector is labeled generally as 200. The flow detection device 200 may be placed in any one or more of the transit tubes of the in-line water heater 1, such as transit tubes 11-14 of
The polarity of the magnetic element 220 and the first and second bounding magnetic elements 222 and 224 are arranged such that like poles of the magnetic element 220 and the first and second bounding magnetic elements 222 and 224 are placed in juxtaposition to one another. In other words, the south magnetic pole of magnetic element 220 and the south pole of the first bounding magnetic element 222 are placed in juxtaposition to one another thereby creating a magnetic repulsion that keeps the magnetic element 220 suspended above the first bounding magnetic element 222. A similar situation occurs between the north magnetic pole of magnetic element 220 and the north magnetic pole of the second bounding magnetic element 224. As a result, the magnetic element 220 is capable of responding to small changes in water flow through the system by movement along post 216.
A means for focusing, illustrated as reducer 228, may be used in combination with the flow detection device 200. The means for focusing, when used, serves to channel the flow of water toward the magnetic element 220. The means for focusing may be helpful in certain applications where minimal/low water flow is to be determined. The reducer 228, when used, is secured within the inner diameter of transit pipe 212. The reducer 228 comprises a neck 230 and outwardly extending flanges 232. The inner diameter of the neck 230 may be sufficient to reversible receive the magnetic element 220, thereby allowing the magnetic element 220 to pass through the neck 230. In an alternate embodiment the inner diameter of the neck 230 may be such that the magnetic element 220 cannot pass through neck 230, the neck 230 thereby serving as a lower stop for the magnetic element 220. In this alternate embodiment, the second bounding magnetic element 224 and spacers 226 may be omitted if desired.
The magnetic element 220 inherently produces a magnetic field, illustrated as 250 in FIGS. 10A-C as is known in the art. The magnetic field 250 serves as the signal to be detected by the means for detection. The means for detection is illustrated as sensor 234. The means for detection is in communication with a means for control to receive signals generated by the means for detection. The means for control utilizes the input from the means for detection to regulate the operation of the in-line water heater. In this manner, the desired operational parameters of the in-line water heater may be regulated.
The operation of the flow detection device 200 is illustrated in FIGS. 10A-C. In
In
The flow detection device 200 is capable of determining when water is flowing through the in-line water heater, the flow rate of the water flowing through the in-line water heater, or both. In one embodiment, the flow detection device detects the presence or absence of water flowing through the in-line water heater and transmits appropriate input to the means for control (referred to as “on/off detection”). In on/off detection, either water flow is detected or water flow is not detected and the means for control takes appropriate action to regulate the appropriate operational parameters of the in-line water heater based on the input from the means for detection. In an alternate embodiment, the flow detection device detects the presence or absence of water flowing through the in-line water heater and further determines the flow rate of said water flowing through the in-line water heater and transmits appropriate input to the means for control (referred to as “flow detection”). In flow detection, the flow rate of the water flowing through the system is determined and the means for control takes appropriate action to regulate the appropriate operational parameters of the in-line water heater based on the input from the means for detection.
The means for detection can be calibrated to respond to predetermined levels of the magnetic field 250 (i.e., the signal generated by magnetic element 220). In one embodiment, the means for detection can be appropriately calibrated so that the signal (the magnetic field 250) detected is transmitted to the means for control only when a predetermined threshold volume of water is flowing through the in-line water heater. Alternatively, the means for detection can be appropriately calibrated so that the means for detection senses the strength of the signal (the magnetic field 250) generated by the magnetic element 220 and transmits input to the means for control as to the volume of water flowing through the in-line water heater.
In an alternate embodiment, the flow detection device 200B can incorporate a magnetic element which is not sildably connected to support post 216, indicated as magnetic element 220B in
A variety of means for detection can be employed as are known in the art. In one embodiment, the means for detection employs a Hall effect sensor. The principles and operation of Hall effect sensors, as well as their integration with various circuits, is well known in the art. The means for detection may be placed at any location convenient for detection of the signal generated by the magnetic element 220 or 220B. In one embodiment, the means for detection is placed on the exterior of the transit pipe 212. The means for detection can be hard-wired to the means for control or can transmit the signal(s) to the means for control by wireless technology.
Temperature Detection
In addition to monitoring the flow of water through the system, the in-line water heater described can also monitor the temperature of the input and output water through the use of means for temperature detection. The means for temperature detection is in fluid communication with the water input into the in-line water heater. Alternatively, the means for temperature detection may be in communication with the exterior of the transit channels and be calibrated to determine the temperature of the water from the temperature of the transit channels. The means for temperature detection may be temperature sensors as are common in the field. The operation and integration of means for temperature detection as described is within the ordinary skill in the art. As with the flow detecting means, the means for temperature detection may be positioned at any position where the means for temperature detection has access to the water flowing through the system. In one embodiment the means for temperature detection are located in conjunction with hot water outlet pipe 10.
There may be multiple means for temperature detection to monitor the temperature of the water at various stage of transit through the in-line water heater.
Leak Detection
The in-line water heater may also contain a means for leak detection. The means for leak detection may be a sensor capable of sensing the presence of free water in the system. The operation and integration of the leak detecting means as described is within the ordinary skill in the art. The means for leak detection may be located at any desired location, but in one embodiment the leak detection (illustrated as 22 in
Replacement Transformer Chip Set
The present disclosure also describes a chip set designed for the replacement of a conventional transformer. The chip set described performs the operation of a conventional transformer, while eliminating certain drawbacks associated with the operation of conventional transformers. The chip set described decreases the input voltage (typically in the range of 220 to 240V) to the voltage required for the operation of standard electronic chip components (typically 5V) with generating excess amounts of heat which may cause damage to other components of the system. In addition, the chip set described is compact and economical to manufacture allowing for ease of installation and decreased production costs.
One embodiment of the chip set described is shown in
The in-line water heater describe is energy efficient in use for a number of reasons. First, the heating elements of the in-line water heater are only in use when water is flowing through the system. When the means for flow detection, such as the unique flow detector 200, does not detect a flow of water through the in-line water heater, the heating elements are maintained in an inactive state. The means for flow detection may be in communication with the means for control as described. Second, the in-line water heater is comprises a passive heating means constructed from materials that retain the heat produced by the heating elements and the heated water. As a result, the body of the in-line water heater serves to passively heat the water flowing through the system. In addition, the water that is contained in the in-line water heater will retain its heat for a longer period of time. Third, the means for control of the in-line water heater monitors the temperature of the output water and compares that temperature to the set temperature to determine how many of the heating elements are required to be in operation in order to maintain the temperature of the output water at the set temperature. If there is a large gap between the temperature of the output water and the set temperature, the means for control activates all available heating elements. As the gap becomes smaller fewer that all the heating elements are activated by the means for control.
It should be noted that the in-line water heater described herein incorporates certain standard features that are common on both in-line water heaters and/or storage tank water heaters. These features and their applicability to the in-line water heater described herein are within the ordinary skill in the art in the plumbing field and are not discussed in detail. Such features include those described above such as electrical connections, flow detecting means, means for temperature detection, leak detecting means, but also include features such as, but not limited to, relief valves and standard connecting elements and couplings.
The features of the new in-line water heater described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive listing of features, but only to provide a general idea of the operation of the system. Other features may be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Claims
1. An in-line water heater for heating input water comprising:
- a. a body having an outer perimeter that partially defines an interior, said interior comprising at least one transit channel for transporting said input water through said water heater and a passive heating means;
- b. a water input in communication with a first end of said at least one transit channel to deliver said input water to said water heater and a water output in communication with a second end of said at least one transit channel to distribute said water to at least one feeder pipe;
- c. at least one heating element in combination with said at least one transit channel, said heating element being in communication with and heating said input water; and
- d. where at least a portion of said input water is passively heated by a transfer of heat from said passive heating means to said input water.
2. The water heater of claim 1 where the passive heating means is selected from the group consisting of insulating foam, Styrofoam, asbestos, glass fiber insulation, metal, stone and sand.
3. The water heater of claim 2 where the metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, brass, tin and alloys thereof.
4. The water heater of claim 1 where said passive heating means is a solid metal and the at least one transit channel is cast within said solid metal.
5. The water heater of claim 1 where the at least one transit channel is a single transit channel.
6. The water heater of claim 1 where the interior comprises at least four interconnected transit channels and not more than three heating elements in combination with said transit channels.
7. The water heater of claim 6 where the transit channel in communication with said water input does not contain a heating element.
8. The water heater of claim 6 where the interior comprises not more than 4 heating elements.
9. The water heater of claim 1 where at least one of the water input or water output extend into said interior.
10. The water heater of claim 9 where said at least one of the water input or water output extend to an uppermost portion of said interior.
11. The water heater of claim 10 where the degree of said passive heating is proportional to the length of said at least one of the water input or water output.
12. The water heater of claim 9 where at least one of the water input or the water output is placed into proximity with said at least one transit channel to increase the efficiency of said passive heating.
13. The water heater of claim 1 where said interior comprises at least four interconnected transit channels and not more than three heating elements in combination with said transit channels and where said water input and said water output extend to an uppermost portion of said interior.
14. The water heater of claim 13 where the degree of said passive heating is proportional to the length of said water input and water output.
15. The water heater of claim 13 where at least one of the water input or the water output is placed into proximity with at least one transit channel to increase the efficiency of said passive heating.
16. The water heater of claim 1 where the input water is pre-heated before delivery to said water heater.
17. The water heater of claim 16 where said pre-heating utilizes solar heating.
18. The water heater of claim 1 further comprising an outer covering over the outer perimeter.
19. The water heater of claim 18 where the outer covering is manufactured from a material selected from the group consisting of
20. The water heater of claim 18 further comprising a layer of insulating material between the outer perimeter and the outer covering.
21. The water heater of claim 1 where said water input further comprises a flow detecting means and said water output further comprises a means for temperature detection.
22. The water heater of claim 1 further comprising a top cap and a bottom cap removably secured to said body.
23. The water heater of claim 22 where said top cap contains a means for control and a connecting means and said bottom cap contains a leak detecting means and a drain.
24. The water heater of claim 1 further comprising at least one sensor and a means for control in communication with said at least one heating element and said at least one sensor.
25. The water heater of claim 24 where the at least one sensor is selected from the group consisting of a means for flow detection, a means for temperature detection and a leak detecting means.
26. The water heater of claim 25 where the means for control performs at least one function selected from the group consisting of: 1) monitoring the temperature of said input water as said input water flows through said water heater; 2) monitoring said heating elements to determine which of said elements are in use at a given time; 3) providing an input means to set the set temperature; 4) determining how many of said heating elements are required heat said input water to the set temperature; 5) monitoring said heating elements to determine if said elements are functioning properly; 6) monitoring said water heater for a leak; 7) monitoring a flow of input water through said water heater and activating said heating elements only when said flow is detected; 8) alerting a user when said water heater is not functioning within a first set of parameters by activating an alarm; and 9) providing said user a visual display of a second set of parameters.
27. The water heater of claim 26 where the alarm is a visual alarm, an audible alarms or a combination of a visual alarm and an audible alarm.
28. The water heater of claim 26 where the first set of parameters include at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: detection of a leak, detection of a heating element that is not functioning properly, detection of a blockage in the transit channels and detection of an inability to heat said input water to the set temperature.
29. The water heater of claim 26 where the visual display is an LED display.
30. The water heater of claim 26 where said second set of parameters include at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: set temperature, current temperature of input water, on/off state of the heating elements; status of the individual heating elements and whether said water heater is receiving power.
31. The water heater of claim 25 where the means for flow detection comprises:
- a. a means for anchoring secured to one of said at least one transit channel;
- b. a means for magnetic signal generation in communication with said input water, said means for magnetic signal generation being capable of generating a signal and being moveably secured to said means for anchoring so that the flow of said water changes a position of the means for magnetic signal generation and thereby the position of the signal;
- c. a means for detection of said signal wherein the means for detection transmits information to the means for control upon detection of said signal.
32. The water heater of claim 31 where the means for magnetic signal generation is a magnetic element, the means for anchoring is a support post and the signal is a magnetic field.
33. The water heater of claim 32 where the means for detection senses a change in the position of the magnetic field.
34. The water heater of claim 32 where the magnetic element is slidably secured to the support post.
35. The water heater of claim 32 where the magnetic element is rotatably secured to the support post.
36. The water heater of claim 31 where the means for detection is a sensor, said sensor detecting said signal using the Hall effect.
37. The water heater of claim 31 where means for control uses the information from the flow detection device to determine a flow parameter.
38. The water heater of claim 37 where the flow parameter is selected from the group consisting of: the presence of the input water flowing through the in-line water heater, the absence of the input water flowing through the in-line water heater, the flow rate of the input water flowing through the in-line water heater, and a combination of the foregoing.
39. The water heater of claim 38 where the determination of the flow parameter dictates how the means for control regulates an operational parameters of the in-line water heater.
40. The water heater of claim 39 where the flow parameter is the presence of water flowing through the in-line water heater and the operational parameter is the activation of at least one heating element.
41. The water heater of claim 39 where the flow parameter is the absence of water flowing through the system and the operational parameter is selected from the group consisting of: the deactivation of at least one heating element, the deactivation of all the heating element and the continued inactivation of all the heating element.
42. The water heater of claim 39 where the flow parameter is the flow rate of the water flowing through the in-line water heater and the operational parameter is selected from the group consisting of: the activation of at least one heating element and the deactivation of at least one heating element.
43. The water heater of claim 1 where the water heater is contained in an enclosure, said enclosure comprising a base, a left and right side wall, a top and bottom wall, and at least one divider creating at least 2 sections, a panel to cover at least one of said at least 2 sections and a cover, one of said sections to contain the water heater and one of said sections to contain a means for control, said means for control in communication with said at least one heating element and at least one sensor.
44. The water heater of claim 43 where said panel further comprises a visual display in communication with the means for control and at least one input device.
45. The water heater of claim 44 where the visual display a second set of parameters.
46. The water heater of claim 45 where the second set of parameters includes at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: set temperature, current temperature of input water, on/off state of the heating elements; status of the individual heating elements and whether said water heater is receiving power.
47. The water heater of claim 43 where the section containing the means for control is water proof and the section containing the water heater contains a drain.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 12, 2004
Publication Date: Oct 5, 2006
Inventors: Cem Cezayirli (Birmingham, AL), Mel Silvers (Miami, FL), Chester Gates (Birmingham, AL)
Application Number: 10/545,490
International Classification: F24H 1/10 (20060101);