Circular dumbbell decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (cdodn) containing dna bindings sites of transcription
The present invention provides a circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional factor. The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising said CDODN. The pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor. The present invention also provides a method for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor.
This invention is in the field of gene therapy. In particular, it is directed to novel decoy oligodeoxynucleotides and uses thereof.
BACKGROUND ARTDouble stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN or “decoys”) for reducing trans-activity of transcription factors are an innovative and attractive strategy for gene therapy and for the functional study of gene products. Several different double-stranded DNA structures, including unmodified oligonucleotide duplexes, ab-anomeric oligonucleotides, phosphorothioate oligonucleotide duplexes, and dumbbell oligonucleotides, have been introduced as decoys for transcription factors (see Scholer H R and Gruss P., Cell 1984; 36: 403-411; Cereghini Set al., Genes Dev 1988; 2: 957-974; Berkowitz L A et al., Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9: 4272-4281; Tanaka H et al., Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22: 3069-3074; Bielinska A et al., Science 1990; 250:997-1000; Clusel C et al., Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21: 3405-3411; Lim C S et al., Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 575-581; Hosoya T et al., FEBS Lett 1999; 461: 136-140; Mann M J and Dzau V J J. Clin. Invest. 2000; 106:1071-1075).
The transfection of double-stranded cis element decoy ODNs results in the sequestration of trans-activating factors from endogenous cis-elements of the same sequence, with subsequent inhibition of gene expression (see Bielinska A, et al., 1990 supra; Morishita R, et al. 1998 supra; and Sawa Y, Morishita R, Suzuki K., Circulation 1997; 96:II-280-II-285).
Moreover, the administration of antisense or decoy oligonucleotides against NF-κB, c-myb, c-myc, cdc2, cdk2, E2F, and CRE, has been shown to decrease cachexia (Kawamura I et al, Gene Ther. 1999; 6:91-97), in vitro cell proliferation and intimal thickening in experimental restenosis (see Simons M et al., Nature 1992; 359: 67-73; Morishita R et al., J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1458-1464; Morishita R et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8474-8478; Morishita R et al., 1995 supra; Morishita R et al., Nat Med 1997; 3: 894-899; Kaneda Y and Morishita R, Jpn J Clin Pathol 1997; 45:99-105; Tomita et al., Am. J. Physiol. 1998; 275:F278-F284; Ma shima Y et al, J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101:2589-2597; Akimoto M et al., Exp Eye Res. 1998; 67:395-401; Mann M J et al., Lancet, 1999; 354:1493-1498; Mann and Dzau 2000 supra; Kawauchi M et al, Circ. Res. 2000; 87:1063-1068; Mangi A A and Dzau V J, Ann Med 2001; 33:153-155; Ehsan A et al, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121:714-722; Kawauchi M et al, Transplant. Proc. 2001; 33:451; McCarthy M, Lancet, 2001; 358:1703), suppress proliferative cholangitis (Yoshida M et al, J. Surg. Res. 2002; 102:95-101) and slow tumor growth and induce apoptosis in cancer models (Park Y G et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274:1573-80; Cho-Chung Y S et al, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2000; 212:29-34; Alper O et al, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2001; 218:55-63), respectively.
The main limitation of unmodified oligonucleotide ODNs is that they are easily degraded by nucleases present in serum and in cells. In order to solve this problem, oligonucleotides with modified linkages such as phosphorothioate and methylphosphonate have been developed. However, these modified ODNs exhibit problems such as insensitivity to RNase H, the possibility of recycling of hydrolyzed modified nucleotides into cellular DNA, lack of sequence-specific binding effects of ODN-based gene therapy, and immune activation (see Moon I J, et al., J Biol Chem. 2000; 275:4647-4653; Hosoya T, et al, FEBS Letters 1999; 461:136-140; Khaled Z et al., Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24: 737-775; Gao W Y et al., Mol Pharmacol 1992; 41: 223-229; Brown D A et al., J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 26801-26805; and Burgess T L et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 4051-4055).
Recently, decoys have been proposed for treatment of diseases and disorders related to transcriptional factors including neointima formation. Neointima formation results from excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from media to intima, which are critical steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis which are the major problems following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) (see Currier J W, and Faxon D P., J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25:516-520; Clowes A W, et al., Lab Invest 1983; 49:208-215; Liu M W, et al., Circulation 1989; 79:1374-1387; Ross R., Nature. 1990; 362:801-809; and Pauletto P, et al., Clin Sci. 1994; 87:467-479).
There have been a number of trials with pharmacological agents to reduce the incidence and rate of restenosis after PTCA, but the results have not been satisfactory. Over the last decade, anti-gene therapy, focusing on the inhibition of VSMC proliferation, has emerged as a potentially attractive strategy for reducing restenosis after PTCA (see Simons M, et al., Nature 1992; 359:67-73; Morishita R, et al., J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1458-1464; Morishita R, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:8474-8478; Morishita R, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:5855-5859; Morishita R, et al., Nat Med 1997; 3:894-899; Morishita R et al, Pharm. Ther. 2001; 91:105-114, Motokuni A et al., Nippon Rinsho 2001; 59:43-52).
Previous studies have found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), both belonging to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, are rapidly and transiently activated after balloon-injury (see Ohashi N, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20:2521-2526; Koyama H, et al., Circ Res. 1998; 82:713-721; Hu Y, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17:2808-2816; and Pyles J M, et al., Circ Res. 1997; 81:904-910).
ERK2 and JNK1 activities in the injured vessel wall rapidly increase after balloon injury and reach a high level at 5 minutes after injury. A sustained increase in ERK2 kinase activity was observed over the next 7 days in the arterial wall and 14 days in neointima after injury (Hu Y, et al, 1997 supra; and Izumi Y, et al., Circ Res. 2001; 88:1120-1126).
JNK and ERK are known to be translocated into the nucleus, and activate c-Jun and c-Fos, which dimeriz to form the transcription factor complex AP-1. AP-1 binds to specific DNA sequences present in a large number of genes associated with a diverse range of cell proliferative responses such as extracellular matrix production (see Karin M., J Biol Chem. 1995; 270:16483-16486; and Whitmarch A J, and Davis R J., J Mol Med. 1996; 74:589-607), apoptosis (Le-Niculescu H et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 1999; 19:751-763; Taimor G. et al., FASEB J. 2001; 15:2518-2520), vascular remodeling (Morishita R, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 243:361-367; Lauth M. et al., J Mol Med 2000; 78:441-450; Wagner A H et al., Mol. Pharm. 2000; 58:1333-1340; Cattaruzza M. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276:36999-37003), COX-2 mediated inflammation (Adderley, S R and Fitzgerald D J, J. Biol. Chem 1999; 274:5038-5046; von Knethen A et al., Mol. Biol. Cell 1999; 10:361-372; von Knethen A et al., J. Immunology 1999; 163:2858-2866; Subbaramaiah K et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276:12449-12448) and production of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) (Ahn J D., et al., Diabetologia 2001; 44:713-720) TGF-β (Jin G and Howe P H, J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272:26620-26626) and IL-6 (Viedt C et al., FASEB J 2000; 14:2370-2372).
These results suggest that AP-1 binding may be involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to vascular injury. However, it is not known whether inhibition of AP-1 binding would prevent neointima formation.
Recent reports have also shown that the transcription factor E2F, which forms a complex with cyclin A, cdk2, and pRB, and activates and phosphorylates these cell cycle regulatory genes, is critical to the process of cell growth and proliferation (see Pagano M et al. EMBO J 1992; 11: 961-971; Pardee A B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974; 71: 1286-1290; Weintraub S J, et al. Nature 1992; 358: 259-261; Pagano M G, et al. Science 1992; 255: 1144-1147; and Rosenblatt J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 2824-2828).
The transcriptional factor nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) plays a pivotal role in the coordinated transactivation of cytokine and adhesion molecule genes that might be involved in myocardial damage after ischemia and reperfusion. Decoys specific for NFκB has been used in vivo to bind the transcriptional factor and to block the activation of genes mediating myocardial infarction, thus providing effective therapy for myocardial infarction (Morishita R. et al., Nat Med 1997 August; 3(8):894-9).
Although there have been successful application of decoys to some diseases and disorders related to transcriptional factors, the above-mentioned main limitation of unmodified oligonucleotide ODNs where they are easily degraded by nucleases present in serum and in cells, significantly reduces the efficacy of decoys in treatment and prevention of such diseases and disorders.
In in vitro studies, covalently closed ODNs have been developed to avoid exonuclease activities by enzymatically ligating two identical molecules, in order to overcome these limitations. Circular dumbbell oligonucleotides, which are made by the circularization of the oligonucleotides by joining the 3′ and the 5′ ends with enzymatic legations, and have a non-toxic unmodified backbone which resembles natural DNA, have increased stability to exonucleases, had have increased uptake into cells as compared with the chemically modified linear oligonucleotides (See Chu B C F and Orgal L., Nucleic Acids Res. 1992; 20:5857-5858; and Abe T, et al., FEBS Lett. 1998; 425:91-96).
However, there have been no reports showing that such covalently closed ODNs or circular dumbbell oligonucleotides are effective in treating or preventing diseases or disorders.
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTIONTherefore, an object of the invention is to provide more efficient and effective means for treating and preventing diseases and disorders related to a transcriptional factor.
Further, an object of the invention is to provide means such as a decoy ODN containing a transcriptional factor such as AP-1 binding site for transfection of VSMC, which would cause the decoy to effectively bind AP-1, prevent the trans-activation of essential genes associated with cell proliferative response and thereby inhibit neointima formation.
Another object of the present invention is thus to provide novel AP-1 decoy ODNs with circular dumbbell-structure (CDODN), to clarify the role of AP-1 activation in balloon injury. The AP-1 decoy ODN with circular dumbbell-structure (CDODN) can be transfected using hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposomes. In this invention, we evaluated the stability and effectiveness of CDODN in vitro as well as in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that AP-1 activation plays a critical role in the VSMC proliferation in response to injury and that the transfection of rat arteries with the novel CDODN, before a balloon injury procedure, almost completely prevents neointima formation in balloon-injured rat arteries.
A further object of the present invention to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for restenosis following angioplasty comprising administering to a patient prior to, during or following angioplasty, an effective amount of a CDODN AP-1 decoy or other AP-1 inhibitory compound.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a novel E2F decoy, which was made by covalent closure of the two identical oligo molecules to avoid exonuclease digestion. We investigated the stability and the sequence specific inhibition effect of this circular dumbbell E2F decoy (CD-E2F) on the transactivation of essential cell cycle-regulatory genes and on the inhibition of VSMC proliferation and neointima formation.
A yet further object of the present invention is to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for restenosis following angioplasty comprising administering to a patient prior to, during or following angioplasty, an effective amount of a CD-E2F decoy.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Summary of the InventionThe present invention provides a circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional factor. The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising said CDODN. The pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor. The present invention also provides a method for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor.
Preferably, the transcriptional factor may be selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE. Preferably, a NF-κB decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-CCTTGAAGGGATTTCCCTCC-3′(Seq ID No. 9)(NF-κB decoy); a STAT-1 decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-GATCTAGGGATTTCCGGGAAATGAAGCT-3′(Seq. ID No. 10)(STAT-1 decoy); a GATA-3 decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-AGCTTGAGATAGAGCT-3′(Seq. ID No.11)(GATA-3 decoy); a STAT-5 decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-GATCAAGACCTTTTCCCAAGAAATCTAT-3′(Seq. ID No. 12)(STAT-6 decoy); an AP-1 decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-AGCTTGTGAGTCAGAAGCT-3′ (Seq. ID No. 13) or 5′-TGACTCA-3′-(AP-1 decoy); an ets decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-AATTCACCGGAAGTATTCGA-3′(Seq. ID No. 14)(Ets decoy); a CRE decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-TGACGTCA-3′(CRE decoy); and an E2F decoy may comprise the sequence 5′-TTTCGCGC-3′ (E2F decoy.
Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and neointima formation are critical steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. In order to show the efficacy of CDODN for AP-1 in the treatment or prevention of such a disease or disorder, the following study was undertaken to test our hypothesis that the transcription factor AP-1 plays an important role in these processes and to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for restenosis following angioplasty. Overall, our results showed that AP-1 activation is crucial in mediating smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to vascular injury. Therefore the present invention provides a novel strategy for preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation leading to restenosis.
We developed a novel AP-1 decoy ODN with a circular dumbbell structure (CDODN) to avoid destruction by exonucleases. This new form of AP-1 decoy ODN was more stable, largely preserving its structural integrity after incubation in the presence of either exonuclease III or serum, than phosphorothioate linear decoy ODN (PSODN). Transfection of AP-1 decoy ODN strongly inhibited both proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. AP-1 decoy ODN also inhibited high glucose- and serum-induced transcriptional expression of PCNA and cyclin A genes. Consistent with in vitro data, administration of AP-1 decoy ODN in vivo using the Hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposome method almost completely inhibited neointima formation after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. As compared to conventional PSODN, CDODN was more effective in the inhibition of proliferation of smooth muscle cells in vitro and neointima formation in vivo. Approximately half the dose of CDODN, as compared to PSODN, was enough to obtain similar effects on growth inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Moreover, the sequence specificity of the CDODN of AP-1 binding was unexpectedly more 10 times greater than conventional PSODN.
This invention thus shows that employment of a more stable CDODN against AP-1 with the highly effective HVJ-liposome delivery method provides a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty in humans.
Further, the present invention is concerned with the transcription factor E2F which plays a critical role in the trans-activation of several genes involved in cell-cycle regulation. Previous studies have shown that the transfection of cis element double stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (decoys), corresponding to E2F binding domains, could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in injured vessels. In the present study, we developed a novel E2F decoy with a circular dumbbell structure (CD-E2F) and compared the effect of this CD-E2F with conventional phosphorothioated E2F decoy (PS-E2F). We found that the CD-E2F was more stable, largely preserving its structural integrity after incubation in the presence of either nucleases or serum, than PS-E2F. The CD-E2F more strongly inhibited high glucose- and serum-induced transcriptional expression of cell-cycle regulatory genes as compared with the PS-E2F. Transfection of CD-E2F was more effective in the inhibition of VSMC proliferation as well as neointima formation in vivo, as compared with PS-E2F. CD-E2F in a 40-50% reduced dose compared with PS-E2F was enough to obtain a similar effect on VSMC growth inhibition in vitro as well as neointima formation in vivo. Moreover, CD-E2F unexpectedly showed a 10 times greater sequence specificity against E2F than PS-E2F.
In conclusion, our results show that CD-E2F is a more valuable agent for gene therapy to inhibit VSMC proliferation, for example in the treatment of restenosis following angioplasty, and for the study of transcriptional regulation, than conventional E2F decoys.
MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMThe present invention provides the following:
1. A circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional factor.
2. The CDODN according to item 1, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
3. The CDODN of item 1, which comprises two identical stem loop structures covalently linked by enzymatic ligation.
4. The CDODN of item 1, which does not contain any chemically modified nucleotides.
5. The CDODN of item 1, which stem structure additionally comprises nucleotide sequences capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of two or more transcription factors.
6. The CDODN according to item 1, said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
7. The CDODN of item 6, wherein the nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of AP-1 is 5′-TGACTCA-3′.
8. The CDODN of item 6, wherein each of the identical stem loop structures has the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 3.
9. The CDODN of item 6, which stem structure additionally comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of another transcription factor.
10. The CDODN of item 6, which has an AP-1 sequence specificity of greater than about 5 times that of a phosphorothiolated oligonucleotide with the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 4, as assessed by in vitro competitive binding assay.
11. The CDODN of item 1, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
12. The CDODN of item 11, wherein the nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of E2F is 5′-TTTCGCGC-3′.
13. The CDODN of item 11, wherein each of the identical stem loop structures has the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 6.
14. The CDODN of item 11, which has an E2F sequence specificity of greater than about 5 times that of a phosphorothiolated oligonucleotide with the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 7, as assessed by in vitro competitive binding assay.
15. The CDODN of item 1, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
16. A method for treating or preventing a disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor.
17. The method according to item 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
18. The method of item 16, where the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a HVJ-liposome composition.
19. The method according to item 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
20. The method according to item 18, wherein the disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor comprises vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
21. The method of item 19, where the amount of the CDODN is sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
22. The method of item 20, where the compound is administered prior to the vessel injury.
23. The method of item 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
24. The method of item 23, wherein said disease or disorder comprises vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
25. The method of item 23, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the CDODN is effective to prevent restenosis in the subject.
26. The method of item 24, wherein the CDODN is administered after the vessel injury.
27. The method of item 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
28. The method of item 16, wherein said disease or disorder comprises inflammatory bowel disease.
29. A pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing a disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor in a subject, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
30. The pharmaceutical composition according to item 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
31. The pharmaceutical composition of item 29, where the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a HVJ-liposome composition.
32. The pharmaceutical composition according to item 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
33. The pharmaceutical composition according to item 29, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
34. The pharmaceutical composition of item 29, where the amount of the CDODN is sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
35. The pharmaceutical composition according to item 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
36. The pharmaceutical composition according to item 35, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
37. The pharmaceutical composition of item 36, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the CDODN is effective to prevent restenosis in the subject.
38. The pharmaceutical composition of item 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
39. The pharmaceutical composition item 29, wherein said disease or disorder comprises inflammatory bowel disease.
40. Use, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or disorder related to transcriptional factor in a subject, of a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor.
41. The use according to item 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
42. The use according to item 40, wherein said medicament is in the form of a HVJ-liposome composition.
43. The use according to item 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
44. The use according to item 43, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
45. The use according to item 43, wherein the amount of the CDODN is sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
46. The use according to item 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
47. The use according to item 46, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
48. The use of item 40, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the CDODN is effective to prevent restenosis in the subject.
49. The use of item 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
50. The use item 46, wherein said disease or disorder comprises inflammatory bowel disease.
In another aspect of the invention, the present invention further provides a method for treating a disease or disorder related to AP-1, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound able to inhibit trans-activation of genes for mitogen-activated protein kinases by AP-1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Further, the present invention provides a method of preventing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in a subject following vessel injury, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound able to inhibit trans-activation of genes for mitogen-activated protein kinases by AP-1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound may inhibit the ability of said AP-1 to bind the promoters of said genes.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound may be an antibody, or a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid analog.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound may competitively inhibit binding of the AP-1 to the promoters.
In a preferable embodiment of the invention, the compound is a circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of AP-1.
In one embodiment of the invention, the amount of the CDODN may be sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
In one embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be a HVJ-liposome composition.
In another aspect of the invention, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in a subject following vessel injury, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound able to inhibit trans-activation of genes for mitogen-activated protein kinases by AP-1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound may inhibit the ability of said AP-1 to bind the promoters of said genes.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound may be an antibody, or a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid analog.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound may competitively inhibit binding of said AP-1 to said promoters.
In a preferable embodiment of the invention, the compound may be a circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of AP-1.
In one embodiment of the invention, the amount of the CDODN may be sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
In one embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be a HVJ-liposome composition.
In another aspect of the invention, the present invention provides use, in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in a subject following vessel injury, of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound able to inhibit trans-activation of g nes for mitogen-activated protein kinases by AP-1.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound inhibits the ability of said AP-1 to bind the promoters of said genes.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound is an antibody, or a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid analog.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compound competitively inhibits binding of said AP-1 to said promoters.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
N; VSMC cultured with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/l D-glucose), H; VSMC cultured with high glucose (25 mmol/l D-glucose), Decoy ODN; VSMC transfected with 100 nmol/l AP-1 decoy ODNs, P; PSODN, D; CDODN, M; mismatch AP-1 decoy ODN.
N; VSMC cultured with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/l D-glucose), H; VSMC cultured with high glucose (25 mmol/l D-glucose), Decoy ODN; VSMC transfected with 100 nmol/l AP-1 decoy ODNs, P; PSODN, D; CDODN, M; mismatch AP-1 decoy ODN. *p<0.01 compared to NG, †p<0.05 compared to HG+10% serum, ‡p<0.01 compared to HG+10% serum.
Abbreviations: N; VSMC cultured with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/l D-glucose), H; VSMC cultured with high glucose (25 mmol/l D-glucose), Decoy ODN; VSMC transfected with 100 nmol/l E2F decoy, P; PS-E2F, D; CD-E2F, M; M-E2F.
Abbreviations: N; VSMC cultured with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/l D-glucose), H; VSMC cultured with high glucose (25 mmol/l D-glucose), Decoy ODN; VSMC transfected with 100 nmol/l E2F decoy, P; PS-E2F, D; CD-E2F, M; M-E2F. Values represent the means±SEM of five independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined as *p<0.01 compared to NG, #p<0.001 compared to HG+10% serum, ##p<0.05 compared to PS-E2F.
Abbreviations: N; VSMC cultured with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/l D-glucose), H; VSMC cultured with high glucose (25 mmol/l D-glucose), Decoy ODN; VSMC transfected with 100 nmol/l E2F decoy, P; PS-E2F, D; CD-E2F, M; M-E2F.
It should be understood throughout the present specification that articles for a singular form (e.g., “a”, “an”, “the”, etc. in English; “ein”, “der”, “das”, “die”, etc. and their inflections in German; “un”, “une”, “la”, “le”, etc. in French; articles, adjectives, or any other equivalents etc. in other languages) include the concept of their plurality unless otherwise mentioned. It should be also understood that the terms as used herein have definitions commonly used in the art unless otherwise mentioned.
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of protein chemistry, viral immunobiology, molecular biology and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989); and F. M. Ausubel et al. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates & Wiley Interscience New York.
Unless specifically stated, the terms used in the specification have the same meaning as used in the art. For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examples, and appended claims are collected here.
As used herein the term “animal” refers to mammals. Preferably, mammals may be primates, such as humans. Likewise, a “patient” or “subject” to be treated by the method of the invention can mean either a human or non-human animal. Preferably, such a subject or patient may be human.
As used herein the term “decoy” or “decoy compound” refers to a compound which mimics a chromosomal site to which a transcriptional factor such as AP-1 or E2F binds, or which mimics a chromosomal site of a gene controlled by a transcriptional factor such as AP-1, E2F and the like, to which the transcriptional regulatory factor binds (hereinafter referred to “target binding site”), thereby competing with the chromosomal binding site for binding to the transcriptional factor.
As used herein “dumbbell decoy” or “CDODN” refers to a circular oligonucleotide with a double-stranded stem region and two loop structures. The stem region comprises a sequence which acts as a decoy. Preferably, the CDODN is formed from the ligation of two identical stem-loop structures.
The term “ED50” means the dose of a drug which produces 50% of its maximum response or effect. The term “LD50” means the dose of a drug which is fatal to 50% of the population treated.
An “effective amount” of a compound (e.g. decoy) or a composition of the invention, with respect to the subject method, refers to an amount effective for treating or preventing a disease or disorder related to EF-2 or AP-1. A “therapeutically effective amount” or “pharmacologically effective amount” of a compound (e.g. decoy) or a composition of the invention, with respect to the subject method, refers to a sufficient amount for a desired pharmacological effect (e.g. ameliorating, curing or delaying the onset of a disease or disorder to be treated). The amount to be administered depends on a variety of factors including the subject to be treated or the disease or disorder to be treated, and preferably, such an amount should be optimized such that a desired effect is attained without significant adverse effects. Such an amount can be determined by those skilled in the art. An “effective amount”, “therapeutically effective amount” or “pharmacologically effective amount” of a compound or composition of the invention can be determined by using ED50 and/or LD50. The therapeutic index is the dose ratio between a therapeutic effect and a toxic effect, and can be represented as the ratio ED50/LD50. The greater therapeutic index such a pharmaceutical composition has, the more preferable effects can be attained. For determination of ED50 and LD50, cell culture assays and animal experiments can be used and data obtained therefrom can be used to infer the dose range for human use. Preferably, the present invention has little or no toxic effect. Such dose varies depending on the form of administration, susceptibility of the subject, administration route, and the like.
The term “organ” refers to two or more adjacent layers of tissue, which layers of tissue maintain some form of cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interaction to form a microarchitecture. The term “tissue” refers to a group or layer of similarly specialized cells which together perform certain specialized functions.
The term “heterologous” when used with reference to a nucleic acid indicates that the nucleic acid comprises two or more subsequences which are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. For instance, the nucleic acid is typically recombinantly produced, having two or more sequences from unrelated genes arranged to make a new functional nucleic acid. For example, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid has a promoter from one gene arranged to direct the expression of a coding sequence from a different gene. Thus, with reference to the coding sequence, the promoter is heterologous.
The term “identical” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences refers to the residues in the two sequences which are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins or peptides it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acids residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g. charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., according to the algorithm of Meyers and Miller, Computer Applic. Biol. Sci., 4: 11-17 (1988) e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif., USA).
Methods for alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conduct d by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482; by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443; by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2444; by computerized implementations of these algorithms (including, but not limited to CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program by Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif., GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis., USA); the CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins and Sharp (1988) Gene, 73: 237-244 and Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS 5: 151-153; Corpet, et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Research 16, 10881-90; Huang, et al. (1992) Computer Applications in the Biosciences 8, 155-65, and Pearson, et al. (1994) Methods in Molecular Biology 24, 307-31. Alignment is also often performed by inspection and manual alignment.
“Stringent hybridization wash conditions” in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and Northern hybridizations are sequence dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes part I chapter 2 “overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays”, Elsevier, N.Y. Generally, highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the Tm for a particular probe.
The term “nucleic acid” refers to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- or double-stranded form. Unless otherwise limited, the term encompasses polymer sequences that include any of the known base analogs of DNA and RNA including, but not limited to, 4-acetylcytosine, 8-hydroxy-N6-methyladenosine, aziridinylcytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl)uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosin, 5′-methoxycarbonylmethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, oxybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, and 2,6-diaminopurine.
The term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide or precursor (e.g., c-myc). The polypeptide can be encoded by a full length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence so long as the desired activity or functional properties (e.g., enzymatic activity, ligand binding, signal transduction, etc.) of the full-length polypeptide or active fragment are retained. The term also encompasses the coding region of a structural gen and including the sequences located adjacent to the coding region on both the 5′ and 3′ ends for a distance of about 1 kb or more on either end such that the gene corresponds to the length of the full-length mRNA. The sequences which are located 5′ of the coding region and which are present on the mRNA are referred to as 5′ non-translated sequences. The sequences which are located 3′ or downstream of the coding region and which are present on the mRNA are referred to as 3′ non-translated sequences. The term “gene” encompasses both cDNA and genomic forms of a gene. A genomic form or clone of a gene contains the coding region interrupted with non-coding sequences termed “introns” or “intervening regions” or “intervening sequences.” Introns are segments of a gene which are transcribed into nuclear RNA (hnRNA); introns may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns are removed or “spliced out” from the nuclear or primary transcript; introns therefore are absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. The mRNA functions during translation to specify the sequence or order of amino acids in a nascent polypeptide.
As used herein, the term “gene expression” refers to the process of converting genetic information encoded in a gene into RNA (e.g., mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, or snRNA) through “transcription” of the gene into RNA (i.e., via the enzymatic action of an RNA polymerase), and for genes which encode protein, into protein through “translation” of mRNA. Gene expression can be regulated at many stages in the process. “Upregulation” or “activation” refers to regulation that increases the production of gene expression products (i.e., RNA or protein), while “down-regulation” or “repression” refers to regulation that decrease production. Molecules (e.g., transcription factors) that are involved in up-regulation or down-regulation are often called “activators” and “repressors,” respectively.
The term “wild-type” refers to a gene or gene product which has the characteristics of that gene or gen product when isolated from a naturally occurring source. A wild-type gene is that which is most frequently observed in a population and is thus arbitrarily designed the “normal” or “wild-type” form of the gene. In contrast, the term “modified” or “mutant” refers to a gene or gene product which displays modifications in sequence and or functional properties (i.e., altered characteristics) when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product. It is noted that naturally-occurring mutants can be isolated; these are identified by the fact that they have altered characteristics when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product.
DNA molecules are said to have “5′ ends” and “3′ends” because mononucleotides are reacted to make oligonucleotides or polynucleotides in a manner such that the 5′ phosphate of one mononucleotide pentose ring is attached to the 3′ oxygen of its neighbor in one direction via a phosphodiester linkage. Therefore, an end of an oligonucleotides or polynucleotide, referred to as the “5′end” if its 5′ phosphate is not linked to the 3′ oxygen of a mononucleotide pentose ring and as the “3′ end” if its 3′ oxygen is not linked to a 5′ phosphate of a subsequent mononucleotide pentose ring. As used herein, a nucleic acid sequence, even if internal to a larger oligonucleotide or polynucleotide, also may be said to have 5′ and 3′ ends. In either a linear or circular DNA molecule, discrete elements are referred to as being “upstream” or 5′ of the “downstream” or 3′ elements. This terminology reflects the fact that transcription proceeds in a 5′ to 3′ fashion along the DNA strand. The promoter and enhancer elements which direct transcription of a linked gene are generally located 5′ or upstream of the coding region However, enhancer elements can exert their effect even when located 3′ of the promoter element and the coding region. Transcription termination and polyadenylation signals are located 3′ or downstream of the coding region.
As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide,” refers to a short length of single-stranded polynucleotide chain. Oligonucleotides are typically less than 100 residues long (e.g., between 15 and 50), however, as used herein, the term is also intended to encompass longer polynucleotide chains. Oligonucleotides are often referred to by their length. For example a 24 residue oligonucleotide is referred to as a “24-mer”. Oligonucleotides can form secondary and tertiary structures by self-hybridizing or by hybridizing to other polynucleotides. Such structures can include, but are not limited to, duplexes, hairpins, cruciforms, bends, and triplexes.
As used herein, the term “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide, whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction digest or produced synthetically, which is capable of acting as a point of initiation of synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product which is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is induced, (i.e., in the presence of nucleotides and an inducing agent such as DNA polymerase and at a suitable temperature and pH). The primer is preferably single stranded for maximum efficiency in amplification, but may alternatively be double stranded. If double stranded, the primer is first treated to separate its strands before being used to prepare extension products. Preferably, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The primer must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the inducing agent. The exact lengths of the primers will depend on many factors, including temperature, source of primer and the use of the method.
The term “isolated” when used in relation to a nucleic acid, as in “an isolated oligonucleotide” or “isolated polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid with which it is ordinarily associated in its natural environment. Isolated nucleic acid is, as such, present in a form or setting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. In contrast, non-isolated nucleic acids as nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA found in the state they exist in nature. For example, a given DNA sequence (e.g., a gene) is found on the host cell chromosome in proximity to neighboring genes; RNA sequences, such as a specific mRNA sequence encoding a specific protein, are found in the cell as a mixture with numerous other mRNA s which encode a multitude of proteins. However, isolated nucleic acid encoding a given protein includes, by way of example, such nucleic acid in cells ordinarily expressing the given protein where the nucleic acid is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells, or is otherwise flanked by a different nucleic acid sequence than that found in nature. The isolated nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, or polynucleotide may be present in single-stranded or double-stranded form. When an isolated nucleic acid, oligonucleotide or polynucleotide is to be utilized to express a protein, the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide will contain at a minimum the sense or coding strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be single-stranded), but may contain both the sense and anti-sense strands (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be double-stranded).
As used herein, the term “probe” refers to an oligonucleotide (i.e., a sequence of nucleotides), whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction digest or produced synthetically, recombinantly or by PCR amplification, which is capable of hybridizing to another oligonucleotide of interest. A probe may be single-stranded or double-stranded. Probes are useful in the detection, identification and isolation of particular gene sequences. It is contemplated that any probe used in the present invention will be labelled with any “reporter molecule,” so that is detectable in any detection system, including, but not limited to enzyme (e.g., ELISA, as well as enzyme-based histochemical assays), fluorescent, radioactive, and luminescent systems. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular detection system or label.
As used herein, the term “transcription factor” or “transcriptional factor” refers to proteins that interact with one another and RNA polymerase enzyme to modulate transcription. Transcription factors target genes by recognizing specific DNA regulatory sequences (e.g., enhancers) or other transcription factors. Transcription factors are often referred to as “trans-factors” that interact with “cis-elements” (e.g., enhancers) because they are typically produced from genes located distantly (trans) from their sites of regulation (cis). Some transcription factors are biologically active only when bound to another copy of itself (i.e., homodimers linked through “homodimerization domains”) or to other transcription factors (i.e., heterodimers linked through “heterodimerization domains”). For most transcription factors, specific and distinct regions of the protein mediate DNA binding (i.e., “tDNA binding domains”) and transcriptional activation (i.e., “activation domains”). The most important level of gene expression regulation is exerted at the transfer process of this information from the genes into messenger RNA molecules; this process is called transcription. These proteins or transcriptional factors are classified according to their mode of action in 4 groups: general transcriptional factors, activators, coactivators and repressors. In transcriptional factors, diseases like Aniridia, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and Hodgkin's disease, transcriptional factor have been involved and in some, the molecular cause i.e. the mutations responsible for the molecular dysfunction in a transcriptional factor have been elucidated. The term “AP-1” refers to a transcriptional factor which binds to specific DNA sequences present in a large number of genes associated with cell proliferative response and extracellular matrix production. “E2F” refers to a transcriptional factor that was shown to be critical in the E1A-mediated activation of the Adenovirus E2 promoter. E2F is now known to be identical to the differentiation-regulated transcription factor, DRTF, which was originally described as a transcription factor down-regulated during the differentiation of F9 embryonic carcinoma cells. E2F forms a complex with cyclin A, cdk2, and pRB, activates and phosphorylates these cell cycle regulatory genes, and is critical to the process of cell growth and prolif ration.
As used herein the term “a disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor” refers to a disease or disorder associated with increased or decreased levels or an inappropriate (enhanced, modified or impaired, etc.) function of such a transcriptional factor in the diseased cell or tissue. Preferably, such diseases include inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis etc.), dermatitis (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis etc.), aneurism, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, angitis, restenosis after PTCA and PTA, cancer or carcinoma, asthma and the like. By using dumbbell decoys, the present invention attained significant effects over the prior art such as resistance to nuclease and significantly improved long-acting effects in cells or tissues.
As used herein “a disease or disorder related to AP-1” refers to a disease or disorder associated with increased or decreased levels of AP-1 in the diseased cell or tissue, or associated with increased expression of genes activated by AP-1. Preferably, such diseases are related to inflammation and cell proliferation. More preferably, such a disease or disorder may be vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia. The term “a disease or disorder related to E2F” refers to a disease or disorder associated with increase levels of E2F in the diseased cell or tissue, or associated with increase expression of genes activated by E2F. Preferably, such a disease or disorder may be vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia.
The term “biologically active,” as used herein, refers to a protein or other molecules which have structural, regulatory, or biochemical functions of a naturally occurring molecule (e.g., molecules having transcriptional activity, or binding affinity to a particular site of a gene).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTIONThe present invention provides a circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional factor. The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising said CDODN. The pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor. The present invention also provides a method for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor. The present invention achieved improved efficacy for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor as compared to a conventional decoy or decoy composition, by providing a circular dumbbell decoy or decoy composition and thereby providing significantly improved stability of the decoy or decoy composition after administration to a subject.
The present invention demonstrates that transfer of novel AP-1 decoy ODN prevented VSMC proliferation in vitro and neointima formation after balloon injury in vivo. These results indicate that the transcription factor AP-1 plays an important role in proliferation of VSMC and neointima formation after balloon injury.
Accumulating evidence indicates that activation of MAP kinase cascades is a key event in the proliferation and cell growth of VSMC in response to injury (see Ohashi N, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20:2521-2526; Koyama H, et al., Circ Res. 1998; 82:713-721; Hu Y, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17:2808-2816; Pyles J M, et al., Circ Res. 1997; 81:904-910; and Izumi Y et al., Circ Res. 2001; 88:1120-1126). These MAP kinases, such as JNK and ERK, control the expression and activation of AP-1 transcription factor (see Davis R J., J Biol Chem 1993; 268:14553-14556; and Seger R, et al., FASEB J. 1995; 9:726-73). AP-1 binds to specific DNA sequences present in a large number of genes associated with VSMC proliferative response and extracellular matrix production (see Karin M., J Biol Chem. 1995; 270:16483-16486; and Whitmarch A J, Davis R J, J Mol Med. 1996; 74:589-607). These findings suggest that the activation of AP-1 might be an important step leading to neointima formation. However, direct demonstration of the role of AP-1 in the pathogenesis of neointima formation has been hampered by the absence of specific and potent pharmacologic inhibitors of AP-1. In order to test the hypothesis that AP-1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of VSMC proliferation and neointima formation, we used a new AP-1 ODN transfection approach. The transfection of double-stranded cis element decoy ODN results in the removal of all trans-factors from the endogenous cis-element of the same sequence with a subsequent inhibition of the gene expression. Thus, the present invention is the first to directly demonstrate the involvement of AP-1 in VSMC proliferation and neointima formation.
In this invention, we used high glucose and serum as stimulants to enhance VSMC proliferation and migration. These stimulants induce many early genes, growth factors, and mitogens through the MAPK pathway (see Miano J M, et al., Arterioscler Thromb. 1993; 13:211-219; Bennett M R, et al., J Clin Invest. 1994; 93:820-828; Briata P, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989; 165:1123-1129; Inaba T, et al., Diabetes 1996; 45:507-512; Di Paolo S, et al., Am J Pathol. 1996; 149:2095-2106; Schwartz S M, et al., Circ Res. 1995; 77:445-465; Lindner V, et al., Circ Res. 1991; 68:106-113). The present invention also demonstrates that high glucose and serum stimulate endogenous expression of cell cycle-regulatory genes cyclin A and PCNA, which are required for cell cycle progression from the G1 phase to the S phase. AP-1 ODN effectively abolished proliferation, migration and cyclin A and PCNA gene expression of VSMC induced by high glucose and serum. Furthermore, our data using cyclin A promoter serial deletion or mutation constructs showed that the ATF (activating transcription factor) site, which is responsible for binding of a transcriptional factor such as AP-1 protein, mediates up-regulation of cyclin A gene expression by high glucose. Transfection of AP-1 decoy ODN with the luciferase reporter constructs, but not mismatched ODN, also completely abolished luciferase expression of cyclin A induced by high glucose and serum. These observations, taken together with the in vitro results that transfection with the AP-1 decoy inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration, demonstrated that the suppression of VSMC growth and VSMC migration were involved in the inhibition of neointima formation by the AP-1 decoy.
To transfect AP-1 decoy ODN into rat carotid artery, we used the HVJ-liposome technique, which is a very effective method in gene transfer into medial VSMC of intact arteries not subjected to endothelial denudation. Transfection of FITC-labeled ODN by HVJ-liposome method resulted in strong fluorescence, readily detected in all layers of artery. The present invention also demonstrates that AP-1 ODN effectively prevents neointima formation after balloon injury. Of interest is the finding that pre-treatment with decoy ODN was more effective than post-treatment. This finding can be explained by the time course of AP-1 activation in the injured artery. Previous studies reported that ERK and JNK activities in the vessel wall rapidly increase and reach a plateau at 5 min after injury and are maintained for 1 h after balloon angioplasty. The expression of immediate early genes, c-jun and c-fos, reaches a peak at 30 min after balloon injury. Our results also show that AP-1 activity is noted at 30 min and reaches maximum at 3 h after balloon injury. These data indicate that signal transduction in response to balloon injury is rapid, and the time of blocking is important to block the flow of signals caused by balloon injury.
Of note in our invention is that AP-1 circular dumbbell decoy ODN (CDODN) was more stable and effective than chemically modified decoy ODN. The CDODN contains two binding sites of AP-1 in a single decoy molecule without an open end, allowing multiple targeting of more than one promoter site. In previous studies, modified ODN such as phosphorothioate and methylphosphonate were widely utilized to augment stability against nucleases (see Khaled A R, et al., Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 86:170-179; Larrouy B, et al., Gene 1992; 121:189-194). These modified ODN against c-myb, c-myc, cdc2 and cdk2 as antisense, or NF-κB and E2F as decoy decreased intimal thickening in experimental restenosis (see Simons M at al, J. Clin Invest 1994; 93:1458-1464, Morishita R et al 1993 supra, Morishita R et al 1994 supra, Morishita R et al 1997 supra). However, these modified ODNs exhibit problems such as insensitivity to RNaseH, possible recycling of hydrolyzed modified nucleotides into genomic DNA, lack of sequence-specific binding effects, and immune activation. In accordance with recent reports (see Chu B C F, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1992; 20; 5857-5858; and Abe T, et al., FEBS Lett. 1998; 425; 91-96), CDODN was more stable than PSODN in the presence of serum, exonuclease III and S1 nuclease. In order to evaluate the sequence-specificity of CDODN and PSODN containing the binding sites for AP-1, we set up an in vitro competition assay. When the non-labeled CDODN and PSODN were used as competitors, both CDODN and PSODN completely inhibited the AP-1 binding to labeled probe, but the sequence-specificity of CDODN was about 10 times greater than the effect of PSODN. Further, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of CDODN and PSODN on AP-1 binding activity induced by high glucose or serum in VSMC. Both CDODN and PSODN significantly attenuated the AP-1 binding activity but the inhibitory effect of CDODN was greater. These results show that CDODN has more affinity for the AP-1 binding protein than PSODN. In accordance with these in vitro data, CDODN was more effective in preventing neointima formation after vascular injury. An additional potential merit of dumbbell decoy ODN is lack of mutational potential, due to introduction into genomic DNA during DNA replication or repair upon recycling of hydrolyzed modified nucleotides.
In conclusion, the present invention demonstrated that dumbbell decoy ODN have the markedly enhanced stability as compared to the previously attempted modified ODN. Moreover, the inhibition of AP-1 activity by decoy ODN effectively decreased cell proliferation and migration in vitro as well as neointima formation in vivo. The present invention provides a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of restenosis by employing CDODN with minimized side effects and highly effective HVJ-liposome gene delivery technique.
In another aspect of the invention, the present invention provides a novel E2F-decoy. Several studies demonstrated that inhibition of cell-cycle regulatory genes successfully blocked VSMC proliferation and neointima formation in injured vessels. Inhibition of a single cell-cycle regulatory gene, however, is insufficient to prevent VSMC proliferation and neointima formation. We therefore focused on the transcription factor E2F, which is associated with up-regulated expression of various genes involved in G1/S cell-cycle progression, including PCNA, c-myc, c-myb, cdc2, and cdk2 (see Bielinska A, et al. 1990 supra; Chu B C F, Orgal L., Nucleic Acids Res. 1992; 20; 5857-5858; and Abe T, et al., FEBS Lett. 1998; 425; 91-96). In this invention, we demonstrate that the transfection of E2F decoy successfully blocked smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in injured vessels, consistent with previous in vitro and in vivo studies.
In the present invention, we devised a novel circular dumbbell decoy to improve stability against nucleases. In previous studies, modification of ODN with phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, or other foreign materials have been used to augment stability against nucleases (see Tanaka H at al., Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22: 3069-3074; Bielinska A, et al. 1990 supra). Although the stability of ODN against nucleases was enhanced by chemical modification, these modified ODN could induce other different problems because of the employment of foreign materials to modify ODN. Recently, dumbbell type ODN has been reported to increase nuclease resistance and uptake into cells as compared to the chemically modified linear ODN (see Chu B C, et al., Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20: 5857-5858; Abe T et al., FEBS Lett 1998; 425: 91-96). We therefore designed a novel circular dumbbell decoy ODN for E2F binding site. Our CD-E2F contains two binding sites of E2F in a single decoy molecule without an open end, allowing multiple targeting of a target promoter site or targeting more than one promoter site. As expected, the CD-E2F was more stable than PS-E2F in the presence of the nucleases and serum. In addition, the sequence-specificity of CD-E2F, assessed by in vitro competitive binding assay, was nearly 10 times greater than that of PS-E2F. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of CD-E2F on glucose- and serum-induced E2F binding activity in VSMCs was also greater than that of PS-E2F. These results indicate that CD-E2F has an enhanced stability and excellent sequence-specific inhibitory effect on E2F binding site.
Poor cellular uptake and subsequent lysosomal degradation after endocytosis of ODN delivered by conventional liposome methods have been the major obstacles for ODN therapy (see Marcus-Sekure C J., Anal Biochem 1988; 172: 289-295; Stein Calif., Cohen J S., Cancer Res 1988; 48: 2659-2668). In order to overcome this obstacle, we used the HVJ-liposome technique to transfect E2F decoy into rat carotid artery. In this delivery system, exogenous molecules such as plasmid DNA or ODN are enveloped in liposomes that comprise phospholipids and cholesterol. The liposomes are then fused with UV-inactivated HVJ to form HVJ-liposomes. Fusion proteins from HVJ promote fusion of the liposomes with the cell membranes and deposition of molecules into the cell. We recently reported that transfection of a FITC-labeled decoy using the HVJ-liposome method into cultured human VSMC was very effective in gene transfer than conventional transfection method (see Ahn J D et al., Diabetologia 2001; 44: 713-720). In accordance with this, transfection of FITC-labeled decoy by the HVJ-liposome method in vivo resulted in a strong fluorescence, readily detected in all layers of the artery.
Although hyperglycemia has been suggested to contribute to the development of macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes, few studies have focused on the direct effect of elevated glucose concentrations on VSMCs (Ahn J D et al., 2001 supra; Natarajan R et al., Hypertension 1999; 33: 378-384; Yasunari K et al., Circ Res 1997; 81: 953-962). In our invention, we examined the effect of high concentration of glucose on E2F DNA-binding activity in VSMCs as well as cell cycle regulatory genes, and proliferation of VSMCs. Our studies show that E2F DNA-binding activity and luciferase activity of the [E2F]×4-luciferase construct, which contains four E2F binding sites in the promoter region, were significantly increased after treatment of high concentration of glucose in VSMCs. These effects were additive with serum. The present invention also demonstrates that high glucose and serum stimulate the endogenous expression of cell cycle-regulatory genes such as cyclin A and PCNA, which are important for cell cycle progression from G1 to the S phase. Transfection of E2F decoy, but not a mismatched sequence oligonucleotide (M-E2F), effectively attenuated VSMC proliferation as well as expression of PCNA and cyclin A genes induced by high glucose and serum, consistent with the results of promoter study of cyclin A. Furthermore, our results, derived from the use of cyclin A promoter serial deletions or mutation constructs, demonstrate that the glucose-stimulated up-regulation of cyclin A gene expression is mediated by the E2F site in cyclin A promoter. Co-transfection of E2F decoy, but not M-E2F, with the luciferase reporter constructs also completely abolished luciferase expression under the cyclin A promoter induced by high glucose.
Finally, transfection of CD-E2F pr vented neointima formation after balloon injury more effectively than PS-E2F. Cells positive for PCNA staining in vessels treated with CD-E2F also were found to be much less than in PS-E2F treated vessels or untransfected vessels. These observations, taken together with the in vitro results, indicate that CD-E2F is more effective in suppression of VSMC growth and in preventing neointima formation following vascular injury. An additional potential therapeutic benefit of CD-E2F is its lack of mutational potential, whereas ODN modified with foreign materials could have mutational potential when hydrolyzed nucleotides are recycled and introduced into genomic DNA during DNA replication.
In conclusion, the present invention demonstrates that CD-E2F has a markedly enhanced stability and an excellent sequence-specific decoy effect compared to conventional modified ODN. Moreover, inhibition of the DNA binding activity of E2F using CD-E2F significantly decreased cell cycle regulatory gene expression and cell proliferation in vitro as well as in vivo. The present invention employing a novel CD-E2F and a highly effective HVJ-liposome delivery technique will provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent restenosis following angioplasty in humans with minimal side effects.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the present invention, therefore, provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an AP-1 and alternatively or additionally an E2F decoy as an active ingredient and optionally another transcriptional factor (e.g. NFκB) decoy, for the therapy and prophylaxis of various AP-1- or E2F-associated diseases and a method for said therapy and prophylaxis.
The diseases in which the therapeutic/prophylactic composition of the invention is indicated are AP-1 and also E2F-associated diseases, that is to say diseases caused by the unwanted activation of genes under the control of the transcriptional regulatory factor AP-1 or E2F, preferably, such diseases comprises but are not limited to inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis etc.), dermatitis (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis etc.), aneurism, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, angitis, restenosis after PTCA and PTA, cancer or carcinoma, asthma and the like.
AP-1 is a key regulator of various important genes, including those that involve the production of (i) enzymes that cause tissue destruction, (ii) cytokines associated with chronic inflammation, and (iii) proteins necessary for cell proliferation. Therefore, the AP-1 dumbbell decoy may be a potentially powerful agent in treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
The E2F family of transcription factors plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation. Therefore the novel E2F decoy provided by the present invention may be a potentially powerful agent in treating diseases associated with abnormal cell proliferation.
In another embodiment of the invention, the diseases for which the therapeutic/prophylactic composition of the invention is indicated are NF-κB-associated diseases, that is to say diseases caused by the unwanted activation of genes under control of the transcriptional regulatory factor NF-κB, and among such diseases can be reckoned ischemic diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis and invasion, and cachexia. The ischemic disease includes ischemic diseases of organs (e.g. ischemic heart diseases such as myocardial infarction, acute heart failure, chronic heart failure, etc., ischemic brain diseases such as cerebral infarction, and ischemic lung diseases such as palmonary infarction), aggravation of the prognosis of organ transplantation or organ surgery (e.g. aggravation of the prognosis of heart transplantation, cardiac surgery, kidney transplantation, renal surgery, liver transplantation, hepatic surgery, bone marrow transplantation, skin grafting, corneal transplantation, and lung transplantation), reperfusion disorders, and post-PTCA restenosis. The inflammatory disease mentioned above includes various inflammatory diseases such as nephritis, hepatitis, arthritis, etc., acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, and arteriosclerosis, among other diseases. The autoimmune disease mentioned above includes but is not limited to rheumatism, multiple sclerosis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Particularly the pharmaceutical composition containing the NF-κB decoy according to the present invention as an active ingredient is v ry suited for the therapy and prophylaxis of reperfusion disorders in ischemic diseases, aggravation of the prognosis of organ transplantation or organ surgery, post-PTCA restenosis, cancer metastasis and invasion, and cachexia such as weight loss following the onset of a cancer.
Any other diseases in which a transcriptional factor is associated can be treated or prevented by the decoy of the invention. Such diseases include but not limited to: E2F-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as neointimal hyperplasia, neoplasia, glomerulonephritis, angiogenesis, inflammation; AP-I-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as neointimal hyperplasia, cardiac myocyte growth/differentiation; NFκB-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as inflammation, immune response, transplant rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, glomerulonephritis, inflammatory bowel diseases; SSRE-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as neointimal hyperplasia, bypass grafts, angiogenesis, collateral formation; CREB-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as cAMP activated events; MEF-2-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as cardiac myocyte differentiation and growth; CArG box-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as cardiac myocyte growth and differentiation; tax-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as HTLV infection; VP16-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as Herpes infection; TAR/tat-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as HIV infection; GRE/HRE MRE-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as steroid hormone processes (breast or prostate cell growth); H at shock RE-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as cellular stresses e.g. ischemia hypoxia; SRE-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as cell proliferation/differentiation; AP-2-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as cell proliferation; sterol response element-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as hypercholesterolemia; TRE (TGFb responsive element)-related diseases, disorders or conditions such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, intimal responsive hyperplasia, matrix generation, element apoptosis.
Particularly, the pharmaceutical composition containing the decoy according to the present invention as an active ingredient is highly suitable for the therapy and prophylaxis of reperfusion disorders in ischemic diseases, aggravation of the prognosis of organ transplantation or organ surgery, post-PTCA restenosis, cancer metastasis and invasion, and cachexia such as weight loss following the onset of cancer.
The decoy that can be used in the present invention may be any compound that specifically antagonizes the binding site of the chromosome corresponding to the type of the transcriptional factor and includes but is not limited to nucleic acids and their analogs. As preferred examples of said decoy, there can be mentioned oligonucleotides containing the nucleotide sequence of TGACTCA (AP-1) and TTTCGCGC (E2F) (the sequences from the 7th through the 13th nucleotides from the 5′-end, and the 8th through th 15th nucleotides from the 5′-end of SEQ ID NO:1 and 2, respectively, in Sequence Listing), GGGATTTC (NFκB) or its complementary sequence, muteins thereof, and compounds containing any of the above oligonucleotide sequences. The oligonucleotides may be DNAs or RNAs, and may contain modified nucleotides and/or pseudonucleotides. Furthermore, those oligonucleotides, variants thereof, or compounds containing any of them may be single-stranded or double-stranded and linear or cyclic. Variants are those nucleic acid sequences with mutations such as substitution, addition and/or deletion of any part of the above-mentioned sequence, which specifically antagonize the chromosomal binding sites to which a transcriptional factor are conjugated. The more preferred decoy includes double-stranded oligonucleotides each containing one or a plurality of the above nucleotide sequences and variants thereof. Oligonucleotides which can be used in the present invention include oligonucleotides modified so as to be less susceptible to biodegradation, such as those oligonucleotides containing the thiophosphoric diester bond available upon substitution of sulfur for the oxygen of the phosphoric diester moiety (S-oligo) and those oligonucleotides available upon substitution of a methyl phosphate group carrying no electric charge for the phosphoric diester moiety.
Regarding the technology for producing the decoy for use in the present invention, conventional chemical or biochemical synthesis methods can be utilized. When a nucleic acid, for instance, is to be used as the decoy, methods for nucleic acid synthesis which are commonly used in genetic engineering can be employed. For example, the object decoy oligonucleotide can be directly synthesized on a DNA synthesizer. Or a nucleic acid or its fragments, each synthesized beforehand, can be amplified by PCR or using a cloning vector or the like. Furthermore, the desired nucleic acid can be obtained by such procedures as cleavage with restriction enzymes or the like and/or ligation by means of DNA ligase or the like. In order to obtain a decoy nucleotide which is more stable within cells, the base, sugar or/and phosphoric acid moieties of the nucleic acid may be alkylated, acylated, or otherwise chemically modified.
The pharmaceutical composition containing the decoy as an active ingredient according to the present invention is not limited in form as long as the active ingredient may be taken up by the cells in the affected site or the cells of the target tissue. Thus, the decoy, either alone or in admixture with the common pharmaceutical carrier, can be administered orally, parenterally, topically or externally.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be provided in liquid dosage forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups, liposomes, lotions, etc. or in solid dosage forms such as tablets, granules, powders, and capsules. Where necessary, those pharmaceutical compositions may be supplemented with various vehicles, excipients, stabilizers, lubricants, and/or oth r conventional pharmaceutical additives, such as lactose, citric acid, tartaric acid, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, terra alba, sucrose, corn starch, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, peanut oil, olive oil, cacao butter, ethylene glycol, and so on.
Particularly when a nucleic acid or a modification product thereof is used as the decoy, the preferred dosage form includes those which are generally used in gene therapy, such as liposomes including but not limited to membrane fusion liposomes utilizing Sendai virus and liposomes utilizing endocytosis, preparations containing cationic lipids such as Lipofectamine (Life Tech Oriental) or virosomes utilizing a retroviral vector, adenoviral vector, or the like. Particularly preferred are membrane fusion liposomes.
The structure of such a liposomal preparation may be any of a large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), a multi-lamellar vesicle (MLV), and a small unilamellar vesicle (SUV). The approximate size of vesicles may range from 200 to 1000 nm for LUV, from 400 to 3500 nm for MLV, and from 20 to 50 nm for SUV but in the case of a membrane fusion liposomal preparation using Sendai virus, for instance, MLV with a vesicular system of 200-1000 nm in diameter is preferably employed.
There is no limitation on the technology for liposome production as long as the decoy can be successfully entrapped in vesicles. Thus, such liposomes can be manufactured by conventional techniques such as the reversed phase evaporation method (Szoka, F., et al: Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Vol. 601 559 (1980)), ether injection method (Deamer, D. W.: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 308 250 (1978)), and surfactant method (Brunner, J., et al: Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Vol. 455 322 (1976)), to name but a few examples.
Lipids that can be used for forming the liposomes include phospholipids, cholesterol and its derivatives, and nitrogen-containing lipids but phospholipids are generally preferred. Phospholipids that can be used include naturally-occurring phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, egg yolk lecithin, soybean lecithin, lysolecithin, etc., the corresponding phospholipids hydrogenated by the conventional method, and synthetic phospholipids such as dicetyl phosphate, distearoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine, oleostearoylphosphatidylcholine, oleostearoylphosphatidylethanolamine, oleostearoylphosphatidylserine, and so on.
The lipids, particularly phospholipids, can be used individually or in a suitable combination. By using a lipid containing a positively-charged group such as ethanolamine or choline, the binding of an electrically negative decoy nucleotide can be enhanced. In addition to the principal phospholipid, various compounds such as cholesterol and its derivatives, stearylamine, tocopherol, etc., which are known as liposome additives, can be added in the manufacture of liposomes.
To the resulting liposomes can be added a membrane fusion promoter such as Sendai virus, inactivated Sendai virus, a membrane fusion promoting protein purified from Sendai virus, polyethylene glycol, or the like, for assisting in the intracellular uptake by the cells at the affected site or of the target tissue.
A typical procedure for the production of pharmaceutical liposomes is now described in detail. The above-mentioned liposome-forming substance as well as cholesterol or the like is dissolved in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, ethanol, or the like. In a suitable vessel, the solvent is distilled off under reduced pressure to leave a film of the liposome-forming substance on the inside wall of the vessel. Then, a buffer containing the decoy is added and the mixture is stirred. After optional addition of said membrane fusion promoter, the liposomes are isolated. The liposomes in which the decoy has thus been entrapped are suspended in a suitable medium or a lyophilizate thereof is redispersed in a suitable medium for use in therapy. The membrane fusion promoter may be added in the interim period after isolation of the liposomes and b fore use.
There is no limitation on the decoy content of the pharmaceutical composition containing the decoy as an active ingredient as long as the decoy is contained in amounts effective to control a transcriptional factor-associated diseases. Thus, the decoy content can be liberally selected according to the disease to be controlled, the target site, dosage form, and dosage schedule.
The pharmaceutical composition containing the decoy as an active ingredient as provided in the above manner can be administered by various methods according to the type of disease and the kind of decoy contained. Taking ischemic diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis or invasion, and cachexia as examples, the composition can be infused intravascularly, applied directly to the affected area, injected into the lesion, or administered into the regional blood vessels in the affected region. As a further specific example, when PTCA is performed for treatment of infarction of an organ, the pharmaceutical composition can be administered into the local blood vessel concurrently with the operation or pre- and postoperatively. For organ transplantation, the graft material can be previously treated with the composition of the invention. Furthermore, in the treatment of osteoarthritis or rheumatism, the composition can b directly injected into the joint.
The dosage of the decoy is selected with reference to the patient's age and other factors, type of disease, the kind of decoy used, etc. but for intravascular, intramuscular, or intraarticular administration, for instance, a unit dose of 10-10,000 nmoles can generally be administered once to a few times daily.
The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
EXAMPLES Example 1 Inhibitory Effects of Novel AP-1 Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotides on Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro and Neointima Formation In VivoMaterials and Methods
Animals
Nine- to ten-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats (Hyochang, Taegu, Korea) weighing 280 to 320 g were used. All procedures were in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal research.
Cell Culture
Human VSMC were harvested as described in Ahn et al 2001 supra, and rat aortic smooth muscle cells w re harvested from the thoracic aorta of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g). VSMC were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Gibco BRL, Grand Island, N.Y., USA) containing 20% fetal bovine serum (Gibco BRL). VSMC purity was characterized by positive staining with smooth muscle specific α-actin monoclonal antibodies (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA).
Construction of CDODN
The sequences of dumbbell type and phosphorothioate double-stranded ODN derived from the AP-1 binding site and mismatched ODN used in this invention are as follows:
The 5′ terminus of the stem has 6 bases of a single-stranded sequence of 5′-GGATCC-3′ as restriction site for BamHI. Two oligo molecules were joined by the complementary 6 base sequences at both 5′ ends. ODN were annealed for 2 h, while the temperature descended from 80° C. to 25° C. One unit of T4 DNA ligase was added and incubated for 24 h at 16° C. to generate a covalently ligated dumbbell decoy ODN molecule (CDODN). The CDODN consists of two loops and one stem, which contains two AP-1 consensus sequences in tandem (
Stability of CDODN
To test the stability of CDODN, 1 μg each of the non-ligated phosphodiester ODN, PSODN and CDODN were incubated with human serum, fetal bovine serum, fetal calf serum, exonuclease III or S1 nuclease. All serums were used without heat inactivation to preserve DNase activity. Each serum was added to ODN to 50% in a 100 μl reaction volume and incubated for 24 h at 37° C. Exonuclease III (Takara, Otsu, Japan) at 160 units/μg ODN was added to ODN and incubated for 2 h at 37° C. S1 nuclease (Takara) at 10 units/μg ODN was added to ODN and incubated for 30 min at 25° C. ODNs were then extracted with phenol and chloroform and examined on a 15% denaturing polyacrylamide gel.
Effect of AP-1 Decoy ODN on Growth of VSMC
VSMC were seeded onto 96-well tissue culture plates. At 30% confluence, VSMC were rendered quiescent by incubation for 24 hours in defined serum-free medium. Then, Lipofectin containing 100 nmol/L of decoy ODN was added to the wells. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 h. After 2-3 days, an index of cell proliferation was determined with the use of a WST cell counting kit (Wako, Osaka, Japan).
Cell Migration Assays
VSMC migration was assessed using modified Boyden chambers (Corning, N.Y., USA). VSMC (2×105 cells/well) suspended in control medium w re added to the upper chamber, and tested samples were placed in the bottom chamber. After 24 hours of incubation at 37° C., cells were fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The average number of cells from 4 randomly chosen high-power (×400) fields on the lower surface of the filter was counted.
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
Nuclear extracts were prepared from VSMC, as described in Ahn J D et al, supra. In brief, the DNA probes such as AP-1 and mismatched decoy ODN were labeled as primers. The protein-DNA binding reaction was performed at room temperature for 20 min in a volume of 20 μl. The reaction mixture contained 6 μg of nuclear extract, 100 μg/ml poly dI:dC, 10 mmol/l Tris/HCl (pH 7.5), 50 mmol/l NaCl, 0.5 mmol/l EDTA, 0.5 mmol/l DTT, 1 mmol/l MgCl2, 4% glycerol and 60,000 cpm 32P-labeled primer DNA. After incubation, the samples were loaded onto 4% native polyacrylamide gels in 0.5×Tris-borate-EDTA buffer and were run at 150 V for 2 h. The gels were dried and visualized by autoradiography. For competition studies, the experimental conditions were identical, except that the appropriate competitor ODN were added at 50- to 100-fold molar excess to the reaction mixture before the addition of nuclear extract.
Luciferase Assay
The AP-1 luciferase construct, pAP1(PMA)-TA-Luc, was purchased from Clontech and a cyclin A promoter luciferase construct was kindly provided by Dr. Masao Yoshizumi (University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan) (see Yoshizumi M et al J Biol Chem, 1997; 272:22259-22264). To analyze the luciferas expression, the cells were washed twice with PBS and were lysed with 200 μl of 1×Reporter lysis buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA). Fifty microliters of each lysate was examined for luciferase activity.
Northern Blot Analysis
Gene expression of PCNA and cyclin A was measured by northern blotting. For northern blot analysis, 10 μg of total RNA was applied to 1% formaldehyde-agarose gel and transferred to a nylon membrane. The nylon membrane was hybridized in Express Hyb™ solution at 65° C. for 2 h with radiolabeled PCNA cDNA probe or cyclin A cDNA probe (donated by Dr Young-Chae Chang, Dankook University Medical School, Korea), and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The membrane was exposed to X-ray film and the mRNA expression was quantified with densitometric analysis.
Preparation of Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ)-Liposomes.
HVJ-AVE liposomes were prepared as described in Ahn J D et al, 2001 supra. Briefly, cholesterol, dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine were mixed in a molar ratio of 50:13.3:13.3:13.3:10. The lipid mixture was deposited on the sides of a flask by removal of chloroform. Dried lipid was hydrated in 200 μl balanced salt solution (BSS; 137 mmol/l NaCl, 5.4 mmol/l KCl, 10 mmol/l Tris-HCl, pH 7.6) containing ODN. Liposomes were pr pared by shaking and filtration. Purified HVJ (Z strain) was inactivated by UV irradiation for 3 min just before use. The liposome suspension was mixed with HVJ in a total volume of 2 ml BSS. The mixture was incubated at 4° C. for 5 min and then for 30 min with gentle shaking at 37° C. Free HVJ was removed from the HVJ-liposomes by the sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The top layer of the sucrose gradient was collected for use.
Balloon Injury and In Vivo Gene Transfer.
A 2 French Fogarty catheter was used to induce vascular injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-320 g). These rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and the left common carotid artery was surgically exposed. A cannula was introduced into the common carotid artery via the external carotid artery. Vascular injury of the common carotid artery was induced by the passage and inflation of a balloon catheter through an arteriotomy in the external carotid artery three times. The injured segment was transiently isolated by temporary ligatures. After balloon injury, 20 μl of HVJ-liposome containing either CDODN, MODN, FITC-labeled PSODN or HVJ-liposome alone was incubated within the lumen for 10 min at room temperature. After a 10-min incubation, the infusion cannula was removed. After the transfection, blood flow to the common carotid was restored by release of the ligatures, and the wound was then closed. No adverse neurological or vascular effects were observed in any animal undergoing this procedure.
Histological Analysis
At 2 wk after transfection, rats were sacrificed and vessels were perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neointima size was quantified by morphometry by individuals who were blinded to the identity of the samples. Intimal and medial areas were measured on a digitizing system (model INTUOS 6×8, Wacom, Vancouver, Wash., USA). In the case of FITC-labeled AP-1 decoy ODN transfection, the vessels were harvested at 3 d after transfection and perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Sections were examined by fluorescence microscopy. For immunohistochemisty, sections were incubated with rabbit anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody (1:200 dilution, SantaCruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif., USA) and processed for immunohistochemistry in a standard manner.
Statistical Analysis
Results are expressed as mean±SEM. Analysis of variance with subsequent Duncan's test was used to determine the significance of differences in multiple comparisons. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All experiments were carried out at least three times.
Results
Construction of Dumbbell Type AP-1 Decoy with Enhanced Stability
To investigate the stability of various decoy ODN, we initially examined the molecular stability against nucleases. CDODN was stable to exonuclease III, but both PSODN and annealed decoy ODN were completely degraded after 2 h of incubation with exonuclease III (
Both PSODN and annealed decoy ODN were significantly hydrolyzed after 24 h of incubation in the presence of non-inactivated human serum, fetal bovine serum and fetal calf serum. CDODN, however, remained largely intact after 24 h of incubation with these different serums, exhibiting much improved stability when compared to both PSODN and annealed type decoy ODN (
Specific Binding of the AP-1 to Dumbbell Decoy ODN with the AP-1 Target Site.
To demonstrate that the CDODN interact strongly enough with the AP-1 as decoys in a sequence-specific manner, an in vitro competition assay was performed. An increase in the non-labeled AP-1 decoy ODNs decreased the intensity of the retarded band, which corresponded to the complex formed by the AP-1 protein (
Effect of AP-1 Decoy ODNs on Gene Expression in Smooth Muscle Cells
We used reporter gene constructs which contain the AP-1 binding site in the promoter region, to investigate the effect of AP-1 decoy ODN on promoter activity. To investigate the role of AP-1 binding site on up-regulation of cyclin A promoter activity by high glucose, we transfected a series of luciferase reporter gene plasmids containing various lengths of the human cyclin A 5′ flanking sequence into smooth muscle cells treated with high glucose. In these plasmids, only two plasmids (pCA−266/+205 mt and pCA−133/−205 mt) showed significantly decreased luciferase activity (
Next, we compared the effect of AP-1 decoy ODN on high glucose and serum induced-activity of luciferase reporter plasmids: pAP1(PMA)-TA-Luc and cyclin A promoter luciferase constructs (pCA-266/+205) containing the AP-1 binding site. As expected, co-transfection of luciferase reporters with both PSODN and CDODN markedly attenuated high glucose- and serum stimulated-luciferase gene expressions (
Effect of Ap-1 Decoy ODNs on Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell Growth and Migration In Vitro
Treatment with high glucose and serum stimulated growth of cultured primary human and rat VSMC compared to control (
Effects of CDODN on Neointima Formation in Rat Balloon-Injured Carotid Artery
We tested the transfection efficiency of the HVJ-liposome method into rat carotid artery using fluorescent (FITC)-labeled AP-1 decoy ODN. Transfection of FITC-labeled ODN by HVJ-liposome method resulted in strong fluorescence (
Using the HVJ-liposome method, we examined the effect of AP-1 decoy ODN on neointima formation in the rat carotid balloon-injury model. As shown in
Next, we compared the effect of pre-treatment and post-treatment of AP-1 decoy ODN on inhibition of neointima formation in injured carotid arteries. As shown in
Effects of AP-1 Decoy ODNs on Ap-1 DNA Binding Activity and Gene Expression In Vivo
To confirm that AP-1 decoy ODN effectively blocked the AP-1 DNA binding activity in vivo, we performed the gel mobility shift assay using cells from injured arteries. As shown in
The inhibitory effect of AP-1 decoy ODN on cell proliferation was confirmed by PCNA staining, which is widely used as a proliferation marker both in normal and disease states. As shown in
Materials and Methods
Animals
Nine- to ten-week old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 280 to 320 g were used. All procedures were in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal research.
Cell Culture
Human VSMCs were isolated from thoracic aortas of heart transplant donors. The collection of this tissue was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution. Rat VSMCs were harvested from thoracic aortas of adult male SD rats. VSMCs were cultured in DMEM (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, N.Y., USA) containing 20% FBS (Gibco BRL). VSMC purity was characterized by positive staining with smooth muscle specific α-actin monoclonal antibodies (Sigma, St. Louis, Mich., USA).
After reaching 80-90% confluence in 100-mm dishes, human VSMC were serum-starved for 24 h in serum free medium, and were subjected to either control normal glucose medium (DMEM containing 5.5 mmol/l D-glucose) or conditioned medium (DMEM containing 10% serum and 22 mmol/l D-glucose). Cells were then processed for nuclear protein extraction or RNA extraction as described below.
Construction of Dumbbell Type Decoy ODN
The sequences of dumbbell type and phosphorothioated double-stranded ODN against E2F binding site and mutated ODN used in this invention are as follows: CD-E2F (note; consensus sequences are underlined), 5′-GGATCCGTTTCGCGCTATTGCAAAAGCAATAGCGCGAAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6); phosphorothioate E2F decoy (PS-E2F), 5′-ATsTTAAGTTTCGCGCCCTTTCTCAsAs-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7); mutated E2F decoy (M-E2F), 5′-GGATCCGTTTCGATTTATTGCAAAAGCAATAAATCGAAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8). CD-E2F was anticipated to form a stem-loop structure. The stem is formed by complementary sequences at both ends of each oligo. The 5′ terminus of the stem has 6 bases of a single-stranded sequence of 5′-GGATCC-3′ as enzyme site of BamHI. Two oligo molecules were joined by the complementary 6 base sequences at both 5′ ends. ODN were annealed for 2 h, while the temperature descended from 80° C. to 25° C. One unit of T4 DNA ligase was added and incubated for 24 h at 16° C. to generate a covalently ligated Dumbbell type decoy molecule. CD-E2F consists of two loops and one stem containing two E2F consensus sequences (
Stability of CD-E2F
To test the stability of CD-E2F, 1 μg of each of the PS-E2F, non-ligated phosphodiester oligos and CD-E2F were incubated with either human serum, FBS, exonuclease III, or S1 nuclease. All serums were used without heat inactivation to preserve DNase activity. Each serum was added to oligos to 50% in a 100 μl reaction volume and incubated for 24 h at 37° C. Exonuclease III (Takara, Otsu, Japan) at 160 units/μg oligos was added to oligos and incubated for 2 h at 37° C. S1 nuclease (Takara) at 10 units/μg oligos was added to oligos and incubated for 30 min at 25° C. The oligos were then extracted with phenol and chloroform and were examined on a 15% denaturing polyacrylamide gel.
In Vitro Gene Transfer
Cells were fed with fresh culture medium 1 day prior to adding decoy and washed twice with Opti-MEM (Gibco BRL) prior to each experiment. Cells were transfected with 100 nM of decoy ODNs combined with Lipofectin™ (molar ratio; DNA:lipid=1:3) (Gibco BRL). The mixture of decoy ODN:Lipofectin was added to the cells dropwise according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 h. Then, after changing to fresh medium with 10% FBS, the cells were incubated in a CO2 incubator.
Effect of Decoy ODN on VSMC Growth
VSMC were seed d onto 96-well tissue culture plates. At 30% confluence, SMC were rendered quiescent by incubation for 24 hours in defined serum-free medium. Then, Lipofectin:decoy ODN (containing 100 nM ODN) was added to the wells. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 h. After 2-3 days, an index of cell proliferation was determined with the use of a WST cell counting kit (Wako, Osaka, Japan).
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
Nuclear extracts were prepared from VSMC as described in Ahn J D at al 2001 supra. In brief, the DNA probes such as those for E2F and mutated ODN were labeled as primers using [γ-32P]ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase. After end labeling, 32P-labeled ODN were purified with a NAP-5 column. The protein-DNA binding reaction was performed at room temperature for 20 min in a volume of 20 μl. The reaction mixture contained 6 μg of nuclear extract, 100 μg/ml poly dI:dC, 10 mmol/l Tris/HCl (pH 7.5), 50 mmol/l NaCl, 0.5 mmol/l EDTA, 0.5 mmol/l DTT, 1 mmol/l MgCl2, 4% glycerol and 60,000 cpm 32P-labeled primer DNA. After incubation, the samples were loaded onto 4% native polyacrylamide gels in 0.5×Tris-borate-EDTA buffer and were run at 150 V for 2 h. The gels were dried and visualized by autoradiography. For competition studies, the experimental conditions were identical, except that the appropriate competitor ODN was added at 50- to 100-fold molar excess to the reaction mixture before the addition of nuclear extract.
Northern Blot Analysis
Gene expression of PCNA and cyclin A was measured by Northern blot. 10 μg of total RNA was applied to 1% formaldehyde-agarose gel and transferred to a nylon membrane. The nylon membrane was hybridized in Express Hyb™ solution at 65° C. for 2 h with radiolabeled PCNA cDNA probe or cyclin A cDNA probe (donated by Dr Young-Chae Chang, Dankook University Medical School, Korea), and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The membrane was exposed to X-ray film for 24-48 h, and the mRNA expression was quantified with densitometric analysis. Loading differences were normalized using a 18s rRNA cDNA probe.
Preparation of Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ)-Liposomes.
HVJ-liposomes were prepared as described in Ahn J D et al 2001 supra. Briefly, cholesterol, dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine were mixed in a molar ratio of 50:13.3:13.3:13.3:10. The lipid mixture was deposited on the sides of a flask by removal of chloroform. Dried lipid was hydrated in 2001 balanced salt solution (BSS; 137 mmol/l NaCl, 5.4 mmol/l KCl, 10 mmol/l Tris-HCl, pH 7.6) containing ODN. Liposomes were prepared by shaking and filtration. Purified HVJ (Z strain) was inactivated by UV irradiation for 3 min just before use. The liposome suspension was mixed with HVJ in a total volume of 2 ml BSS. The mixture was incubated at 4° C. for 5 min and then for 30 min with gentle shaking at 37° C. Free HVJ was removed from the HVJ-liposomes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The top layer of the sucrose gradient was collected for use.
Balloon Injury and In Vivo Gen Transfer.
A 2 French Fogarty catheter was used to induce vascular injury in male SD rats. These rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and the left common carotid artery was surgically exposed. A cannula was introduced into the common carotid artery via the external carotid artery. In vivo gene transfer was performed after inducing vascular injury of the common carotid artery by inflating an inserted balloon catheter three times. The injured segment was transiently isolated by temporary ligatures. After balloon injury, 20 μl of HVJ-liposomes complex containing either CD-E2F, M-E2F, FITC-labeled PS-E2F or HVJ-liposome only was incubated within the lumen for 10 min at room temperature. After a 10-min incubation, the infusion cannula was removed. After the transfection, blood flow to the common carotid artery was restored by release of the ligatures, and the wound was then closed. No adverse neurological or vascular effects were observed in any animal that underwent this procedure.
Luciferase Assay
An E2F luciferase construct was kindly provided by Dr. Youngchae Jang (Dankook University, Chunan, Korea). To analyze the luciferase expression, the cells were washed twice with PBS and were lysed with 200 μl of 1× Reporter lysis buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA). Fifty microliters of each lysate were examined for luciferase activity.
Histological Analysis
At 2 wk after transfection, rats were sacrificed and vessels were perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neointima size was quantified by morphometry by individuals who were blinded to the identity of the samples. Intimal and medial areas were measured on a digitizing system (model INTUOS 6×8, Wacom, Vancouver, Wash., USA). In case of FITC-labeled E2F decoy ODN transfection, the vessels were harvested at 3 d after transfection and perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Sections were examined by fluorescence microscopy. For immunohistochemisty, sections were incubated with rabbit anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody (1:200 dilution, SantaCruz, Santa Cruz, Calif., USA) and processed for immunohistochemistry in a standard manner.
Statistical Analysis
Results are expressed as mean±SEM. Analysis of variance with subsequent Duncan's test was used to determine the significance of differences in multiple comparisons. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All experiments were carried out at least three times.
Results
Stability of CD-E2F
To investigate the stability of newly synthesized CD-E2F, we initially examined molecular stability in the presence of nucleases (
It has been reported that exonuclease activity constitutes most of the nuclease activity in the cytoplasm and serum. Therefore, we tested the stability of the decoys by incubation with serums that were not heat-inactivated. Decoys were treated with 50% non-inactivated human serum, FBS, or calf serum for 24 h. Both PS-E2F and annealed type decoy were significantly hydrolyzed after 24 h of incubation in the presence of each serum. CD-E2F, however, remained largely intact after 24 h of incubation with these different serums, exhibiting improved stability compared with both PS-E2F and annealed type decoy (
Specific Binding of the E2F to CD-E2F with the E2F Target Site
To test the sequence specificity of CD-E2F, an in vitro competition assay was performed. An increase in the non-labeled E2F decoys decreased the intensity of the retarded band, which corresponded to the complex formed by the E2F protein (
Effect of E2F Decoy on Cyclin Promoter Activity in Smooth Muscle Cells
We used reporter gene constructs, which contain the E2F binding site in the promoter region, to investigate the effect of E2F decoy on promoter activity. To investigate the role of E2F binding site on up-regulation of cyclin A promoter activity by high glucose, we transfected a series of luciferase reporter gene plasmids containing various lengths of the human cyclin A 5′ flanking sequence into smooth muscle cells treated with high glucose. In these plasmids, only two plasmids (pCA-133/+205 and pCA-133/−2) showed significantly decreased luciferase activity (
Effect of E2F Decoys on Expression of Cell Cycle-Regulatory Genes in VSMC
We assessed the effect of E2F decoy on expression of the endogenous cell cycle-regulatory gene. As shown in
Effect of E2F Decoy on Inhibition of VSMC Growth In Vitro
Since a common characteristic of vascular responses to balloon injury is proliferation of VSMC, E2F decoys were tested for their ability to inhibit smooth muscle cell growth. Treatment with high glucose and serum stimulated growth of cultured primary human and rat VSMC compared to control (
Effects of Cd-E2F on Balloon Injured Rat Carotid Artery
We tested the efficiency of transfecting the E2F decoy into rat carotid artery using the HVJ-liposome method. Transfection of a FITC-labeled E2F decoy using the HVJ-liposome method resulted in a strong fluorescence (
We examined the effect of an in vivo antigene strategy using the E2F decoy in the rat carotid balloon injury model. As shown in
The gene for PCNA was shown to be E2F dependent and was originally defined as a nuclear protein whose appearance correlated with the proliferative state of the cell. We thus explored the effect of balloon injury on PCNA expression and whether treatment with E2F decoy inhibits PCNA expression. As shown in
Construction of Dumbbell Type Decoy ODN
The sequences of dumbbell type and phosphorothioated double-stranded ODN against NFκB binding site and mutated ODN used in this invention are as follows: CD-NF (note; consensus sequences are underlined), 5′-GGATCCGGGGATTTCTATTGCAAAAGCAATAGCGCGAAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15); phosphorothioate NFκB decoy (PS-NF), 5′-ATsTTAAGGGGATTTCCCTTTCTCAsAs-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16); mutated E2F decoy (M-NF), 5′-GGATCCGGGGATATTTATTGCAAAAGCAATAAATCGAAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 17). CD-NF was anticipated to form a stem-loop structure. The stem is formed by complementary sequences at both ends of each oligo. The 5′ terminus of the stem has 6 bases of a single-stranded sequence of 5′-GGATCC-3′ as enzyme site of BamHI. Two oligo molecules were joined by the complementary 6 base sequences at both 5′ ends. ODN were annealed for 2 h, while the temperature descended from 80° C. to 25° C. One unit of T4 DNA ligase was added and incubated for 24 h at 16° C. to generate a covalently ligated Dumbbell type decoy molecule. CD-NF consists of two loops and one stem containing two NFκB consensus sequences.
Synthesis of an NF-κB Decoy (Decoy Oligonucleotide)
On a DNA synthesizer, an NF-κB decoy oligonucleotide and a scrambled decoy oligonucleotide (an oligonucleotide having the same base composition as the NF-κB decoy oligonucleotide but a randomized sequence), the nucleotide sequences of which are shown below, were respectively synthesized from S-oligonucleotides. Those nucleotides were heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature over 2 hours to provide double-stranded DNAs.
Stability of CD-NF
To test the stability of CD-NF, 1 μg of each of the PS-NF, non-ligated phosphodiester oligos and CD-NF were incubated with either human serum, FBS, exonuclease III, or S1 nuclease. All serums were used without heat inactivation to preserve DNase activity. Each serum was added to oligos to 50% in a 100 μl reaction volume and incubated for 24 h at 37° C. Exonuclease III (Takara, Otsu, Japan) at 160 units/μg oligos was added to oligos and incubated for 2 h at 37° C. S1 nuclease (Takara) at 10 units/μg oligos was added to oligos and incubated for 30 min at 25° C. The oligos were then extracted with phenol and chloroform and were examined on a 15% denaturing polyacrylamide gel.
In Vitro Gene Transfer
Cells were fed with fresh culture medium 1 day prior to adding decoy and washed twice with Opti-MEM (Gibco BRL) prior to each experiment. Cells were transfected with 5 μM of decoy ODNs combined with Lipofectin™ (molar ratio; DNA:lipid=1:3) (Gibco BRL). The mixture of decoy ODN:Lipofectin was added to the cells dropwise according to the manufacturer's instruction. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 h. Then, after changing to fresh medium with 10% FBS, the cells were incubated in a CO2 incubator.
Preparation of Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ)-Liposomes of CD-NF.
HVJ-liposomes were prepared as described in Ahn J D et al 2001 supra. Briefly, cholesterol, dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine were mixed in a molar ratio of 50:13.3:13.3:13.3:10. The lipid mixture was deposited on the sides of a flask by removal of chloroform. Dried lipid was hydrated in 200 μl balanced salt solution (BSS; 137 mmol/l NaCl, 5.4 mmol/l KCl, 10 mmol/l Tris-HCl, pH 7.6) containing ODN. Liposomes were prepared by shaking and filtration. Purified HVJ (Z strain) was inactivated by UV irradiation for 3 min just before use. The liposome suspension was mixed with HVJ in a total volume of 2 ml BSS. The mixture was incubated at 4° C. for 5 min and then for 30 min with gentle shaking at 37° C. Free HVJ was removed from the HVJ-liposomes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The top layer of the sucrose gradient was collected for use.
Production of Liposomal Preparations of Normal NfκB Decoy
Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol, provided in a weight ratio of 1:4.8:2 (a total of 10 mg), were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. Using a rotary evaporator, the tetrahydrofuran was removed from the lipid solution to leave the lipid in the form of a film adherent to the flask wall. To this was added 200 ml of saline (BSS; 139 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.6) containing the NF-κB decoy oligonucleotide (0.7 mg) prepared in Example 1 and the mixture was stirred and sonicated under the usual conditions to provide a suspension of liposomes containing the NF-κB decoy oligonucleotide. This suspension of liposome vesicles (0.5 ml, lipid content 10 mg) was mixed with purified Sendai virus (Z strain, 10000 hemaglutinating units) exposed to UV radiation (110 erg/mm2/sec) 3 minutes before use and the mixture was made up to 4 ml with BSS. This mixture was held at 4° C. for 5 minutes and, then, subjected to gentle shaking at 37° C. for 30 minutes. After the Sendai virus not bound to the liposomes was removed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the uppermost layer was separated and its concentration was adjusted with BSS to provide a liposomal preparation containing 8 μM NF-κB decoy oligonucleotide as entrapped. A liposomal preparation was similarly produced using the scrambled decoy oligonucleotide of Example 1 in lieu of the NF-κB decoy oligonucleotide.
Reperfusion Model Experiment
(1) Method
After 9˜10-week-old SD rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, a cannula was inserted into the left carotid artery adjacent to the airway and indwelled near the aortic valve of the heart (close to the ostium of the coronary artery). In addition, the trachea was cannulated and the animal was placed on supportive respiration by connecting the tracheal cannula to an artificial respirator. Thereafter, a left intercostal incision was made and the left descending anterior branch of the rat heart was ligated to produce ischemia. After 30 minutes, the ligating suture was cut to start reperfusion. Immediately thereafter, 1.5 ml/rat of the liposomally entrapped CD-NF, PS-NF, M-NF, NF-κB decoy nucleotide or scrambled decoy nucleotide prepared above was administered via the cannula indwelled close to the ostium of the coronary artery. After the chest was closed, the trachea was also sutured and the animal was kept alive. After 24 hours, the rat was reanesthetized and the heart was enucleated and washed with saline. The ventricle of the rat heart was sliced into six sections which were stained with tetrazolium chloride (TTC). The six sections were respectively photographed and subjected to image analysis. The infarcted area was calculated by means of the following equation.
Infarction rate (%)=the sum of infarct areas of 6 sections/the sum of areas of 6 sections×100
Statistical analysis was made by multiple comparison (ANOVA).
(2) Results
In the untreated control group, M-NF and the scrambled decoy treatment group, myocardial infarcts are found in approximately equal degrees. In the group given the CD-NF, the PS-NF and the NF-κB decoy nucleotide, the infarct is suppressed to significant degree from the untreated group, M-NF and the scrambled decoy group. Among these positive groups, the group given the CD-NF shows significantly greater suppression than in normal decoy or PS-NF.
A similar inhibitory effect was found when the liposomes were administered immediately before induction of infarction.
Inhibition of Cancer Metastasis
(1) Method
To 7-week-old female mice of the C57BL/6 strain, 1×104 murine reticulum cell sarcoma M5076 cells were administered intravenously and 24 hours later 0.2 ml (6 nmoles) of each of liposomally entrapped CD-NF, PS-NF, M-NF, NF-κB decoy nucleotide or scrambled decoy nucleotide prepared above prepared in the same manner as above was administered intravenously. A control group received 0.2 ml of saline in the same manner. On day 14 after intravenous administration of M5076, the animal was autopsied and the number of tumor nodules on the surface of the liver was counted under the stereoscopic microscope. Each group consisted of 10 mice. For statistical analyses, Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunnett's multiple comparison were used.
(2) Results
CD-NF, PS-NF and NF-κB decoy treatment groups showed a significant effects in suppressing the tumor size than in the groups treated with M-NF or the control group. Among these positive groups, the group given the CD-NF shows significantly greater suppression in tumor size than in normal decoy or PS-NF.
Inhibition of Cachexia
(1) Method
Using 7-week-old male BALB/c mice, a 2 mm cubic tumor mass of murine colon cancer line Colon 26 was transplanted subdermally. Beginning day 7 aft r transplantation, 0.2 ml (6 nmoles) of liposomally entrapped CD-NF, PS-NF, M-NF, NF-κB decoy nucleotide or scrambled decoy nucleotide prepared above was administered into the tumor mass and the body weight and tumor weight were serially determined. The animal was autopsied on day 13 and the epididymal fat and gastrocnemius muscle were isolated and weighed. Furthermore, the wet carcass weight exclusive of all the remaining organs and tumor was determined. The tumor weight was calculated from the major and minor diameters of each tumor mass by means of the following equation.
Tumor weight (mg)=major diameter×minor diameter 2/2
Each group consisted of 10 mice. Statistical analyses were made by ANOVA in one-way layout and Dunnett's multiple comparison.
(2) Results
In the tumor-bearing group, growth of the tumor resulted in significant decreases in body weight, epididymal fat weight, gastrocnemius muscle weight, and wet carcass weight. In the CD-NF, PS-NF and NF-κB decoy groups, improvements are obtained. This improvement is significantly higher in the CD-NF group than in PS-NF or NF-κB group. However, no improvement is found in M-NF and the scrambled decoy groups. There is no definite effect on tumor weight in M-NF or the scrambled decoy group.
The descriptions of the foregoing embodiments of the invention have been presented for purpose of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITYThe present invention provides a circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional factor. The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising said CDODN. The pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor. The present invention also provides a method for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder related to such a transcriptional factor, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor.
Further, the present invention provides methods and compositions for the treatment of restenosis following angioplasty, by inhibiting the trans-activation ability of the transcription factor AP-1. These compositions and methods are useful in the treatment of vascular disorders. The present invention also provides novel circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide decoys (CDODNs) to the transcription factors AP-1 and E2F, which are useful in the treatment of AP-1 and E2F-associated disorders and in elucidating the cellular role of these transcription factors.
Claims
1. A circular dumbbell oligodeoxynucleotide (CDODN) comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of a transcriptional factor.
2. The CDODN according to claim 1, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
3. The CDODN of claim 1, which comprises two identical stem loop structures covalently linked by enzymatic ligation.
4. The CDODN of claim 1, which does not contain any chemically modified nucleotides.
5. The CDODN of claim 1, which stem structure additionally comprises nucleotide sequences capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of two or more transcription factors.
6. The CDODN according to claim 1, said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
7. The CDODN of claim 6, wherein the nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of AP-1 is 5′-TGACTCA-3′.
8. The CDODN of claim 6, wherein each of the identical stem loop structures has the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 3.
9. The CDODN of claim 6, which stem structure additionally comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of another transcription factor.
10. The CDODN of claim 6, which has an AP-1 sequence specificity of greater than about 5 times that of a phosphorothiolated oligonucleotide with the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 4, as assessed by in vitro competitive binding assay.
11. The CDODN of claim 1, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
12. The CDODN of claim 11, wherein the nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of E2F is 5′-TTTCGCGC-3′.
13. The CDODN of claim 11, wherein each of the identical stem loop structures has the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 6.
14. The CDODN of claim 11, which has an E2F sequence specificity of greater than about 5 times that of a phosphorothiolated oligonucleotide with the sequence of SEQ ID. NO. 7, as assessed by in vitro competitive binding assay.
15. The CDODN of claim 1, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
16. A method for treating or preventing a disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
18. The method of claim 16, where the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a HVJ-liposome composition.
19. The method according to claim 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor comprises vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
21. The method of claim 19, where the amount of the CDODN is sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
22. The method of claim 20, where the compound is administered prior to the vessel injury.
23. The method of claim 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein said disease or disorder comprises vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
25. The method of claim 23, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the CDODN is effective to prevent restenosis in the subject.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein the CDODN is administered after the vessel injury.
27. The method of claim 16, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
28. The method of claim 16, wherein said disease or disorder comprises inflammatory bowel disease.
29. A pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing a disease or disorder related to a transcriptional factor in a subject, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
30. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, where the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a HVJ-liposome composition.
32. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
33. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 29, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, where the amount of the CDODN is sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
35. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
36. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 35, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 36, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the CDODN is effective to prevent restenosis in the subject.
38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
39. The pharmaceutical composition claim 29, wherein said disease or disorder comprises inflammatory bowel disease.
40. Use, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or disorder related to transcriptional factor in a subject, of a therapeutically effective amount of a CDODN comprising two loop structures and a stem structure, wherein the stem structure comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of binding the DNA-binding domain of the transcriptional factor.
41. The use according to claim 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is selected from the group consisting of NFκB, STAT-1, GATA-3, STAT-6, AP-1, E2F, Ets and CRE.
42. The use according to claim 40, wherein said medicament is in the form of a HVJ-liposome composition.
43. The use according to claim 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is AP-1.
44. The use according to claim 43, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
45. The use according to claim 43, wherein the amount of the CDODN is sufficient to prevent restenosis in the subject.
46. The use according to claim 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is E2F.
47. The use according to claim 46, wherein said disease or disorder is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia in the subject following vessel injury.
48. The use of claim 40, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the CDODN is effective to prevent restenosis in the subject.
49. The use of claim 40, wherein said transcriptional factor is NFκB.
50. The use claim 46, wherein said disease or disorder comprises inflammatory bowel disease.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 26, 2002
Publication Date: Jan 18, 2007
Inventors: In-kyu Lee (Taegu), Ryuichi Morishita (Osaka)
Application Number: 10/512,486
International Classification: A61K 48/00 (20070101); A61K 9/127 (20060101); C07H 21/04 (20060101);
