AUSTENITIC STEEL HAVING HIGH STRENGTH AND FORMABILITY, METHOD OF PRODUCING SAID STEEL AND USE THEREOF
Substantially austenitic steel having high strength and good formability for cold rolling including (in weight percent): 0.05 to 1.0% C; 11.0 to 14.9% Mn; 1.0 to 5.0% Al; O to 2.5% Ni the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities, wherein the microstructure includes at least 75% in volume of austenite, and wherein (Ni+Mn) is from 11.0 to 15.9%.
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The invention relates to a substantially austenitic steel having high strength and good formability for cold rolling. The invention also relates to a method of producing said steel and the use thereof.
Austenitic steels having a high strength, such as Hadfield steels, comprising manganese (11 to 14%) and carbon (1.1 to 1.4%) as its main alloying elements, have been known for a long time. The original Hadfield steel, containing about 1.2% C and 12% Mn, was invented by Sir Robert Hadfield in 1882. This steel combines high toughness and a reasonable ductility with high work-hardening capacity and, usually, good resistance to wear. However, Hadfield steels do not have good formability due to large amounts of brittle carbides. Due to the high work-hardening rate, the steels are difficult to machine. GB 297420 discloses a cast Hadfield-type steel with additions of aluminium to improve the machinability. The addition of aluminium results in the formation of particles which improve the machinability, particularly machinability by material detaching tools.
A disadvantage of these types of steel is that they are difficult to cold roll. The high work-hardening rate and the presence of brittle carbides makes the steel work harden very quickly. U.S. Pat. No. 2,448,753 attempted to solve this problem by repeatedly heating, quenching, pickling and cold-rolling the hot rolled material until the desired cold rolled thickness is reached. However, this is a very costly process.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,753 discloses a process for manufacturing a cold rolled steel having a manganese content of between 15 and 35%, up to 1.5% in carbon and between 0.1 and 3.0% of Aluminium. A lower manganese content is disclosed to be undesirable.
It is an object of the invention to provide a substantially austenitic steel having high strength and good formability which can be cold rolled to its final thickness without an intermediate annealing step.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a substantially austenitic steel having improved strength and formability.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a substantially austenitic steel having high strength and formability which can be produced in an economical way.
At least one of these objects can be reached by a steel for cold rolling comprising (in weight percent)
0.05 to 1.0% C
11.0 to 14.9% Mn
1.0 to 5.0% Al
0 to 2.5% Ni
the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities, wherein the microstructure comprises at least 75% in volume of austenite, and wherein (Ni+Mn) is from 11.0 to 15.9%.
The carbon content of the steel according to the invention is much lower than the Hadfield steels, which is known to be about 1.2%. The contribution of the alloying elements is believed to be as follows hereinafter. Carbon inhibits the formation of ε-martensite by increasing the Stacking Fault Energy (SFE). Stacking faults are precursors to ε-martensite, so increasing the SFE decreases the tendency to form ε-martensite. The lower carbon content results in a lower tendency to form embrittling phases and/or precipitates during cooling after rolling, and the lower carbon content in comparison to Hadfield steels is also beneficial for the weldability of the steel. In addition carbon improves the stability of the austenite since carbon is an austenite stabilising element.
The main deformation mechanisms in the austenitic steel according to the invention are strain induced twinning and transformation induced plasticity.
Manganese improves the strength of the steel by substitutional hardening and it is an austenite stabilising element. Lowering the manganese content results in a reduction of the SFE of the alloy and hence in a promotion of strain induced twinning. The manganese range according to the invention provides a stable or meta-stable austenite at room temperature.
Aluminium reduces the activity of carbon in austenite in steels according to the invention. The reduction in carbon activity increases the solubility of carbon in austenite, thereby decreasing the driving force for precipitation of carbides, particularly of (FeMn)-carbides, by reducing the carbon super-saturation. Aluminium also reduces the diffusivity of carbon in austenite and thereby reduces the susceptibility to dynamic strain ageing during deformation processes such as cold rolling. The lower diffusivity also leads to a slower formation of carbides, and thus prevents or at least hinders the formation of coarse precipitates. Since higher aluminium contents also lead to a higher SFE, the tendency for strain induced twinning is lowered at increasing Aluminium levels. Consequently, a decrease in carbon content can be compensated by an increase in aluminium content with regard to the suppression of the formation of ε-martensite and the prevention or hindering of the formation of brittle carbides, particularly (FeMn)-carbides. These carbides are believed to contribute to poor workability of the steels according to the invention and their formation has thus to be avoided. So the combination of a reduced carbon activity and a reduced carbon diffusivity lead to a reduced or no formation of brittle carbides, particularly (FeMn)-carbides, and therefore to an improved formability and also an improved cold rollability. It was found that below 1% aluminium the suppression of ε-martensite was insufficient, and at levels exceeding 5% aluminium, the SFE becomes too high, thereby adversely affecting the twinning deformation mechanism.
Since aluminium is also a ferrite stabilising element, the influence on the austenite stability of the aluminium additions has to be compensated for by manganese and other austenite stabilising elements. Manganese can, at least partly, be replaced by elements which also promote austenite stability such as nickel. It is believed that Nickel has a beneficial effect on the elongation values and impact strength.
Since the amount of alloying additions is kept as low as possible whilst maintaining favourable cold rolling and mechanical properties, the austenite is meta-stable and the microstructure of the steel may not be fully austenitic. The microstructure in the steel according to the present invention as a function of composition may comprise a mixture of ferrite and austenite with components of martensite.
Upon deforming the steel according to the invention, a beneficial combination of the deformation mechanisms of plasticity induced by twinning and plasticity induced by transformation under the influence of deformation provides excellent formability, whereas the lower strain hardening and work hardening rate as compared to conventional Hadfield steel in combination with a lower susceptibility to dynamic strain ageing as a result of the aluminium addition and the absence of coarse and/or brittle carbides results in good cold-rolling and forming properties. It has been found that the favourable cold rolling and mechanical properties are already obtained when the microstructure comprises at least 75% in volume of austenite. The steel according to the invention also has a good galvanisability as a result of the absence of silicon as an alloying element, i.e. in the sense of a deliberate addition of silicon for alloying purposes. In addition, there is no risk of low melting silicon oxide, thereby preventing the occurrence of sticking silicon oxides on the surface of the hot rolled strip. It should be noted that the steel not only has excellent cold-rollability, but that similar excellent properties in terms of strength and formability are obtained in its pre-cold rolling state, i.e. for instance in its as-hot-rolled state, but also in the recrystallised state after cold-rolling and annealing.
In an embodiment of the invention (Ni+Mn) is at most 14.9%. This embodiment allows the steel to be produced in a more economical way, because the amount of expensive alloying elements is reduced.
In an embodiment of the invention the microstructure, in particular after cold-rolling and annealing, comprises at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90% and even more preferably at least 95% in volume of austenite. The inventor found that a further improvement of the cold rolling and mechanical properties could be obtained if the steel was chosen such that the austenite content in the microstructure comprises at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90% and even more preferably at least 95% in volume of austenite. Due to the meta-stability of the austenite, and the occurrence of transformation induced plasticity, the amount of austenite tends to decrease during subsequent processing steps. In order to ensure good formability and high strength, even during a later or its last processing step, it is desirable to have an austenite content which is as high as possible at any stage of the processing, but in particular after cold-rolling and annealing.
It was found that the amount of austenite is favourably influenced by selecting the carbon content to be at least 0.10% or at least 0.15%, but preferably to be at least 0.30% and more preferably at least 0.50%.
In an embodiment of the invention, the carbon content of the steel is at most 0.78%, preferably at most 0.75%, more preferably at most 0.70%. It was found that the weldability of the steel is improved by limiting the carbon content. It was found that a steel having a carbon content of at most 0.78%, preferably at most 0.75%, more preferably at most 0.70% or even more preferably of at most 0.65% provides a good balance between the mechanical properties and the risk of martensite formation. In an embodiment of the invention, the carbon content is between 0.15 and 0.75%, preferably between 0.30 and 0.75%. From an economic point of view, the properties point of view, and a process control point of view, this range provides stable conditions.
In an embodiment of the invention the nickel content is at most 1.25%. It is believed that nickel has a beneficial effect on the elongation values and impact strength. It has been found that at Nickel additions exceeding 2.5% the effect saturates. Since Nickel is also an expensive alloying element, the amount of Nickel is to be kept as low as possible if the demands to elongation values and/or impact strength are somewhat relaxed. In an embodiment of the invention the Nickel content is at most 0.10%, preferably at most 0.05%.
In an embodiment of the invention the aluminium content is at most 4.0%. This embodiment limits the increase in stacking-fault energy by the addition of Aluminium, whilst still maintaining favourable properties.
In an embodiment of the invention the manganese content is at least 11.5%, preferably at least 12.0%. This embodiment allows a more stable austenite to be formed.
In an embodiment of the invention the manganese content is at most 14.7%. This embodiment allows a further reduction in costs of the steel according to the invention.
In an embodiment, the steel according to the invention is provided in the form of a continuously cast slab with a typical thickness of between 100 and 350 mm, or in the form of a continuously cast thin slab with a typical thickness of between 50 and 100 mm. Preferably, the steel according to the invention is provided in the form of a continuously cast and/or hot rolled strip, preferably with a typical thickness between 0.5 and 20 mm, more preferably between 0.7 and 10 mm. Even more preferably the strip thickness is at most 8 mm or even at most 6 mm.
In an embodiment, the steel according to the invention is provided in the form of a hot rolled steel having a thickness between 0.5 and 20 mm, preferably between 0.7 and 10 mm, more preferably the strip thickness is at most 8 mm, or even more preferably between 0.8 and 5 mm.
It was found that this type of hot-rolled steel has excellent tensile strength and formability which renders it particularly useful for applications where these properties are called for, for instance in automotive and other transport applications.
In an embodiment the steel according to the invention is provided in the form of a cold-rolled strip, or in the form of a cold-rolled and annealed (continuously or batch-annealed) strip which may be coated with a coating system comprising one or more metallic and/or organic layer or layers. The metallic coating may be provided in a hot-dip line, an electro-coating line, but also in a CVD or PVD process, or even by cladding.
Preferably, the microstructure of the cold rolled steel microstructure after rolling and annealing, and the optional coating, comprises at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, and even more preferably at least 95% in volume of austenite. It was found that the cold rolled steel after rolling and annealing has optimal formability when the microstructure of the cold rolled steel microstructure after rolling and annealing, and the optional coating, comprises only or substantially only austenite.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of producing a substantially austenitic steel strip, having an austenite content as described above, comprising the steps of:
-
- providing molten steel having a composition as described above;
- casting said steel into an ingot, or a continuously cast slab, or a continuously cast thin slab or a strip-cast strip;
- providing a hot-rolled strip by hot rolling the ingot, the continuously cast slab, the continuously cast thin slab or the strip-cast strip to the desired hot rolled thickness
In view of the composition of the steel according to the invention, the molten steel will most likely be provided by an EAF-process. The molten steel is then subsequently cast in a mould so as to obtain a solidified steel in a form suitable for hot rolling. This form may be an ingot which after slabbing and reheating is suitable for hot rolling. It may also be a continuously cast thick or thin slab having a typical thickness of between 50 and 300 mm. Also, the form suitable for hot rolling may be a continuously cast strip, such as obtained after strip casting using some form of strip-casting device, such as twin-roll casting, belt-casting or drum casting. In order to convert the cast microstructure into a wrought microstructure, hot deformation such as rolling of the solidified steel is required. This can be done in a conventional rolling mill comprising a single conventional rolling stand or a plurality of rolling stands, in the latter case usually in a tandem set-up. In case the deformation of the cast steel has to be obtained using a low amount of thickness reduction, such as after strip casting, the method as disclosed in EP 1 449 596 A1 may be used to generate a substantial amount of deformation in a steel strip without reducing the thickness of the strip to the same extent. This method comprises a rolling process wherein the steel product is passed between a set of rotating rolls of a rolling mill stand in order to roll the steel product, characterised in that the rolls of the rolling mill stand have different peripheral velocities such that one roll is a faster moving roll and the other roll is a slower moving roll, in that the peripheral velocity of the faster moving roll is at least 5% higher and at most 100% higher than that of the slower moving roll, in that the thickness of the steel product is reduced by at most 15% per pass, and in that the rolling takes place at a maximum temperature of 1350° C.
In an embodiment of the invention the hot-rolled strip is cold-rolled to the desired final thickness, preferably wherein the cold-rolling reduction is between 10 to 90%, more preferably between 30 and 85, even more preferably between 45 and 80%.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cold-rolled strip is annealed after cold rolling to the desired final thickness in a continuous or batch annealing process. This annealing treatment results in a substantially recrystallised product.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cold-rolled strip is galvanized. The absence of silicon as an alloying element, i.e. in the sense of a deliberate addition of silicon for alloying purposes, is beneficial for the galvanisability of the austenitic steel. The adherence of the zinc layer to the substrate is thereby greatly improved.
The steel according to the invention may be annealed at annealing temperatures between 550 to 1100° C., preferably between 650 to 1100° C. either in a batch annealing process, in which case the maximum annealing temperature is preferably between 550 and 800° C., preferably between 650 and 800° C., more preferably at least at 700 and/or below 780° C., or in a continuous annealing process, in which case the maximum annealing temperature is at least 600° C., preferably wherein the maximum annealing temperature is between 700 and 1100° C., more preferably below 900° C. After the cold rolling step and/or the annealing step the strip may be subjected to a temper rolling process.
According to a third aspect an austenitic steel strip or sheet is provided as described above, produced according to a process as described above. These steels provide excellent strength and good formability in any process stage.
The resulting steel strips may be processed to blanks for further processing such as a stamping operation or a pressing operation in a known way.
The steel may be used to produce parts for automotive applications, both in the load bearing parts, such as chassis parts or wheels, but also in the outer parts, such as body parts. The steel is also suitable for the production of tubes and pipes, particularly for low temperature application. Due to its large forming potential, the steel is very well suited for shaping by hydroforming or similar processes. Its high work hardening potential and work hardening rate makes the steel suitable for producing products wherein the steel is subjected to impact loads.
The invention will now be explained in more detail below with reference to the following non limitative examples and steels, of which the composition is given in Table 1 (a hyphen indicating that the element is present only as an unavoidable impurity and/or, in the case of aluminium, for killing the steel).
Rolled ingots of 30 mm thickness were reheated to a temperature of 1220° C. (except for steel 12 where a reheating temperature of 1070° C. was used in view of the ductility of the steel) and subsequently hot-rolled to a gauge of 3 mm using a 7-pass rolling schedule. A finishing temperature of 900° C. was used. The coiling temperatures ranged from 600° C. to 680° C. Details of the finishing schedule are summarized in table 2 below.
Quenching after coiling to avoid carbide embrittlement proved to be not necessary due to the carefully chosen chemical composition, particularly the low C-level or the Al-addition.
Cold rolling of the 3 mm hot-rolled samples was undertaken without difficulty to provide cold-rolled samples of 1.5, 1.3 mm or 1 mm gauge respectively. Annealing of small samples at various conditions and subsequently determining the extent of recrystallisation using hardness testing was undertaken to determine the batch annealing conditions. This revealed that a minimum temperature of 700° C. with a soak time of 4 hours was adequate to achieve substantially complete recrystallisation. In order to provide a reasonable safety margin, a minimum annealing temperature of 715° C. for 4 hours or 730° C. for 4 hours is preferable for batch-type annealing to provide complete recrystallisation. It should be noted that the annealing time and annealing temperature for batch annealing are exchangeable to a certain degree, reference is made to EP 0 876 514.
Samples were removed from all plates and these were batch annealed (see table 4).
The tensile properties in the rolling direction for steel 1 and steels 9-12 are shown in tables 3 and 4. Different levels of cold reduction appear to have little effect on the driving force for recrystallisation. Fluctuations in coiling temperature between 600° C. and 680° also appear to have little effect. The tensile tests were performed on a standard tensile specimen and a gauge length of 80 mm was used, except for steel 12, where a gauge length of 50 mm was used. The tensile tests were performed according to EN 10002-1 in the longitudinal direction.
It is of course to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the described embodiments and examples described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the description and the following claims.
Claims
1. Substantially austenitic steel strip having high strength and good formability for cold rolling comprising (in weight percent): the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities, wherein the microstructure comprises at least 80% in volume of austenite, and wherein (Ni+Mn) is from 11.0 to 15.9%.
- 0.05 to 0.78% C
- 11.0 to 14.9% Mn
- 1.0 to 5.0% Al
- 0 to 2.5% Ni
2. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the microstructure comprises at least 85%.
3. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the carbon content is between 0.30 and 0.75%.
4. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the nickel content is at most 0.05%.
5. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the aluminium content is at most 4.0%.
6. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the manganese content is at least 11.5%.
7. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the manganese content is at most 14.7%.
8. Steel according to claim 1, provided in the form of a hot rolled steel having a thickness between 0.5 and 20 mm.
9. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the steel is provided in the form of a cold-rolled strip, or in the form of a cold-rolled and continuously annealed or batch-annealed strip, optionally coated with a coating system comprising one or more metallic and/or organic layer or layers.
10. Cold rolled steel according to claim 9, wherein the microstructure after rolling and annealing comprises at least 80% in volume of austenite.
11. Method of producing austenitic steel strip, having an austenite content according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities wherein the microstructure comprises at least 80% in volume of austenite, and wherein (Ni+Mn) is from 11.0 to 15.9%;
- providing molten steel having a composition comprising (in weight percent):
- 0.05 to 0.78% C
- 11.0 to 14.9% Mn
- 1.0 to 5.0% Al
- 0 to 2.5% Ni
- casting said steel into an ingot, or a continuously cast slab, or a continuously cast thin slab or a strip-cast strip;
- providing a hot-rolled strip by hot rolling the ingot, the continuously cast slab, the continuously cast thin slab or the strip-cast strip to the desired hot rolled thickness.
12. Method according to claim 11, wherein the hot-rolled strip is cold-rolled to the desired final thickness.
13. Method according to claim 12, wherein the cold-rolled strip is annealed after cold rolling to the desired final thickness in a continuous or batch annealing process.
14. Method according to claim 11, wherein the strip-cast strip is obtained after strip casting using a twin-roll casting, belt-casting or drum-casting device.
15. Strip or sheet produced from a steel comprising (in weight percent): the remainder being iron and unavoidable impurities wherein the microstructure comprises at least 80% in volume of austenite, and wherein (Ni+Mn) is from 11.0 to 15.9%, by a method according to claim 11.
- 0.05 to 0.78% C
- 11.0 to 14.9% Mn
- 1.0 to 5.0% Al
- 0 to 2.5% Ni
16. A method comprising producing automotive inner or outer parts or wheels from a steel according to claim 1.
17. A method comprising hydroforming a steel according to claim 1.
18. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the microstructure comprises at least 90% in volume of austenite.
19. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the microstructure comprises at least 95% in volume of austenite.
20. Steel according to claim 1, wherein the manganese content is at least 12.0%.
21. Steel according to claim 1, provided in the form of a hot rolled steel having a thickness between 0.7 and 10 mm
22. Steel according to claim 1, provided in the form of a hot rolled steel strip having a strip thickness is at most 8 mm.
23. Steel according to claim 1, provided in the form of a hot rolled steel strip having a strip thickness between 0.8 and 5 mm.
24. Cold rolled steel according to claim 9, wherein the microstructure after rolling and annealing comprises at least 85% in volume of austenite.
25. Cold rolled steel according to claim 9, wherein the microstructure after rolling and annealing comprises at least 90% in volume of austenite.
26. Cold rolled steel according to claim 9, wherein the microstructure after rolling and annealing comprises at least 95% in volume of austenite.
27. Method according to claim 11, wherein the hot-rolled strip is cold-rolled to the desired final thickness, wherein the cold-rolling reduction is between 10 to 90%
28. Method according to claim 11, wherein the hot-rolled strip is cold-rolled to the desired final thickness, wherein the cold-rolling reduction is between 30 and 85.
29. Method according to claim 11, wherein the hot-rolled strip is cold-rolled to the desired final thickness, wherein the cold-rolling reduction is between 45 and 80%.
30. The strip or sheet of claim 15, wherein the steel is galvanized.
31. A method comprising producing automotive inner or outer parts or wheels from a steel strip or sheet of claim 15.
32. A method comprising hydroforming a strip or sheet according to claim 15.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 1, 2006
Publication Date: Jul 2, 2009
Applicant: Corus Staal BV (Ijmuiden)
Inventor: Calum McEwan (Haarlem)
Application Number: 11/815,087
International Classification: C22C 38/04 (20060101); B22D 11/00 (20060101); B22C 9/00 (20060101);
