Formation Dip Geo-Steering Method
A method of drilling a well that includes calculating an estimated formation dip angle, wherein said estimated formation dip angle being based on offset well data, seismic data, core data, pressure data. Next, the method includes drilling a well with a logging while drilling means so that real time logging data is generated along with drilling data and calculating an instantaneous formation dip angle. Next, real time logging data is obtained and a target formation window is projected ahead of the well path that includes a top of formation and a bottom formation. The method includes monitoring the real time logging and drilling data and drilling the well through the target formation window. The method further includes changing the estimated instantaneous formation dip based on the obtained data and adjusting the target formation top and bottom window.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/705,990, filed Feb. 14, 2007, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/975,966, filed Oct. 28, 2004, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,191,850.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to a method of steering a drill bit, and more specifically, but not by way of limitation, to a method of geo-steering a bit while drilling directional and horizontal wells.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn the exploration, drilling, and production of hydrocarbons, it becomes necessary to drill directional and horizontal wells. As those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate, directional and horizontal wells can increase the production rates of reservoirs. Hence, the industry has seen a significant increase in the number of directional and horizontal wells drilled. Additionally, as the search for hydrocarbons continues, operators have increasingly been targeting thin beds and/or seams with high to very low permeability. The industry has also been targeting unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs such as tight sands, shales, and coal.
Traditionally, these thin bed reservoirs, coal seams, shales and sands may range from less than five feet to twenty feet. In the drilling of these thin zones, operators attempt to steer the drill bit within these zones. As those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, keeping the well bore within the zone is highly desirable for several reasons including, but not limited to, maintaining greater drilling rates, maximizing production rates once completed, limiting water production, preventing well bore stability problems, exposing more productive zones, etc.
Various prior art techniques have been introduced. However, all these techniques suffer from several problems. For instance, in the oil and gas industry, it has always been an accepted technique to gather surface and subsurface information and then map or plot the information to give a better understanding of what is actually happening below the earth's surface. Some of the most common mapping techniques used today include elevation contour maps, formation contour maps, sub sea contour maps and formation thickness (isopac) maps. Some or most of these can be presented together on one map or separate maps. For the most part, the information that is gathered to produce these maps are from electric logging and real time measurement while drilling and logging devices (gamma ray, resistivity, density neutron, sonic or acoustic, surface and subsurface seismic or any available electric log). This type of data is generally gathered after a well is drilled. Additionally, measurement while drilling and logging while drilling techniques allow the driller real time access to subterranean data such as gamma ray, resistivity, density neutron, and sonic or acoustic and subsurface seismic. This type of data is generally gathered during the drilling of a well.
These logging techniques have been available and used by the industry for many years. However, there is a need for a technique that will utilize historical well data and real time down hole data to steer the bit through the zone of interest. There is a need for a method that will produce, in real time during drilling, an instantaneous dip for a very thin target zone. There is also a need for a process that will utilize the instantaneous dip to produce a calculated target window (top and bottom) and extrapolate this window ahead of the projected well path so an operator can keep the drill bit within the target zone identified by the calculated dip and associated calculated target window. These, and many other needs will be met by the invention herein disclosed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONA method of drilling a well is disclosed. The method includes selecting a target subterranean reservoir and estimating the formation depth of the target reservoir. The method further includes calculating an estimated formation dip angle of the target reservoir based on data selected from the group consisting of: offset well data, seismic data, core data, and pressure data. Then, the top of the target reservoir is calculated and then the bottom of the target reservoir is calculated so that a target window is established.
The method further includes projecting the target window ahead of the intended path and drilling the well. Next, the target reservoir is intersected. The target formation is logged with a measurement while drilling means and data representative of the characteristics of the reservoir is obtained with the measurement while drilling means selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to: gamma ray, density neutron, sonic or acoustic, subsurface seismic and resistivity. The method further includes, at the target reservoir's intersection, revising the top of the target reservoir and revising the bottom of the target reservoir to properly represent their position in relationship to the true stratigraphic position (TSP) of the drill bit, through dip manipulation to match the real time log data to correlate with the offset data, and thereafter, projecting a revised target window.
The method further comprises correcting the top of the target reservoir and the bottom of the target reservoir through dip manipulation to match the real time logging data to the correlation offset data to directionally steer the true stratigraphic position of the drill bit and stay within the new calculated target window while drilling ahead. In one preferred embodiment, the step of correcting the top and bottom of the target reservoir includes adjusting an instantaneous formation dip angle (ifdip) based on the real time logging and drilling data's correlation to the offset data in relationship to the TSP of the drill bit so that the target window is adjusted (for instance up or down, wider or narrower), to reflect the target window's real position as it relates to the TSP of the drill bit. The method may further comprise drilling and completing the well for production.
In the one of the most preferred embodiments, the estimated formation dip angle is obtained by utilizing offset well data that includes offset well data such as electric line logs, seismic data, core data, and pressure data. In one of the most preferred embodiments, the representative logging data obtained includes a gamma ray log.
An advantage of the present invention includes use of logs from offset wells such as gamma ray, resistivity, density neutron, sonic or acoustic, and surface and subsurface seismic. Another advantage is that the present invention will use data from these logs and other surface and down hole data to calculate a dip for a very thin target zone. Yet another advantage is that during actual drilling, the method herein disclosed will produce a target window (top and bottom) and extrapolate this window ahead of the projected well path so an operator can keep the drill bit within the target zone identified by the ifdip and target window.
A feature of the present invention is that the method uses real time drilling and logging data and historical data to recalculate the instantaneous dip of the target window as to its correlation of the real time logging data versus the offset wells data in relationship to the TSP of the drill bit within the target window. Another feature is that the method will then produce a new target window (top and bottom) and wherein this new window is extrapolated outward. Yet another feature is that this new window will be revised based on actual data acquired during drilling such as, but not limited to, the real time gamma ray indicating bed boundaries. Yet another feature is that the projection window is controlled by the top of the formation of interest as well as the bottom of the formation of interest. In other words, a new window will be extrapolated based on real time information adjusting the top and/or bottom of the formation of interest as it relates to the TSP of the drill bit within that window, through the correlation of the real time logging and drilling data to the offset well data.
Referring now to
As understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, map 2 is generated using a plurality of tools such as logs, production data, pressure buildup data, and core data from offset wells 8, 9 and 10. Geologist may also use data from more distant wells. Additionally, seismic data can be used in order to help in generating map 2.
Referring now to
The proposed well 16 is shown up dip relative to wells 8 and 10, and the formation of interest that would intersect the proposed well bore is denoted as numeral 18. An operator may wish to drill the well bore slightly above the formation of interest, or until the top of the target formation of interest, or through the formation of interest, and thereafter kick-off at or above the target formation of interest drilling a highly deviated horizontal well bore to stay within the target formation of interest.
In the most preferred embodiment, the dip is calculated as follows:
([top of target in proposed well 16−top of target in offset well 8]/distance between wells)×inverse tangent=dip in degrees/100′.
Therefore, assuming that the top of the target in well 16 is 2200′ TVD, the top of the target in well 8 is 2280′, and the distance between the wells is 5000′, the following calculation provides the dip angle:
([2200′−2280′]/5000′)×inverse tangent=0.9167 degrees/100′
{note: the negative sign indicates down dip and positive sign indicates up dip}
Referring now to
Next, the method includes calculating a top of the formation of interest 32 and then a bottom of the formation of interest 34. The method comprises projecting this top and bottom target window 36 which includes as it starting frame the top of formation 32 and the bottom of formation 34. Once the target window is selected, the operator can begin drilling the well 38. As appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, the drill string will have measurement while drilling (MWD) and/or logging while drilling (LWD) tools 40 which will log the formation for real time subterranean information. The information may be resistivity, gamma ray, neutron density, etc. There will also be real time drilling data being recorded such as rate of penetration (ROP), torque and drag, formation returns at the surface, rotating speed, weight on bit (WOB), etc.
Based on the observed data from the LWD tools 40 and real time drilling data, the top and bottom of the formation will be revised 42 through instantaneous dip manipulation to match the real time logging and drilling data as it correlates to the offset data, to properly represent their position in relationship to the TSP of the drill bit. The calculated formation dip angle at any particular instance during the drilling process is referred to as the instantaneous formation dip angle (ifdip). The revisions will be based on the observed data and its relationship to the TSP of the drill bit through the correlation of the real time logging data versus the offset well data. The TSP is determined by using the real time logging data and drilling data and correlating it to the offset wells data to locate the TSP of the bit within the well's target window.
Based on where the TSP of the drill bit is, a dip will be created that will reposition the target window around the TSP of the drill bit. This dip will then be used to change the target window and project it ahead for further drilling. In the most preferred embodiment, the data will be the gamma ray API counts 44. Normally, the gamma ray counts indicative of a hydrocarbon reservoir, and in this embodiment are between 0 and 50 API units. With the revised top FOI and bottom FOI, a new target window can be projected 46. If the bit goes outside the projected window (i.e. either above the top of the formation of interest or below the formation of interest), the ifdip is incorrect and a new window, and in turn a new ifdip, is calculated as per the teachings of this invention.
If the total depth has been reached (as seen in step 48), then drilling can cease and the well can be completed using conventional completion techniques 50. If the total depth has not been reached, then the method includes returning to step 38 and wherein the loop repeats i.e. the drilling continues, LWD data is obtained, the top and bottom of the FOI is revised (42) and a new target window is generated and projected (46).
Referring now to
The well being drilled is denoted by the numeral 100. The operator will drill the well with a drill bit 102 and associated logging means such as a logging while drilling means (seen generally at 104). During the drilling, the operator will continue to correlate the geologic formations being drilled to the offset well drilling and logging data (99) as it relates to the real time drilling and logging data. Once the operator believes that the well 100 is at a position to kick off into the target zone 98, the operator will utilize conventional and known directional techniques to effect the side track, as will be readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. A slant well technique, as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, can also be employed to drill though the target zone, logging it, identify the target zone, plug back and sidetrack to intersect the zone horizontally. As seen at point 106, the operator, based on correlation to known data, kicks off the well 100 utilizing known horizontal drilling techniques.
As seen in
Hence, at point 106, the well is at a true vertical depth of 1010′, a measured depth of 1010′ and the gamma ray count is at 100 API units; the depth of the bit relative to the offset well's associated gamma count is 1010′. The estimated formation dip angle is calculated at point 106 by the methods described in
As noted earlier, the operator kicks off into the target zone 98. As per the teachings of the present invention, a top of formation of interest and a bottom of formation of interest has been calculated via the estimated formation dip angle, which in turn defines the window. Moreover, this window is projected outward as seen by projected bed boundaries 108a, 108b. The LWD means 104 continues sending out signals, receiving the signals, and transmitting the received processed data to the surface for further processing and storage as the well 100 is drilled. The top of the formation of interest is intersected and confirms that the estimated formation dip angle used is correct. The operator, based on the LWD information and the formation of interest top intersection can use the current estimated formation dip and project the window to continue drilling, which in effect becomes the instantaneous formation dip angle (ifdip). As noted at point 110, the well is now at a true vertical depth of 1015′, a total depth of 1316′ and the real time gamma ray count at 10 API units.
The correlation of the offset well data (99) and real time logging data verify that the drill bit's true stratigraphic position (TSP) is within the target window. The ifdip, according to the teachings of the present invention, can be changed if necessary to shift the top and bottom window so they reflect the drill bit's TSP within the window. Since the gamma count reading is 10, it correlates to the offset wells (99) 10 gamma count position. Therefore, the actual collected data confirms that the well 100, at point 110, is positioned within the target window when the drill bit's TSP at point 110 was achieved. The instantaneous formation dip angle (ifdip) is calculated at point 110 by the following: inv. tan. [(offset well TVD−real time well TVD)/distance between points]=0.57 29 degrees/100′, and is used to shift the window in relationship to the drill bit's TSP, and can now be used to project the window ahead so drilling can continue.
As seen in
Referring now to
At point 118 of
Referring now to
At point 122, the operator has maneuvered the bit back into the projected window. The real time data found in
Although the invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, it will become apparent that modifications and improvements can be made to the inventive concepts herein without departing from the scope of the invention. The embodiments show herein are merely illustrative of the inventive concepts and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention.
Claims
1. A method of drilling a well with a bit within a target subterranean reservoir comprising the steps of:
- (a) calculating an estimated formation dip angle;
- (b) drilling the well with a logging while drilling means (1 wd) and obtaining real time data representative of the characteristics of the reservoir;
- (c) calculating a top formation of interest utilizing an instantaneous formation dip angle (ifdip);
- (d) calculating a bottom formation of interest using the ifdip, and wherein the ifdip is calculated based on the real time representative data correlated to an offset well data generated from an offset well;
- (e) projecting a window for drilling the well;
- (f) producing a directional drilling well plans based on said window; and
- (g) drilling the well with the bit within said window.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of calculating the ifdip includes obtaining a tangent of an amount of rise of a formation over an amount of run of the formation based on a known distance.
3. The method according to claim 2 further comprising the step of:
- (h) collecting and monitoring the real time data representative of the characteristics of the reservoir obtained in step (b).
4. The method according to claim 3 further comprising the step of:
- (i) correcting the window based on a new ifdip so that the well stays within the target reservoir, said new ifdip is calculated based on a real time representative data correlated to said offset well data.
5. The method according to claim 4 further comprising the steps of:
- (j) drilling the well; and
- (k) completing the well for production.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 28, 2009
Publication Date: Oct 22, 2009
Inventor: Danny T. Williams (Katy, TX)
Application Number: 12/431,339
International Classification: E21B 7/04 (20060101); E21B 47/02 (20060101); E21B 7/06 (20060101);