BAG3 nucleotide and protein sequences to be used in research, diagnostics and therapy for cell death-involving diseases, and for modulation of cell survival and/or death
The present invention provides BAG3 nucleotide and protein sequences to be used in research, diagnostics and therapy for modulation of cell survival and/or death, in particular in leukemias, other neoplasias and apoptosis-involving diseases. More particularly the invention refers to the use of specific antisense-based constructs and peptide-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in leukemias, other neoplasias and cell death-involving diseases.
The present invention provides BAG3 nucleotide and protein sequences to be used in research, diagnostics and therapy for cell death-involving diseases, and for modulation of cell survival and/or death.
More particularly the invention refers to the use of specific antisense-based constructs and peptide-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in leukemias, other neoplasias and cell death-involving diseases.
BACKGROUNDCell death by apoptosis is largely responsible for control of tissue homeostastis, differentiative and immune processes. Alterations in the apoptosis program are implied in acute and chronic tissue damages (heart, kidney, brain or other tissue ischaemia, chronic degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and others, etc.), characterized by excessive apoptosis, and neoplastic, autoimmune and other diseases involving insufficient apoptosis. Furthermore, since antineoplastic compounds mainly act by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, molecules involved in the apoptotic response determine neoplastic cell sensitivity or resistance to therapy. Biochemical components and/or regulators of the apoptotic pathways can be targets for modulating therapies, some of which have shown efficacy in preclinical models and are now in human clinical trials. Furthermore, apoptosis-involved molecules can represent diagnostic tools in a range of diseases and reagents for laboratory work (1).
BAG3 is member of the BAG protein family, involved in co-chaperone activity for intracellular protein folding (2). Although BAG3 displays homology with the other members of the BAG family in some portions, like the BAG domain, other parts of its nucleotide and protein sequences are unique (2-4). These BAG3-specific, unique portions have been utilised by us for the invention here described.
In the following there are reported the BAG3 nucleotide and peptide sequences; the underlined parts correspond to parts which are considered particularly relevant for the present invention.
BAG3 nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1):
reference: NCBI PubMed, XM 055575
Homo sapiens BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), mRNA
gi|16156810|ref|XM—055575.1|[16156810]
BAG3 aminoacidic sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2):
reference: NCBI PubMed, XM 055575
Homo sapiens BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), mRNA
gi|16156810|ref|XM—055575.1|[16156810]
BAG3 protein is known to be expressed in some cell lines, such as HeLa and A2058, and, as far as normal primary human cells are concerned, in skeletal muscle, heart, ovary and other types of normal cells (2-5). BAG3 expression has also been detected in human pancreas tumour cells (6).
BAG3 expression had not been reported in other types of primary normal or neoplastic cells before the results here reported for the first time.
Some findings describe that transfection of cells of the human cell line HeLa (5) or of the murine cell line 32D (7) with BAG3 hyperexpressing constructs can modestly increase cell apoptosis induced by Bax microinjection or via Fas (5), or by IL-3 deprivation (7), respectively.
Generically antibodies for BAG3 have been described in WO00/14106 and WO95/25125, however there has not been characterized any immunogenic site specific for them. Ref.s 4-6 describe polyclonal antibodies specific for the carbossi-terminal region of BAG3 protein starting from amino acid 306 specifically. Liao describes a rabbit polyclonal anti-BAG3 antibody against the 196 amino acids of the C-terminal portion of BAG3. Lee describes a polyclonal antibody against the amino acid region encompassing the portion 306-575. Dong describes a polyclonal antibody against the two amino acid regions 2 and 8.
Patent abstract of Japan publication 10327872 describes uses of BAG3 for diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of pathologies relating to apoptosis, however there has not been characterized any immunogenic site or any specific antibody, moreover test, in particular in humans, are absent.
Before results here reported for the first time, BAG3 expression had not been proved to influence apoptosis in human primary cells, either normal, neoplastic or affected by other types of pathologies. Furthermore, BAG3 downmodulation by reagents, such as oligonucleotides, that can be used in primary cells, and its effects on cell apoptosis had never been reported.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention refers to BAG3 protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) and corresponding nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and parts of them (indicated by underlining inside the above mentioned long sequences).
Objects of the present invention are therefore the uses of BAG3 polypeptides and polynucleotides codifying it and parts of them in research, diagnostics and therapy for modulating primary cell survival and/or death, particularly in human leukemias and other neoplasias or cell death-involving diseases.
There are considered within the scope of the invention in that BAG3-related: sense or antisense oligonucleotides; monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognise one or more BAG3-specific epitopes: in particular:
primers for PCR; nucleotide sequences for analysis of DNA or RNA; the polypeptide and polynucleotide sequences encoding them, including recombinant DNA molecules, cloned genes or degenerate variants thereof, especially naturally occurring variants such as allelic variants.
Reagents and compositions for the uses described in the present invention additionally include vectors, including expression vectors, viruses, etc., containing BAG3-specific sequences; cells genetically engineered to contain such sequences and cells genetically engineered to express such sequences. Reagents additionally include the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences recited above.
Compositions for the uses described in the present invention may further comprise an acceptable carrier, such as pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
BAG3-based uses described in the present invention include also methods for preventing, treating or ameliorating a medical condition, which comprises administering to a human or other animal subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising BAG3-based reagents. Examples are methods for preventing, treating or ameliorating: acute or chronic tissue damages, such as heart, kidney, brain or other organ ischaemia, HIV-related damage of brain or other tissues, skeletal muscle disorders, transplantation rejection; chronic degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and others, etc.; and neoplastic, autoimmune and other diseases involving excessive or defective apoptosis; tissue repair or wound healing, treatment of surgical incisions, and ulcers, such as stomach or diabetic ulcers; etc.
BAG3-based uses described in the present invention relate also to reagents and methods for detecting the presence of BAG3 nucleotide sequence or protein, or parts of them. Such methods can, for example, be utilised as part of prognostic and diagnostic and/or prognostic evaluation of disorders as recited above and for the identification of subjects exhibiting a predisposition to such conditions. Furthermore, the invention include BAG3-related uses for evaluating the efficacy of drugs, and monitoring the progress of patients, involved in clinical trials for the treatment of disorders as recited above.
BAG3-related uses of the present invention include also reagents and/or methods for the identification of compounds that modulate the expression or the activity of BAG3. Such reagents or methods can be utilised, for example, for the identification of compounds that can ameliorate symptoms of disorders as recited above. Such methods can include, but are not limited to, assays for identifying compounds and other substances that interact with (e.g., bind to) BAG3 protein or nucleotide sequence or parts of them.
The invention also includes methods for detecting the presence of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or of the protein SEQ ID NO: 2 or parts of them in a sample, in particular at least a part identified as SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18; said method comprising the steps of: contacting the sample with a compound that binds to and forms a complex with the nucleotide or the protein in sufficient conditions to form the complex, and detecting said complex. The expert in the field is able to select the suitable conditions to perform the method.
The invention also includes methods for detecting a compound that binds to the protein SEQ ID NO: 2 or parts of it in a sample, in particular at least a part identified as SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18; said method comprising the steps of: contacting the compound with the protein or its part/s in sufficient conditions to form the complex compound/protein or its part/s, and detecting said complex. The expert in the field is able to select the suitable conditions to perform the method. The invention also includes methods for the treatment of disorders as recited above which may involve the administration of such compounds to individuals exhibiting symptoms or tendencies related to disorders as recited above. In addition, the invention encompasses methods for treating diseases or disorders as recited above by administering compounds and other substances that modulate the overall activity of BAG3 and related molecules. Compounds and other substances can effect such modulation either on the level of gene expression or protein activity.
The diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic compositions for the BAG3-related use related to the present invention are also presently valuable for veterinary applications. Particularly domestic animals and thoroughbred horses, in addition to humans, are desired patients for such applications.
The invention further refers to a kit for identification and diagnosis comprising the polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies identified in the following description or nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or the protein SEQ ID NO: 2 or parts of them, in particular at least a part identified as SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18; or the antisense and nonsense oligos identified as SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or functionally equivalents of the above identified sequences.
BAG3-based uses described in the present invention relate also to reagents and/or methods and/or kits for laboratory work or research.
Further objects of the invention will become evident from the following detailed description of the invention.
Table 1 describes the effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on apoptosis in cells of the human osteosarcoma line SAOS.
Table 2 describes the protective effect of BAG3 hyperexpression on stress-induced apoptosis in the human cell line 293.
Table 3 describes the effect of BAG3 hyperexpression on the growth of human neoplastic (osteosarcoma) cells xenografted in nude mice.
Table 4 shows the results of the ELISA tests performed to verify the binding of hybridoma mother clone supernatants to MAP-BAG3 constructs.
The polynucleotidic and aminoacidic fragments that are considered particularly relevant for the present invention and are comprised inside SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2, are indicated in the following, such sequences are relevant because are specific of BAG3 and not shared with any other known sequence of other BAG genes or proteins:
The experiments performed in our laboratories indicate for the first time that specific antisense oligonucleotides are able to modulate, in human primary cells and human cell lines, the levels of BAG3 protein; these antisense oligos modulate also the survival and/or death, either spontaneous or in response to therapy, of human primary cells and human cell lines. Experiments with primary cells, that are the target of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, are particularly relevant, and the results were not predictable from data obtained with cell lines, since stable cell lines and primary cells are differently sensitive to modulators of cell survival and/or death (14-18); furthermore, the effect of BAG3 protein downmodulation on cell survival and/or death, either in cell lines or primary cells, were not reported before, nor were predictable from data concerning BAG3 hyperexpression, since several examples have been reported, in which the overexpression of a protein (i.e. Bcl-2 family proteins) can protect cells from pro-apoptotic insults, but its downmodulation does not stimulate apoptosis (19-21); finally, BAG3 downmodulation has been obtained with specific antisense oligonucleotides, that can be used for research, diagnosis and/or therapy, and their effectiveness was not predictable before the experimental work, since not all antisense oligonucleotides against a specific mRNA display comparable activities when introduced in a cell, and furthermore some antisense molecules can exert unpredicted, not desired effects, such as citotoxicity (22-23).
BAG3 modulation is able to influence the development of a human tumour in vivo; these results are necessary for in vivo applications, are absolutely required for proving the biological activity of a gene and/or protein and the effects of its modulation in pluricellular organisms, and cannot be extrapolated in this respect from results in vitro (1).
Based on the apoptosis-modulating effect of the antisense according to the invention, a panel of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against peptide constructs (MAP-BAG3-peptides) has been designed to: map different BAG3 epitopes and/or domains; relate them to the functional activity of BAG3 (i.e., modulation of cell survival); relate them to specific biochemical interaction with molecular partners and/or formation of complexes; target them to neutralize (antagonistic antibodies) or trigger (agonistic antibodies) BAG3 functional activity.
Identification of BAG3 Expression in Human Primary Leukemia Cells and Effectiveness of Specific Antisense Oligonucleotides in Modulating BAG3 Levels and Cell Survival and/or Death.
We analysed by PCR the expression of BAG3 mRNA in primary cells from B-CLL patients. BAG3 mRNA was detectable in such cells, and its levels appeared to be enhanced by treatment with a chemotherapeutic compound, fludarabine phosphate (
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- To explore the levels of BAG3 protein, we first used a polyclonal antibody according to the teaching of the patent appl WO95/25125. Such antibody appeared to bind with a low avidity BAG3 protein from primary leukemic cells and had therefore to be used in condition of high resolution (high antibody concentration, long incubation times, etc.). Therefore we decided to produce novel polyclonal antibodies by using a different approach, i.e. using a Multiple Antigen Peptide (MAP) prepared in a single synthesis by the solid-phase method described in ref. 24-26. Such approach allows to improve the immunogenecity of the antigenic peptides and obtain particularly efficient antibodies. (24-26) This is of high relevance for detecting proteins expressed in low amounts, as usually happens for many relevant proteins in physiologic or pathologic conditions in primary cells. The kind of MAP used, here as for the subsequent production of hybridomas (see below), was an octa-branching MAP consisting of a core matrix made up of three levels of lysine and eight amino terminals for anchoring peptide antigens. In this case, we used the peptide NPSSMTDTPGNPAAP (SEQ ID NO: 18), corresponding to the last 15 aminoacids of the carboxyterminal region of BAG3 protein. For obtaining policlonal antibodies, two rabbits were immunised with 4 boosts (a boost every 2 week) of MAP-BAG3-4 (400 micrograms for each boost); the serum was finally tested against MAP-BAG3-4 in ELISA test and verified to be positive. We named the two polyconal antibodies, obtained from the two rabbits, AC-BAG3-1 and AC-BAG3-2: both recognised the carboxyterminal region of BAG3 protein and were efficient in detecting BAG3 protein, either in Western blotting or in immunofluorescence, in primary cells, as shown in FIGS. 1,2,11,13.
- With this BAG3-specific antibodies we analysed by immunofluorescence the expression of BAG3 protein, that was detectable in primary cells from B-CLL patients and whose levels appeared to be enhanced by treatment fludarabine (
FIG. 1 , B panel). In a comprehensive investigation of 18 different B-CLL specimens, 13 displayed detectable levels of BAG3 protein, and in 11 of these BAG3 levels were upregulated by treatment with fludarabine.
These findings for the first time demonstrate that BAG3 expression can be detected in primary leukemic cells and modulated by therapy. Such results disclose a diagnostic and/or prognostic use, not shown before, of BAG3-detecting reagents in leukemias.
To be able to modulate BAG3 expression, we constructed the following BAG-3-based antisense oligonucleotides:
and control nonsense:
Other oligonucleotides can be constructed, functionally analogues to the ones mentioned before, in particular the oligonucleotides can be constructed based on sequences indicated as SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7.
There are within the scope of the present invention the nucleotide and peptide sequences that show functional equivalence with the ones identified in the description or that have a homology of at least 75%, preferably at least 80% homology, more preferably at least 90% homology, more preferably at least 95% homology, even more preferably at least 98% homology to at least one of the sequences mentioned in the description.
Administering of antisense, but not of nonsense, oligonucleotides to human primary leukemic cells ex vivo resulted in a downmodulation of BAG3 protein levels. Representative results are shown in
Therefore we demonstrate for the first time that downmodulation of BAG3 protein levels by administration of BAG3 antisense oligonucleotides to different types of human primary leukemia cells can stimulate apoptosis. The pro-apoptotic effect is remarkable when the antisense oligonucleotides are administered alone and can be synergic with that of different chemotherapeutic compounds.
These findings disclose the possible use, not shown before, of BAG3-modulating reagents, such as antisense oligonucleotides, for modulating survival and/or death in human primary cells, in this case neoplastic, and specifically leukemic. They also indicate the possible use of such reagents in synergy with other drugs. Additional results were obtained by using human cells of different types: osteosarcoma cells of the SAOS line, in which we detected a remarkable pro-apoptotic effect of the antisense oligonucleotides alone (table 1); and myeloid cells of the U937 line, in which BAG3 antisense could enhance apoptosis induced by stress (
We investigated whether protection from cell death could be obtained with BAG3-based reagents. Therefore we transfected 293 cells with a BAG3-hyperexpressing construct and verified the effect on stress-induced apoptosis. Transfection with the BAG3 construct resulted in protection from stress-induced apoptosis (table 2).
The above described results indicate for the first time that: 1) BAG3 is expressed in human primary leukemic cells; 2) BAG3 protein levels, and spontaneous or therapy-induced death of human primary cells, can be modulated by using specific antisense oligonucleotides.
It is worthy of note that this is the first reported observation that specific BAG3 antisense oligonucleotides are able to enhance human primary cell apoptosis. It has been previously shown that the overexpression of BAG-3 in transfected cell lines could partially protect them from apoptosis induced via Fas or growth factor deprivation (5,7). Our invention was not predictable from such previous observation, for three reasons: 1) stable cell lines and primary cells are differently sensitive to modulators of cell survival and/or death (14-18); 2) several examples have been reported, in which the overexpression of a protein (i.e. Bcl-2 family proteins) can protect cells from pro-apoptotic insults, but its downmodulation does not stimulate apoptosis (19-21); 3) not all antisense oligonucleotides against a specific mRNA display comparable activities when introduced in a cell; furthermore, some antisense molecules can exert unpredicted, not desired effects, such as citotoxicity (22-23). Therefore, the properties of the specific antisense oligonucleotide sequences used by us could not be predicted before our experimental work.
This is the first reported observation of BAG3 expression in human primary leukemic cells. This was not predictable from previous results described in stable cell lines and primary cells other than leukemia cells. Indeed: a) cell lines are no longer subjected to the environmental influences of a pluricellular organisms, and furthermore and more importantly are selected for their survival in culture: therefore they usually differ in gene expression and/or levels of particular proteins from primary cells, even when belonging to the same type; b) different cell types, either from lines or primary cells, differ in gene expression and/or levels of particular proteins (14-19).
Finally, since we have demonstrated that the modulation of BAG3 protein levels can modulate cell survival and/or death in primary cells, also polynucleotides and corresponding codified polypeptides indicated as SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18 and constructs comprising them dare una definizione minima di costrutto (hyperexpressing constructs, either in plasmid or other vectors; naked DNA; etc.) that positively modulate such levels are relevant in this functional activity. Particularly, we have demonstrated that the functional effect is specific of BAG3 and not shared with other BAG proteins, and therefore the SEQ ID NO 3, 5 and 7 are identified as particularly relevant for the functional effect (i.e., modulation of cell survival and/or death).
Demonstration that BAG3 Modulation can Influence Tumour Development In Vivo.
Hyperexpression of BAG3 had been reported to suppress apoptosis in cell lines in vitro, since the overexpression of BAG-3 in transfected cell lines could partially protect them from apoptosis induced via Fas or growth-factor deprivation (5,7). These results did not allow to predict the effect of BAG3 hyperexpression on tumour development in vivo. Indeed, tumours in vivo are subjected to the environmental influences of a pluricellular organisms, and molecules that have a specific activity in vitro can fail their effects or show different activities in vivo: therefore effects in vivo cannot be extrapolated from results in vitro and a specific experimental work in vivo is required (1). We transfected cells of the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos with a BAG3-overexpressing plasmid vector and obtained a mass culture of stably transfected cells. Wild type cells, the transfected culture and a control, void vector-transfected culture were injected in three different sites (back, left and right sides) in nude mice. Wild type and control cells did not give rise to any tumour, while BAG3-hyperexpressing cells developed detectable tumours, demonstrating that BAG3 modulation can influence the development of a tumour in vivo (table 3).
Design and Construction of a Panel of Polyclonal and Monoclonal AntibodiesThe antibodies were raised against peptide constructs (MAP-BAG3-peptides) to recognise and/or trigger the following defined BAG3 epitopes and/or domains
of functional importance in human primary cells and other cell types of different origins.
The above described antisense oligonucleotides were all able to downmodulate the levels of BAG3 protein. This is relevant for the consequent modulation of cell death, here reported for the first time.
The functional activity of BAG3 in modulating cell survival and/or death can rely on biochemical interactions of specific BAG3 epitopes and/or domains indicated as SEQ ID NO 16, 16, 17, 18 with molecular partners involved in survival/death pathway (2). Indeed, a variety of such partners have been detected for BAG proteins in general and BAG3 in particular (2-5); such interactions can potentially involve different parts of the molecule, such as, in addition to the BAG domain, the WW domain, the SER-rich part, the PRO-rich part, etc. (described in 2-5). In view of the functional activity of BAG3 in modulating cell survival, it is important to be able to map different BAG3 epitopes and/or domains: this can allow to: 1) relate such epitopes to the functional activity of BAG3; 2) identify the site(s) of interactions with known partners, as well as new sites of interactions with still undescribed partners; 3) interfere with the formation of complexes with molecular partners; 4) block or mimic the interaction with these partners, leading to modulation of BAG3 functional activity.
To produce effective tools able to explore the above mentioned issues, we decided to obtain polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against specific peptides representing spatially distinct portions of BAG3 protein. Such polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are desirable to: map different BAG3 epitopes and/or domains; relate them to the functional activity of BAG3 (i.e., modulation of cell survival); relate them to specific biochemical interaction with molecular partners and/or formation of complexes; target them to neutralize (antagonistic antibodies) or trigger (agonistic antibodies) BAG3 functional activity.
We identified the following, spatially distinct BAG3-derived peptides:
(SEQ ID NO 15): DRDPLPPGWEIKIDPQ; (SEQ ID NO 16): SSPKSVATEERAAPS; (SEQ ID NO 17): DKGKKNAGNAEDPHT;(SEQ ID NO 18): NPSSMTDTPGNPMP. Such peptide corresponded to one we used for raising the polyclonal antibodies (see above). Its use is here aimed at obtaining monoclonal antibodies against the carboxyterminal part of BAG3 (indeed, only polyclonal antibodies against such part have been so far: see ref. 4-6). Furthermore, its use is in addition, and not alternative, to that of the other three peptides (SEQ ID N. 15, 16 and 17).
We used these peptides to obtain separate monoclonal antibodies against each one of the four peptides.
All four peptides are specific of BAG3 protein and are not shared with other any protein, including other BAG proteins.
For immunizing the animals, we decided to use MAPs (Multiple Antigenic Peptides) (24-26). As described in the previous section, the construction of MAPs allows to significantly enhance the immunogenicity of the antigenic peptides and to obtain particularly efficient antibodies. This is of relevance for detecting proteins expressed in low amounts, as usually happens for many relevant proteins in physiologic or pathologic conditions in primary cells. Following this approach, we obtained the following unique map constructs:
The production of the polyclonal antibodies has been described above. In this respect, as well as for the production of monoclonal antibodies, MAP constructs are to be considered unique and different from the simple peptides alone, since their ability to elicit immunogenic responses in the animal is different form that of the peptides used alone (24-26).
Monoclonal antibodies (not yet reported in literature) were highly required, either in general because of the high specificity and homogeneity of such reagents, but also in particular in view of our results demonstrating the apoptosis-modulating properties of BAG3 protein in primary cells. Indeed BAG proteins, including BAG3, interact with several molecular partners (2-5,7), and monoclonal antibodies are required to map the protein epitopes involved in interacting with specific partners, thereby leading to effects on cell survival and/or death. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies can display agonistic or antagonistic properties respect to the biological functions of a protein, and this is of relevance for the potential application in modulating BAG3 activity in cell survival and/or death.
For obtaining the monoclonal antibodies, we followed standard procedures, already performed in our laboratory (12). Specifically:
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- nine Balb/c female mice of 4 weeks were immunised with 4 boosts (a boost every 2 week) of the four MAP-BAG3 together (200 micrograms each, i.e. 800 micrograms of total protein/mouse/boost). Spleens were then obtained and fused with myeloma cells (NS0) to obtain monoclonal antibodies mother clones. These were tested against each of the four MAP-BAG3 in ELISA test (see table 4).
We produced:
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- nine murine monoclonal antibody mother clones (AC-1, AC-2, AC-3, AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, AC-7, AC-8, AC-9) obtained from mice immunised with the four MAP-BAG3 together. The nine mother clones are presently being subcloned to obtain hybridomas against each one of the four MAP-BAG3 constructs. The ELISA tests of the antibodies produced by the nine mother clones are presented in table 4. Importantly, the ELISA tests demonstrate that the mother clones contains hybridomas able to recognise each one of the four MAP-BAG3 used. Therefore, the nine mother clones already contain several specific hybridomas, each of whom can recognise one of the four epitopes represented in the MAPs and can hence be used to map one BAG3 epitope and interfere with its functional interactions and activities; the monospecific hybridomas are presently being separated by subcloning procedures.
- The detection, by Western blot analysis, of BAG3 protein in lysates from the cell line HeLa and primary leukemia cells are shown in
FIG. 13 . Specifically: - the antibodies from the nine monoclonal mother clones did recognise the four MAP-BAG3 constructs in ELISA test (table 4);
- four of them have been as yet tested, with positive results, in Western blot with HeLa lysates (
FIG. 13 , B panel).
In conclusion, the nine murine monoclonal antibody mother clones (AC-1, AC-2, AC-3, AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, AC-7, AC-8, AC-9) contain hybridomas specific for each one of the four MAP-BAG3 constructs, and are able to identify spatially distinct parts of BAG3 molecule, in particular the mother clone AC-1 was no PD02009 deposited on the 17/12/2002 at the Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate di Genova They can therefore be used to: map different BAG3 epitopes and/or domains; relate them to the functional activity of BAG3 (i.e., modulation of cell survival); relate them to specific biochemical interaction with molecular partners and/or formation of complexes; target them to neutralize (antagonistic antibodies) or trigger (agonistic antibodies) BAG3 functional activity.
The original features of these results are:
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- the downmodulating effect of antisense oligos constitutes the original rationale, not predictable before, leading to the necessity of mapping and triggering BAG3 epitopes that mediate the mechanism of apoptosis modulation. This constituted the premise for the production of a panel of antibodies raised-against different region of BAG3 protein;
- a panel of nine monoclonal-producing mother clones (AC-1; AC-2; AC-3; AC-4; AC-5; AC-6; AC-7; AC-8; AC-9) have been obtained and can be used to: map different BAG3 epitopes and/or domains; relate them to the functional activity of BAG3 (i.e., modulation of cell survival); relate them to specific biochemical interaction with molecular partners and/or formation of complexes; target them to neutralize (antagonistic antibodies) or trigger (agonistic antibodies) BAG3 functional activity;
- two polyclonal antibodies (AC-BAG3-1 and AC-BAG3-2), able to reveal the presence of BAG3 protein in human primary leukemias and its modulated expression of BAG3 protein by specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, have been obtained.
Within the scope of the present invention, BAG3-protein, the corresponding polynucleotide, corresponding parts of them and corresponding antisense oligonucleotides can be used for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes for example in leukemias, other neoplasias and cell death-involving diseases, and for modulation of cell survival and/or death. BAG3-based reagents include in a non-limitative manner, oligonucleotides, primers, probes, (poly)peptides or protein, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, etc., and any other reagent able to detect or modulate BAG3 expression.
Findings illustrated in the present invention and obtained with the described BAG3-based reagents could be obtained with modified reagents with equivalent activities. These latter are therefore considered equivalent to those illustrated in the present invention.
Particularly, as far as protein or its parts, or peptides, are concerned, are considered equivalent:
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- naturally occurring (poly)peptides or proteins, that are (poly)peptides or proteins produced by cells that have not been genetically engineered and specifically contemplates various (poly)peptides or proteins arising from post-translational modifications of the (poly)peptide or protein including, but not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation;
- derivatives, that are (poly)peptides or proteins chemically modified by such techniques as ubiquitination, labeling (e.g., with radionuclides, fluorochromes or various enzymes), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol) and insertion or substitution by chemical synthesis of amino acids such as ornithine, which do not normally occur in human proteins;
- recombinant variants, that are (poly)peptides or proteins differing from naturally occurring (poly)peptides or proteins by amino acid insertions, deletions, and substitutions, created using recombinant DNA techniques. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be replaced, added or deleted without abolishing activities of interest, such as cellular trafficking, may be found by comparing the sequence of the particular polypeptide with that of homologous peptides and minimizinig the number of amino acid sequence changes made in regions of high homology.
Preferably, amino acid substitutions are the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, i.e., conservative amino acid replacements. Amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved. For example, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine; and negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The variation allowed may be experimentally determined by systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids in a polypeptide molecule using recombinant DNA techniques and assaying the resulting recombinant variants for activity.
Alternatively, where alteration of function is desired, insertions, deletions or non-conservative alterations can be engineered to produce altered (poly)peptides or proteins. Such alterations can, for example, alter one or more of the biological functions or biochemical characteristics. For example, such alterations may change (poly)peptide or protein characteristics such as ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, or degradation/turnover rate. Further, such alterations can be selected so as to generate (poly)peptides or proteins that are better suited for expression, scale up and the like in the host cells chosen for expression. For example, cysteine residues can be deleted or substituted with another amino acid residue in order to eliminate disulfide bridges.
Substantially equivalent can be either nucleotide or amino acid sequences, for example a mutant sequence, that varies from a reference sequence by one or more substitutions, deletions, or additions, the net effect of which does not result in an adverse functional dissimilarity between the reference and subject sequences. Typically, such a substantially equivalent sequence varies from the reference one by no more than about 20%, i.e. the number of individual residue substitutions, additions, and/or deletions in a substantially equivalent sequence; as compared to the corresponding reference sequence, divided by the total number of residues in the substantially equivalent sequence is about 0.2 or less. Such a sequence is said to have 80% sequence identity to the listed sequence. In one embodiment, a substantially equivalent, mutant, sequence of the invention varies from a listed sequence by no more than 10% (90% sequence identity); in a variation of this embodiment, by no more than 5% (95% sequence identity); and in a further variation of this embodiment, by no more than 2% (98% sequence identity). Compared to aminoacidic identity, substantially equivalent nucleotide sequence(s) of the invention can have lower percent sequence identities, taking into account, for example, the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code. For the purposes of the present invention, sequences having substantially equivalent biological activity and substantially equivalent expression characteristics are considered substantially equivalent. For the purposes of determining equivalence, truncation of the mature sequence (e.g., via a mutation, which creates a spurious stop codon) should be disregarded.
Nucleic acid sequences encoding such substantially equivalent sequences, sequences of the recited percent identities can routinely be isolated and identified via standard hybridization procedures well known to those of skill in the art.
Where desired, an expression vector may be designed to contain a signal or leader sequence which will direct the polypeptide through the membrane of a cell. Such a sequence may be naturally present or provided from heterologous protein sources by recombinant DNA techniques.
Recombinant variants encoding these same or similar (poly)peptides or proteins may be synthesized or selected by making use of the redundancy in the genetic code. Various codon substitutions, such as the silent changes, which produce various restriction sites, may be introduced to optimize cloning into a plasmid or viral vector or expression in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic system. Mutations in the polynucleotide sequence may be reflected in the polypeptide or domains of other peptides added to the polypeptide to modify the properties of any part of the polypeptide, to change characteristics such as ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, or degradation/turnover rate.
Parts of the BAG3-related nucleotide or aminoacid sequence may be fused to carrier molecules such as immunoglobulins for many purposes, including increasing the valency of protein binding sites.
Reagents based on species homologs of BAG3 are considered equivalent respect to the uses illustrated in the present invention.
The sequences falling within the scope of the present invention are not limited to the specific sequences herein described, but also include allelic variations thereof. The present invention will be illustrated by the following examples, figures and tables which are not to be considered as limiting the scope of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES AND TABLESFIG. 1—Expression of BAG3 mRNA and Protein in Primary cells from leukemia patients. Leukemic cells were isolated from B-CLL patients' peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque (13) and cultured for 24 hours in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (10% FCS-RPMI), without or with fludarabine phosphate. A panel: cell mRNA was the extracted and BAG3 expression was verified by PCR (GAPDH expression is shown for comparative purpose); B panel: cells were permabilised and analysed by indirect immunofluorescence with the polyclonal antibody AC-BAG3-1. A=control rabbit Ig; b=cells incubated with control medium and analysed with anti-BAG3; c=cells incubated with fludarabine and analysed with anti-BAG3.
FIG. 2—Downmodulation of BAG3 protein levels by anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Leukemic cells were isolated from B-CLL patients' peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque and cultured for 20 hours without (b) or with BAG3 antisense (b+α) or control nonsense (b+ν) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cells were permabilised and analysed by indirect immunofluorescence with the polyclonal antibody AC-BAG3-1. a=control rabbit Ig.
FIG. 3—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on mitochondrial cytochrome c release in B-CLLs. Leukemic cells were isolated from B-CLL patients' peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque and cultured for the indicated times without or with the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell extracts were obtained and mitochondrial cytochrome c release was analysed according to ref. 8.
FIG. 4—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on caspase 3 activity in B-CLLs. Leukemic cells were isolated from B-CLL patients' peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque and cultured for the indicated times without or with the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell extracts were obtained and caspase 3 activity was analysed according to ref. 9.
FIG. 5—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on annexin V binding in B-CLLs Leukemic cells were isolated from B-CLL patients' peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque and cultured for 40 hours the indicated times without or with the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell vitality was analysed by propidium iodide incorporation in non permeabilized cells, while at the same time annexin V binding was analysed by immunofluorescence according to ref. 10. A: percentages of alive, apoptotic and dead cells in the cytogram regions; B: PI—versus Annexin V—staining.
FIG. 6—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on apoptosis in 15 B-CLL specimens Leukemic cells were isolated from B-CLL patients' peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque and cultured for 5 days without or with fludarabine phosphate (2 microgr/ml) and/or the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell apoptosis was analysed by cell permeabilization and PI staining according to ref. 11.
FIG. 7—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oliqodeoxvnucleotides on ALL cell apoptosis Leukemic cells were isolated from ALL patients' peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through Ficoll-Hypaque and cultured for four days (A panel) or the indicated times (B panel) without or with cytosine arabinoside (AraC, 1 microM) and/or the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell apoptosis was analysed by cell permeabilization and PI staining according to ref. 11.
Cells of the SAOS line were incubated for 72 h in 10% FCS-RPMI without or with chemotherapeutic compounds (etoposide or topotecan) and/or the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell apoptosis was analysed by cell permeabilization and PI staining according to ref. 11.
FIG. 8—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on BAG3 Protein levels in cells of the human myeloid leukemia line U937 U937 cells were cultured for 24 hours in 10% FCS-RPMI without or with the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cells were permeabilised and analysed by indirect immunofluorescence with AC-BAG3-1.
FIG. 9—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on stress-induced apoptosis in cells of the human myeloid leukemia line U937 U937 cells were cultured for 40 h without or with diethylmaleate (DEM, 1.2 microM) and/or the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell apoptosis was analysed by cell permeabilization and PI staining according to ref. 11.
FIG. 10—Effect of anti-BAG3 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on stress-induced apoptosis in normal human peripheral blood leucocytes Lymphocytes (A panel) and monocytes (B panel) were obtained from human normal peripheral blood specimens by centrifugation through a Ficoll-Hypaque 50-72% density gradient and cultured in 10% FCS-RPMI for 48 hours with or without a combination of DEM (1.2 microM) and 2ME (20 microM) and/or the or the BAG3 antisense or control nonsense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (5 microM) described in the text. Then cell apoptosis was analysed by cell permeabilization and PI staining according to ref. 11.
Cells of the human line 293 were transfected using a Fugene (Roche) preparation with a pcDNA construct hyperexpressing BAG3 or a void control pcDNA. BAG3 protein hyperexpression was verified by immunofluorescence. Then the cells were incubated for 48 hours in 10% FCS-RPMI with or without a combination of DEM+2ME and apoptosis was analysed by cell permeabilization and PI staining according to ref. 11.
FIG. 12—Effects of BAG3-specific antisense oligonucleotides or AraC on ALL cell apoptosis. A—ALL cells (1×106/ml) from ten different samples were cultured in 10% FCS-RPMI without or with control nonsense or BAG3-specific antisense oligonucleotides (5 microM), or with AraC (10 microM), for 4 days. Then cell apoptosis was analyzed by propidium iodide incorporation in permeabilized cells and flow cytometry. Student's t test was performed to evaluate the difference between apoptosis percentages detected in control and BAG3 antisense-cultured cells, respectively.
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Claims
1.-29. (canceled)
30. A method for modulating apoptosis in a cell by regulating BAG-3 expression, which comprises using isolated polynucleotides or oligonucleotides that recognize or modulate BAG3 protein expression and wherein said polynucleotides or oligonucleotides are selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, and fragments and a complementary sequence thereof.
31. The method according to claim 30, wherein said isolated polynucleotides or oligonucleotides have at least 90% homology to BAG3 SEQ ID NO:1 or fragments or a complementary sequence thereof.
32. The method according to claim 30, wherein said cell is a primary cell.
33. The method according to claim 30, wherein said polynucleotides or oligonucleotides consist of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11 or a sequence encoding a peptide of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18.
34. The method according to claim 30, wherein said isolated polynucleotides or oligonucleotides that recognize or modulate BAG3 protein expression are comprised in a vector.
35. The method according to claim 30 comprising genetically engineering a host cell with isolated polynucleotides or oligonucleotide/s that recognize or modulate BAG3 protein expression, said polynucleotides or oligonucleotides being selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:11.
36. The method according to claim 35, wherein said polynucleotides or oligonucleotides are in operative association with a regulatory sequence that controls expression of said polynucleotides or oligonucleotides in the host cell.
37. The method according to claim 31, wherein said isolated polynucleotides or oligonucleotides with at least 90% homology to BAG3 SEQ ID NO:1 or fragments or a complementary sequence thereof, encode a peptide with SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO:18 and modulate apoptosis in primary cells.
38. A therapeutic method comprising the method for modulating apoptosis in a cell according to claim 30 for the treatment of a disease involving excessive or defective apoptosis, said therapeutic method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:11, or a sequence encoding a peptide of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18 and fragments and complementary sequences thereof.
39. The therapeutic method according to claim 38, wherein said disease involving excessive or defective apoptosis is selected from the group consisting of primary leukemias, acute or chronic tissue damage, such as heart, kidney, brain or other organ ischaemia, HIV-related damage of brain or other tissues, skeletal muscle disorders, transplantation rejection; chronic degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and others; and neoplastic, autoimmune and other diseases involving excessive or defective apoptosis; tissue repair or wound healing, treatment of surgical incisions, and ulcers, such as stomach or diabetic ulcers.
40. The therapeutic method according to claim 38, wherein said subject in need thereof is under chemotherapeutic treatment.
41. A method for detecting the presence of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO:1 or parts thereof in a sample, said method comprising the steps of contacting the sample with a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide that binds to it and forms a complex with the nucleotide or parts thereof under conditions sufficient to form the complex, and detecting said complex.
42. The method according to claim 41, wherein said part of SEQ ID NO:1 to which said polynucleotide or oligonucleotide binds is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:11, or is a sequence encoding a peptide of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:18.
43. A kit for identifying or diagnosing a disease involving excessive or defective apoptosis comprising at least one polynucleotide or nucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 or a sequence encoding a peptide of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:18 fragments and a complementary sequence thereof.
Type: Application
Filed: May 21, 2009
Publication Date: Dec 10, 2009
Inventors: ARTURO LEONE (NAPOLI), MARIA CATERINA TURCO (AVELLINO)
Application Number: 12/454,772
International Classification: A61K 31/711 (20060101); C12N 5/06 (20060101); C12Q 1/68 (20060101); C07H 21/04 (20060101);
