RADIATION TRANSMITTER

Radiation transmitter, also called radiation semiconductor, is a structure that can rectify and gather the random radiation from a single heat source. It is known from the Fermat's principle that light in a medium with graded index usually deflects from an area with high refractive index to an area with low refractive index, and light in the area with low refractive index always can reach the area with high refractive index, but part of the light traveling from the area with high refractive index to the area with low refractive index will return to the area with high refractive index within an inflexion effective distance. As a result, the radiation heat exchange between the surface with low refractive index and the isothermal surface with high refractive index is unbalanced, radiation is automatically and directionally transferred by wave-guide, and the heat of an object is automatically and directionally transferred to the isothermal and high-temperature objects by radiation. The radiation transmitter, which is a basic structure for developing atom energy, can gather, store and transfer solar radiation energy and spontaneous radiation energy of other objects, and can be used for refrigeration, heating, air conditioning, cooking, heat engine driving, power generation, etc.

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Description
TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a radiation application technique, particularly a radiation transmitter for automatically and directionally transmitting radiation.

BACKGROUND ART

Energy is everywhere on the earth. Some people estimate that the amount of energy causing the seawater temperature to decrease 0.01K will enable the machines in the whole world to run several years. The amount of energy really needed by the human beings is only 1/10,000 of the solar energy received by the Earth. However, why do the human beings have to face the energy crisis? The reason is more or less related to the bias of the second law of thermodynamics in addition to other technological factors.

The second law of thermodynamics is about the conducting direction and condition of the actual macroscopic process of thermal phenomenon. The various arguments in the past (called multi-argument second law of thermodynamics) mainly include(1): (1) It is impossible to transfer heat from low-temperature object to high-temperature object without causing other changes (Clausius, 1850). (2) It is impossible to absorb heat from a single heat source and make it become useful work without producing other effects (Kelvin, 1851). (3) It is impossible to manufacture perpetual motion machine of the second kind (Planck). (4) In an isolated system, the actually occurred process always makes the entropy of system increase (Clausius).

The multi-argument second law of thermodynamics mainly shows the heat transfer phenomenon of heat power and it is unavoidably biased.

One: Phenomenon of Automatic Heat Transfer From Low-Temperature Object to High-Temperature Object Possibly Observed During Pure Radiation Heat Transfer.

The heat of objects is transferred by convection, conduction and radiation. The heat of the objects can be transferred from high-temperature object to low-temperature object through material mixing, contact and collision in the mode of convection and conduction, but cannot be transferred through vacuum. The radiation heat transfer is the mutual transfer from high-temperature object to low-temperature object without contact. Heat is transferred in vacuum or media in the form of heat energy-radiant energy-heat energy at light speed. All the objects in the natural world constantly send out heat radiation, and constantly absorb heat radiation of other objects. The exchanged radiation difference between them is the exchanged radiation heat among objects. In a system that exclusively exchanges heat through radiation, when the heat radiation sent out is equal to the heat radiation absorbed, the system is in heat balance; when the heat radiation sent out is more than the heat radiation absorbed, the temperature is reduced; conversely, the temperature is increased. The higher the object temperature is, the stronger the radiation performance is. When the temperatures are the same, and the characters and indication conditions of the objects are different, the radiation performances are different. Since temperature is not the sole determinant factor of radiation performance and is not the sole determinant factor in the exchanging process of heat radiation sent out and absorbed, in the system that exclusively exchanges heat through radiation, when many factors, including the characters of the object media, the surface conditions of the objects, the radiation heat transfer conditions and the radiation absorptivity, play an important role, the heat transfer is possible from the low-temperature object to the high-temperature object, namely the heat transfer phenomenon that heat is transferred from low-temperature object to high-temperature object without causing other changes is possibly observed.

Two: Possible Rectification and Gathering of Radiation Through Modern Science and Technology

Some optical instruments wellknown by people can guide and gather radiation. For example, convex lens and concave mirror can gather the low-density solar radiation heat energy to form high-density heat energy, but the radiation transmission is bidirectional without radiation rectification function. The modern fiber optic technology can transmit radiation in one direction and can rectify and gather radiation already. For example:

1. Optical isolator and optical circulator form a nonreciprocity device which is made using Faraday effect and enable light to transmit in one direction. The device is made by placing a Faraday rotator with the polarization direction of 45° between two polarimeters which form an angle of 45° in the polarization direction, and therefore the radiation between the two objects can be transmitted in a single direction, realizing the radiation rectification function. However, the optical isolator and optical circulator can cause other changes during radiation rectification, thus the second law of thermodynamics can not be questioned.

2. The most basic and typical optical coupler is 2×2 directional coupler(2). The directional coupler is made by twisting, heating and tapering two graded index (GI) optical fibers so that phase-matching light fields in the optical fibers are outwards diffused from the fiber core to form the evanescent field. Thus, energy is exchanged, and transverse coupling of a wave-guide between the two optical fibers is produced. The phase-matching light fields can be directionally coupled and directionally output. The directional coupler has radiation gathering function to a certain extent, but the radiation rectification function is not strong. The radiation rectification function will be obviously improved if the optical coupler is improved in accordance with FIG. 5.

3. The star coupler has M input ends and N output ends, expressed as M×N. The middle part is a coupling zone which gathers the light signals from the M input optical fibers and sends the signals to the N output optical fibers. Because of the radiation reflection and loss, etc., even when N is smaller than M, the radiant energy density output by N optical fibers is not necessarily more than the radiant energy density input by M optical fibers. The radiation rectification and radiation gathering functions do not exist in a single heat source. If the star coupler is modified in accordance with FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, the radiation rectification and radiation gathering functions will be obvious.

Three: Question of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. Improve the 2×2 directional coupler (see FIG. 5): (1) GI optical fiber 2 is not tapered, and the input end {circle around (2)} is sealed by high reflection film. (2) The output end {circle around (3)} of the GI optical fiber 1 is twisted, heated and tapered with the GI optical fiber 1 in accordance with heat radiation phase. Then: (a) Make “directional coupler” be the only channel for heat radiation of the two pure radiation heat transfer objects in an isolated system. (b) The light radiation input from the output end {circle around (4)} of the GI optical fiber 2 is fully reflected by the input end {circle around (2)} of GI optical fiber 2 and is output from the output end {circle around (4)}. (c) The phase-matching heat radiation input from the input end {circle around (1)} of the GI optical fiber 1 is outwards diffused from the fiber core of the tapered output end {circle around (3)} to form the evanescent field, transversely coupled to the GI optical fiber 2, and then output from the output end {circle around (4)}. Therefore, heat radiation can only be input to the coupler from the input end {circle around (1)} and output from the output end {circle around (4)}. Heat radiation can not be transmitted in reverse direction. The directional coupler becomes a heat radiation rectifier. The input end {circle around (1)} is a cathode, and the output end {circle around (4)} is an anode. Heat is automatically transmitted to the high-temperature object of the anode from the low-temperature object of the cathode through rectifier without causing other changes. Thus, the second law of thermodynamics can be questioned.

2. Improve the M×N star coupler: (1) The output ends of M GI optical fibers 1 are twisted, heated and tapered with one GI optical fiber 2 in accordance with heat radiation phase. (2) Each optical fiber 2 is not tapered, and the input end of the optical fiber 2 is sealed by high reflection film (see FIG. 6) or the GI optical fiber 2 is bent into the shape that both ends are output ends (see FIGS. 7 and 8). Then: (a) Make “stars coupler” be the only channel for heat radiation of the two pure radiation heat transfer objects in the isolated system. (b) Radiation input from the output end of the optical fiber 2 is fully reflected by the high reflection film and then automatically returned, or is automatically returned from the other bent output end. (c) The heat radiation input from the input ends of M GI optical fibers is outwards diffused from the tapered fiber core to form the evanescent field, transversely coupled to the GI optical fiber 2, and then totally output from the output end of the GI optical fiber 2. Thus, both the heat radiation input from the input ends of M GI optical fibers and the heat radiation reversely input from the output ends of the GI optical fibers 2 are output from the output end of one GI optical fiber 2. Therefore, the M×N star coupler becomes M×1 heat radiation rectifier. The input end of the M GI optical fibers 1 is a cathode, and each output end of GI optical fiber 2 is an anode. When M>>1, the low-density heat radiation of the cathode is gathered to form the high-density heat radiation of the anode and is then output; the star coupler becomes a rectifier for gathering radiation (radiation gathering rectifier for short). Heat is automatically gathered to the high-temperature object from the low-temperature object through optical fibers without producing friction, doing work or causing other changes, thus the second law of thermodynamics can be questioned.

Four: Channel Radiant Energy Exchange Law and Channel Radiation Heat Exchange Law

Rectifier, radiation gathering rectifier, etc. are classified into a system for automatically and directionally transmitting radiation, namely a radiation transmitting system.

Study the radiation transmitting system using radiation heat transfer law (Stefan-Boltzmann law)(3):

Stefen-Boltzmann law indicates that energy (i.e. radiation force) E0 outwards radiated by blackbody through unit area in unit time is in direct proportion to the quartic of absolute temperature, i.e.:


E0=AσT4


Or


E0=AC0(T/100)4  {circle around (1)}

Wherein,

    • E0—radiant energy radiated by blackbody, W/m2;
    • A—radiation area of objects, m2;
    • T—absolute temperature, K;
    • σ0—Stefan-Boltzmann constant, the value is 5.67×10−8 w/m2·K4);
    • C0—blackbody radiation coefficient, the value is 5.67 W/(m2·K4)

Because the radiation performances (emissivity, also known as black level) of an actual object is less than the radiation performance of a blackbody at the same temperature, the radiant energy radiated by the actual object can be obtained on the basis of formula {circle around (1)}:


E=Aσ0T4  {circle around (2)}

Suppose that: the channel between open surface A and open surface ΔA between pure radiation heat transfer object 1 and object 2 in the isolated system is the only radiation channel; the temperature of object 1 is T1, radiation area is A, radiation emissivity is 12, radiation arrival rate of object 2 is η12, the radiation absorptivity of object 2 is α12 (λ, T) expressed using α12, and the absorbed radiant energy of object 2 is E12; the temperature of object 2 is T2, radiation area is ΔA, radiation emissivity is 21, radiation arrival rate object 2 is η21, the radiation absorptivity of object 1 is α21 (λ, T) expressed using α21, and the absorbed radiant energy of object 1 is E21, the following formulas can be developed from formula {circle around (2)};


E12=12η12α21Aσ0T14  {circle around (3)}


E21=21η21α12Δaσ0T24  {circle around (4)}

Make the ratio of absorbed radiant energy of object 1 to the absorbed radiant energy of object 2 be E1:2=E21.E12, the radiation emissivity ratio be 1:2=12/21, the radiation arrival rate ratio be η1:2=η12/η21, the absorptivity ratio α1:2=α21/α12, the heat radiation area ratio be A1:2=A/ΔA, and the temperature biquadrate ratio be T14/T24=(T1:2)4.


E12≠0,E21/E12=(21/12)(η21/η12)(α12/α21(A/ΔA)(T14/T24)


then:


E1:2=2:1η2:1α1:2A2:1T42:1  {circle around (5)}

i.e.: In the isolated system, the pure radiant energy exchange ratio of objects at both ends of the channel is in direct proportion to the object radiation absorptivity ratio, and is in inverse proportion to the mutual radiation emissivity ratio, the radiation arrival rate ratio, the radiation area ratio and the thermodynamic temperature quartic ratio. This is the channel radiant energy exchange law (wave-guide energy exchange law). If the exchanged energy can be regarded as pure heat radiation, this becomes wave-guide heat exchange law: in the isolated system, the pure radiation heat exchange ratio of objects at both ends of the channel is in direct proportion to the object radiation absorptivity ratio, and is in inverse proportion to the mutual radiation emissivity ratio, the radiation arrival rate ratio, the open area ratio and the thermodynamic temperature biquadrate ratio. Heat exchange ratio is expressed by Q1:2, and the expression formula is:


Q1:2=2:1η2:1α1:2A2:1T42:1  {circle around (6)}

Five: Comprehensive Clarification of the Bias of the Multi-Argument Second Law of Thermodynamics Through Channel Radiation Heat Exchange Law.

We can know through the above formulas {circle around (5)} and {circle around (6)} that the heat flow direction of the two pure radiant energy exchange objects is determined by the exchange capacity ratio of heat radiant energy rather than completely determined by high or low temperature mentioned in the Multi-Argument Second Law of Thermodynamics. Provided that Q1:2<1, radiation can be rectified and gathered, and thus heat can be automatically transferred from object 1 to object 2 regardless of high or low temperature.

Under the present science and technology, we can adjust any of the 2:1, η2:1, α1:2 or A2:1 to meet the condition of E1:2<1 in accordance with channel wave-guide energy exchange law, so as to manufacture a series of radiation rectification and radiation gathering objects (radiation transmitting elements) for directionally transmitting radiation by using the items as types. For example: A type radiation transmitting element (FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3), η type radiation transmitting element (FIG. 6), Aη type radiation transmitting element (FIG. 7, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9), ηα type radiation transmitting element (FIG. 5), and also more than tens kinds of radiation transmitting elements including Aηα type, type, A type, η type, Aη, and the like. Wherein, the radiation transmitting element (like diode and multielectrode tube containing adjustment A1:2) with the function of gathering low-density radiation into high-density radiation is also called radiation gathering rectifier.

In the isolated system, pure wave-guide exchanges heat, and adjustment of A1:2 enables the low-temperature object to transfer heat to high-temperature object, for example:

If object 1 and object 2 are the same material, and their surface conditions are the same, Q1:2=1, 1:2=1, η1:2=1, α1:2=1,

Formula {circle around (6)} is simplified as


A1:2=T42:1  {circle around (7)}

In formula {circle around (7)}, suppose A1:2=10,

    • when T1=243K, T2≈432K;
    • when T1=273K, T2≈485K;
    • when T1=300K, T2≈533K.
      Convert them into Celsius grade:
    • T1=243K=−30° C., T2=432K=159° C.;
    • T1=273K=0° C., T2=485K=212° C.;
    • T1=300K=27° C., T2=533K=260° C.
      i.e.: when Q1:2=1, 1:2=1, η1:2=1, α1:2=1, A1:2=10, −30° C. low-temperature object 1 and 159° C. high-temperature object 2, 0° C. object 1 and 212° C. object 2, and 27° C. object 1 and 260° C. object 2 are respectively in heat balance.

When Q1:2<1, A1:2>T42:1, at both ends of the radiation channel, the heat absorbed by object 2 is more than the heat absorbed by object 1, −30° C. low-temperature object 1 automatically transfers heat energy to object 2 lower than 159° C., 0° C. object 1 automatically transfers heat energy to object 2 lower than 212° C., 27° C. object 1 automatically transfers heat energy to object 2 lower than 260° C., and the phenomenon that heat is automatically transferred from low-temperature objects to high-temperature objects is produced. Thus, it is possible to heat, cook rice and cook vegetables by gathering the heat radiation of ice and snow, and it is possible to manufacture radiation gathering and rectifying air conditioner and radiation gathering and rectifying refrigerator.

The entropy change in the heat transfer process of radiation transmitting element is calculated using the Clausius's principle of entropy increase of the second law of thermodynamics: suppose that the temperatures of pure radiation heat transfer object 1 and object 2 in the isolated system are respectively T1 and T2, and T1<T2, the two objects transfer heat through the radiation transmitting element, the cathode of the radiation transmitting element is towards object 1, the anode is towards object 2, the heat transferred to object 2 from object 1 in short time Δt is ΔQ, and heat transfer is conducted in the reversible isothermal process. Thus, the channel pure radiation heat transfer can be calculated with the same method(4) as that of pure conduction heat transfer:


The entropy change of object 1 ΔS1=−ΔQ/T1


The entropy change of object 2 ΔS2=ΔQ/T2

The entropy change of the isolated system in this short time ΔS=ΔS1+ΔS2=−ΔQ/T1+ΔQ/T2


T1<T2, thus, ΔS<0

The calculated results indicate that the entropy is reduced in the pure radiation heat transfer process of radiation transmitting element in the isolated system, which is in contravention of the principle of entropy increase in the heat transfer process in the isolated system. This indicates that the principle of entropy increase of the second law of thermodynamics is partial.

The radiation transmitting element which can automatically and directionally transmit radiation includes a cathode and an anode. The radiation sent into the cathode is more than the radiation sent out from the cathode, and the radiation sent out from the anode is more than the radiation sent into the anode, and then the cathode becomes low-temperature heat source and the anode becomes high-temperature heat source. In the radiation gathering rectifier, the large-area low-density heat radiation of the cathode is gathered into small-area high-density heat radiation of the anode, the radiation density is increased more than tens, hundreds or thousands times. Thus, it is possible that the low temperature of about 0° C. on the cathode is directly changed into the high temperature of more than 1,000° C. on the anode.

The radiation gathering rectifier directly transfers the low-temperature heat source of the cathode into the high-temperature heat source of the anode, so the environment with three temperatures—cathode temperature<heat source temperature<anode temperature, having enough temperature difference, can be created in one heat source. If a large number of radiation gathering rectifier anodes are used as a heat accumulator to create anode temperature in a container, a large number of radiation gathering rectifier cathodes are used as a refrigerator to create cathode temperature in the container, the heat accumulator continuously obtains a lot of heat radiation from the single heat source to enable the temperature of the heat carrier to be rapidly increased, the refrigerator continuously obtains a lot of heat radiation from the container to enable the temperature of the heat carrier to be rapidly reduced, the heat carrier between the heat accumulator and the refrigerator will form enough temperature difference, so as to prepare necessary condition for perpetual motion machine of the second kind to transfer heat to useful work. For example, the turbine crankshaft is connected with a generator. A lot of heat energy obtained by the heat accumulator from a single heat source enables the temperature and pressure of the heat carrier in the container to be increased, driving the turbine to operate, and then it is discharged in the low-temperature low-pressure refrigerator; the compressor supplied by the generator transports the low-temperature heat carrier to the heat accumulator to heat and pressurize it again for recycle. Thus, the heat carrier continuously absorbs heat from the heat source to drive the closed power generation system and power supply system of the turbine. The aim of absorbing heat from the single heat source and turning it into totally useful work without producing other effects is achieved, thus perpetual motion machine of the second kind is manufactured.

Thus, all kinds of impossibilities of the multi-argument second law of thermodynamics are totally and scientifically changed into possibilities, which proves that the multi-arguments of the second law of thermodynamics are really biased. Therefore, the second law of thermodynamics should be corrected as follows: In the isolated system, heat conduction and heat convection of radiation heat transfer can be neglected, the actually occurred process always makes the entropy of system increase, the macroscopic phenomenon of heat transfer without causing other changes indicates that heat flows from high-temperature object to low-temperature object.

Invention Contents

The energy crisis is an earthshaking problem. The invention mainly has the functions that low-density photon energy irregularly radiated is rectified and gathered into high-density photon energy directionally radiated, and the energy is transmitted to do micro work.

One: Radiation Transmitting Element

A radiation transmitting element comprises a cathode and an anode of a channel for automatically and directionally transmitting radiation, and is characterized in that the channel has the function of automatically and directionally transmitting radiation, and the two ends of the channel are a cathode and an anode respectively. The radiation sent into from the cathode is more than the radiation sent out from the cathode, the radiation sent out from the anode is more than the radiation sent into from the anode, and then an automatic wave-guide is formed. The structure includes an automatic wave-guide structure with a single member, an automatic wave-guide structure with multiple members and an automatic wave-guide structure with member combinations, wherein the radiation density sent out from the anode is larger than the radiation density sent into from the anode, equal to or smaller than the sum of the radiation density sent into from the anode and the radiation density sent into from the cathode, and then a rectifier is formed. The radiation density sent out from the anode is larger than the sum of the radiation density sent into from the anode and the radiation density sent into from the cathode, and then a radiation gathering rectifier is formed.

(1) The automatic wave-guide structure with a single member is characterized in that the automatic wave-guide consists of a medium of a member and has a taper, and the two ends of the wave-guide are the cathode and the anode respectively, such as a funnel automatic wave-guide structure (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) and a conical automatic wave-guide structure (FIG. 3).

(2) The automatic wave-guide structure with multiple members includes automatic wave-guide structure with double members and automatic wave-guide structure with three members or more, and is characterized in that one automatic wave-guide consists of media of two members or more. The two ends of the automatic wave-guide are the cathode and the anode respectively, and the cathode medium is connected to the anode medium for directionally transmitting radiation.

The cathode medium is a medium where the cathode is located, and the automatic wave-guide consists of media of two members or more. The anode medium is a medium where the anode is located, and the automatic wave-guide consists of media of two members or more.

The structure of the anode medium 2 includes curved pillar structure (FIG. 7), annular pillar structure (FIG. 8), pillar structure with end surface sealed by a high reflection film 5 in the cathode direction (FIG. 5 and FIG. 6) and structures with a certain taper or other shapes (FIG. 15).

The pillar medium is herein defined as a medium section structure with basically equal area of any two cross sections, including soft, hard, long and short medium structures with basically equal area of cross sections, such as cylindrical, prismatic, zonal and tabular structures.

The funnel medium is herein defined as a medium section structure with a large open surface of one end and a small open surface of the other end, including hard, soft, circular and rhombic media and wedge-shaped media with flat and blunt tips.

The conical medium is herein defined as a medium section structure with a large end surface and an infinitesimal end surface, including hard, soft, circular, rhombic, conical and wedge-shaped sharp media.

Examples of Structure with Double Members: Automatic wave-guide structures (FIG. 4 and FIG. 5) of which conical cathode medium 1 with graded index (GI) is connected to the pillar anode GI medium 2, and double-pillar automatic wave-guide structure (FIG. 9) of which pillar cathode medium 1 with step index (SI) is circularly connected to the anode GI medium 2.

Examples of Automatic Wave-Guide Structure with Double Members: Automatic wave-guide structures (FIG. 6, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8) of which multiple conical cathode GI media 1 are connected to pillar anode GI media 2, and automatic wave-guide structure (FIG. 10) of which multiple pillar cathode SI media 1 are circularly connected to anode GI media 2.

(3) The structure with member combinations is characterized in that multiple media without polarity are regularly combined into the automatic wave-guide in order, and both ends of the automatic wave-guide are the cathode and the anode respectively (FIG. 17).

The automatic wave-guide structure with member combinations is usually formed by regularly combining and arranging media affecting radiation emission, radiation transmission, radiation absorption, heat conduction and heat convection in a certain order, such as film application rectifiers (FIG. 17).

(4) The radiation transmitting element consists of a radiation diode (diode for short), a radiation multielectrode tube (multielectrode tube for short) and a radiation controllable transmitting element (controllable element for short).

The diode is characterized in that one diode consists of an automatic wave-guide, a cathode and an anode, and the frequency spectrum of the radiation sent into from the cathode is the same as that of the radiation sent out from the anode, as shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 10.

The multielectrode tube is characterized in that the automatic wave-guide consists of multiple members; the multielectrode tube includes multiple cathodes and anodes which are distributed on several members; and the frequency spectrum of the radiation sent into from the cathodes varies from that of the radiation sent out from the anodes. For example, the radiations sent into from various cathodes in FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 10 and FIG. 14 have different frequency spectrums to form cathode multielectrode tubes. Different frequency spectrums of radiations are coupled to various anodes in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, and then sent out to form anode multielectrode tubes.

The controllable element (FIG. 12) is characterized in that the automatic wave-guide of one controllable element consists of a cathode medium 1, substrate 7, a diaphragm 8 and an anode medium 2, wherein the cathode medium 1 is connected to the anode medium 2 to direct the channel. The diaphragm 8 is arranged between the anode medium and the cathode medium to control the intensity of the radiation coupled to the anode from the cathode.

Two: Radiation Transmitter

The radiation transmitter uses the radiation transmitting element as basic structure, and many radiation transmitting element articles can be made and collectively called the radiation transmitters. In view of limitations of space, the various non-limiting embodiments introduced herein include: a radiation gathering rectifier array, a heat accumulator, a refrigerator, radiation gathering photovoltaic power generation, a radiation gathering sensor, a radiation gathering turbine and a solar energy comprehensive utilization device.

(1) The radiation gathering rectifier array is formed by regularly combining and arranging anodes and cathodes of radiation gathering rectifiers and has the advantages of many types and various applications.

The shielded funnel SI radiation gathering rectifier array as shown in FIG. 13 mainly consists of a cathode medium 1, an anode medium 2, a vacuum screen 4, a high reflection film 5 and a funnel radiation gathering rectifier 6, wherein the cathode medium 1, the anode medium 2 and the vacuum screen 4 provide pure radiation heat transfer conditions for the funnel radiation gathering rectifier, and the funnel radiation gathering rectifier array gathers heat from system a of the cathode into system b of the anode.

The multilevel shielded conical GI radiation gathering rectifier array as shown in FIG. 14 mainly consists of a cathode medium 1, an anode medium 2, a vacuum screen 4, a high reflection film 5 and a cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6, wherein the cathode medium 1, the anode medium 2 and the vacuum screen 4 provide pure radiation heat transfer conditions for the funnel radiation gathering rectifier, and the multilevel cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier array gathers heat from system a into system b.

(2) The transparent radiation gathering rectifier array (FIG. 15) consists of a cathode medium 1, a cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6, an anode medium 2 and a substrate 7. In the figure, the anode media of the two lower radiation gathering rectifiers are coupled to a visible light, and then transmitted to system b. Heat radiation and ultraviolet rays are transmitted to related application systems by the anode media coupled to the heat radiation and the ultraviolet light. Visible light, infrared light and ultraviolet light are respectively coupled to the respective anode media by one upper radiation gathering rectifier, and then transmitted to the application systems.

(3) The refrigerator (see FIG. 16, FIG. 19, FIG. 20 and FIG. 21) consists of a radiation transmitting element array and a container, wherein the cathode of the radiation transmitting element faces the interior of the container to form the refrigerator.

(4) The heat accumulator (FIG. 16, FIG. 20 and FIG. 21) mainly consists of a shielded cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6 and a container. In the single sealed type heat accumulator (FIG. 16), besides that the anode of the shielded cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier array faces the interior of the container, the container is also provided with safety control and heat output devices, including a light valve 15, optical fiber 21, a relief valve 14, a refrigerator 11, etc.

(5) Radiation gathering photovoltaic power generation (FIG. 18) is the combination of the radiation transmitting element array and photovoltaic cells. The radiation transmitting element array transmits radiation to the photovoltaic cells 16 to obtain photovoltaic current.

(6) The radiation gathering sensor (FIG. 19) mainly comprises an objective lens 17, a radiation refrigerator 11, a radiation gathering rectifier 6, optical fiber 21, a controller 19 and a display 20. The focus in object space of the objective lens is adjusted onto an observation plane by the controller 19, and the sequence of the member connection is: the objective lens 17-the refrigerator 11-the radiation transmitting element 6-the optical fiber 21-the controller 19-the display 20.

(7) The radiation gathering turbine (FIG. 20) mainly comprises a radiation gathering rectifier 6, a heat accumulator 10, a refrigerator 11, a turbine 22, a return duct 13, a compressor 23, a check valve 24, a throttle valve 25 and a heat carrier. The structure is characterized in that the heat carrier is installed in the heat accumulator 10 communicated with the air inlet of the turbine 22, and the exhaust port of the turbine 22 is communicated with the refrigerator 11, which then communicated with the heat accumulator 10 through the return duct 13. The return duct 13 is provided with the compressor 23, the check valve 24 and the throttle valve 25 to promote the heat carrier to do work circularly.

(8) The radiation gathering solar energy comprehensive utilization device for power generation (FIG. 21) mainly consists of a radiation gathering rectifier 6, optical fiber 21 and a radiation effector. The structure is characterized in that the ultraviolet light, visible light and infrared light of the solar energy are respectively transmitted to the radiation effector by the radiation gathering rectifier 6 array through the optical fiber 21.

Advantages and Positive Effects of the Invention

1. The direct use of the heat energy through the radiation transmitting element and the radiation transmitter is more convenient than the indirect use of the heat energy through electrical appliances, and the use of the heat energy through the radiation transmitter is more preferable than that through the electrical appliances.

2. Popularization of Ecological Houses. The solar energy comprehensive utilization devices are installed on roofs, walls and windows. The radiation gathering plants for beautifying environment are installed outdoor in front of and behind houses, on roads and so on, so that infinite energy is accessible both indoors and outdoors, and people can conveniently use the solar energy at any time in a day.

3. Ecological Farming and Animal Husbandry. The solar energy comprehensive utilization devices are installed in green houses, buildings and automated radiation biological factories with production line, and illumination and microclimate in green houses are adjusted to optimum conditions in accordance with the biological growth so as to achieve the minimum production cycle, highest yield and quality.

4. Self-Sufficiency Factories. Solar energy is collected and utilized by the solar energy comprehensive utilization device, and can meet the requirements of any factory. Factories needing more energy can use the solar energy comprehensive utilization device to collect solar energy from roads, streets and squares. Factories needing lots of energy can use solar energy transmitted from deserts, fields and oceans, or directly move to deserts, seaside and oceans where there is infinite energy.

5. Improvement of Environment. The radiation gathering rectifier has the capacity of gathering solar energy, which is higher than that of plants. The radiation gathering rectifiers can be installed on plants and used for making ornaments to beautify urban streets, roads, squares and open spaces, so that a great deal of solar energy is absorbed, gathered and used for cooling, warming and power generation. Cities will be more beautiful and no longer hot, and there is infinite energy for inhabitants, factories and organizations to use.

6. Transportation of Solar Energy. The utilization rate of the solar energy for photovoltaic power generation is only 3% to 15%, and the amount of electricity is seriously affected by sunlight intensity so that the utility values of the solar energy vehicles, ships and aircrafts are low. The radiation gathering rectifier can convert solar radiation and solar energy into heat radiation of substances on the earth to be gathered and utilized around the clock, and the utilization rate of the solar energy reaches more than 60%. The utility values of the solar energy vehicles, ships and aircrafts are high.

At present, the combustion of fossil fuel for transportation exhausts several billion tons of CO2. If the thermal power generation is stopped, and the solar energy is used for transportation, warming and cooking, ten billion tons of CO2 exhaust can be reduced annually to effectively relieve global warming.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with Single Funnel SI Member.

FIG. 2 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with Single Funnel GI Member.

FIG. 3 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with Single Conical GI Member.

FIG. 4 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with Double Cone-Pillar GI Members.

FIG. 5 Schematic Diagram of Rectifier with Double Cone-Pillar GI Members.

FIG. 6 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with Multiple Cone-Pillar GI Members.

FIG. 7 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with Multiple Cone-Curved Pillar GI Members.

FIG. 8 Schematic Diagram of Multilevel Cone-Annular Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier.

FIG. 9 Schematic Diagram of Rectifier with Double Dual-Pillar Members.

FIG. 10 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with Multiple Pillar-Pillar Members.

FIG. 11 Schematic Diagram of Frequency Division Output Five-Electrode Tube.

FIG. 12 Schematic Diagram of Diaphragm Controlled and Frequency Division Output Five-Electrode Tube.

FIG. 13 Schematic Diagram of Shielded Funnel SI Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array.

FIG. 14 Schematic Diagram of Shielded Multilevel Conical GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier.

FIG. 15 Schematic Diagram of Transparent Radiation Transmitting Element.

FIG. 16 Schematic Diagram of Heat Accumulator.

FIG. 17 Schematic Diagram of Film Application Rectifier.

FIG. 18 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Photovoltaic Power Generation.

FIG. 19 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Sensor.

FIG. 20 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Turbine.

FIG. 21 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Solar Energy Comprehensive Utilization Device for Power Generation.

 NUMBERS IN THE FIGURES ARE SHOWN AS FOLLOWS

  • 1-Cathode Medium
  • 5-High Reflection Film
  • 8-Diaphragm
  • 12-Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array
  • 15-Light Valve
  • 19-Controller
  • 23-Compressor
  • 26-Working Substance Allocator
  • 29-Generator 30-Transformer
  • 2-Anode Medium
  • 6-Radiation Gathering Rectifier
  • 9-Antireflection Film
  • 16-Photovoltaic Cell
  • 20-Display
  • 24-Check Valve
  • 27-Piston Power Machine
  • 30-Transformer
  • 3-Transparent Medium
  • 7-Substrate and Coating
  • 10-Heat Accumulator
  • 13-Return Duct
  • 17-Objective Lens Blackbody
  • 21-Optical Fiber
  • 25-Throttle Valve
  • 28-Gear Torque Converter
  • 4-Vacuum Screen
  • 11-Refrigerator
  • 14-Relief Valve
  • 18-Rough-surfaced Blackbody
  • 22-Turbine

Uneven medium section lines indicate the graded indexes.

Numbers in circles at both ends of the optical fiber indicate the serial numbers of the end surfaces.

Straight dotted lines indicate system interfaces, and lower-case letters outside the straight dotted lines indicate system names.

Cambered dotted lines indicate diaphragms.

Solid arrows indicate radiation directions and paths.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS One Specific Embodiments of Radiation Gathering Rectifiers

1. Specific Embodiments of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a Single Member:

(1) Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a Single Funnel SI Member: FIG. 1. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a single funnel SI member. The radiation of the system a entering the wide end of the funnel is repeatedly reflected by the high reflection film 5 of the funnel wall to be gathered into high-density radiation at the narrow end of the funnel to be sent into the system b. The amount of radiation of the system b entering the funnel from the narrow end is very low, and the amount of radiation sent into the system a is very low. Therefore, the pure radiation heat transfer system a and system b use the radiation gathering rectifier as a unique channel, and within a definite range of temperature difference, the radiation is mainly transmitted from the low-temperature system a to the high-temperature system b to be rectified and gathered. Application of an antireflection film on the surface of the cathode medium has a better effect. When the radiation density of the system b is greatly higher than that of the system a so that the amount of the exchanged radiation of the system a and the system b are equal, the radiation rectifying and gathering function of the funnel SI radiation gathering rectifier stops, and a heat balance state is achieved. Advantage: Materials with step index are easy to find and cheap. Disadvantages: 1. The radiation arrival rate from the system a to the system b is lower. 2. The minimum temperature of the system a is limited by the system b.

(2) Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a Single Funnel GI Member: FIG. 2. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a single funnel GI member. Because of the self-focusing effect of the medium with graded index, the radiation of the system a entering the wide end of the funnel is gathered into high-density radiation at the narrow end of the funnel to be sent into the system b. The amount of radiation entering the narrow end of the funnel from system b is very low, and the radiation quantity sent into system a is very low. Therefore, when the pure radiation heat transfer system a and system b use the radiation gathering rectifier as a unique channel, within a definite range of temperature difference, the heat of the low-temperature system a is transferred to the high-temperature system b to perform the function of radiation rectifying and gathering. Application of an antireflection film on the surface of the cathode medium has a better effect. In case of excessive temperature difference, when the amount of exchanged radiation of the system a and the system b are equal, the radiation rectifying and gathering function of the funnel GI radiation gathering rectifier stops, and a heat balance state is achieved. Advantage: The radiation arrival rate from the system a to the system b is higher. Disadvantages: 1. The medium with graded index is difficult to manufacture. 2. The minimum temperature of the system a is limited by the system b.

(3) Embodiment of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a Single Conical GI Member: FIG. 3. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a single conical GI member. By the self-focusing of the GI medium, the radiation of the system a entering the conical end is gathered into higher-density radiation at the conical tip to be sent into the system b from the thin coating, the radiation of the system b entering the conical member from the thin cover is very low, and the radiation sent into the system a from the system b is very low. Therefore, when the pure radiation heat transfer system a and system b use the radiation gathering rectifier as a unique heat transfer channel, within a definite range of temperature difference, the heat of the low-temperature system a is transferred to the high-temperature system b to perform the function of radiation rectifying and gathering. Application of an antireflection film on the surface of the cathode medium has a better effect. In case of an excessive temperature difference, when the amount of radiation from the system a and the system b are equal, the radiation rectifying and gathering function stops, and a heat balance state is achieved. Because the conical tip must have the thin coating to send out radiation, the radiation gathering rectifier with a single conical GI member is actually one of the radiation gathering rectifiers with a single funnel GI member, and their advantages and disadvantages are basically identical.

2. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Transmitting Element with Member Combinations:

Specific Embodiment of Film Application Rectifier: FIG. 17. The film application rectifier mainly comprises an antireflection film 9, a cathode medium 1, an anode medium 2, a vacuum screen 4, a—rough-surfaced blackbody 18 and a high reflection film 5. The structure sequence from the cathode surface to the anode surface is: antireflection film 9-cathode medium 1-vacuum screen 4-rough-surfaced blackbody 18-high reflection film 5-transparent medium 3-vacuum screen 4-anode medium 2. The antireflection film 9 is used to reduce the loss of radiation reflection of the system a and increase radiant transmittance, heat radiation is absorbed by the rough-surfaced blackbody 18, most of the heat is transferred to the high reflection film 5 and the transparent medium 3 because of the heat preservation of the rough-surface, heat of the high reflection film and the transparent medium is sent into the anode medium 2 and the system b in the form of heat radiation, and partial radiation of the transparent medium 3 is radiated to the high reflection film 5 and reflected to the system b. The radiation of the system b is totally reflected by the high reflection film 5 to the system b, heat of the system b cannot be transferred to the system a in forms of heat conduction and heat convection because of the separation of the vacuum screen 2, therefore, heat of the system b cannot be transferred to the system a, but heat of the system a can be transferred to the system b.

3. Specific Embodiments of Radiation Transmitting Elements with Multiple Members:

(1) Specific Embodiment of Cone-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier: FIG. 4. The cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier consists of a conical cathode GI medium 1, a pillar anode GI medium 2 and a high reflection film 5, wherein the conical cathode GI medium 1 is conically connected to the pillar anode GI medium 2, and the pillar anode GI medium 2 near the cathode end is sealed by the high reflection film 5.

The radiation enters the conical end from the system a and focuses on the conical tip because of the self-focusing effect of GI, the radiation diffuses outward from the thin coating to form an evanescent field, and an wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the anode GI medium 2 to be sent into the system b. The radiation of the system b inversely entering the pillar anode GI medium 2 returns to the system b because of the self-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the high reflection film 5, and then the radiation is sent into the system b from the system a by increasing density to perform the function of radiation gathering. Application of the antireflection film 9 on the surface of the cathode medium has better effect. Advantages: The radiation arrival rate from the system a to the system b is higher, and a very low radiation is transmitted inversely. Disadvantage: 1. The medium with graded index is difficult to manufacture.

(2) Specific Embodiment of Cone-Pillar GI Rectifier: FIG. 5. The cone-pillar GI rectifier comprises a conical GI medium 1 and a pillar GI medium 2. The radiation of the system a enters the GI medium 1 from the input end {circle around (1)} and reaches the conically connected position {circle around (3)}, the radiation field diffuses outward to form the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end {circle around (4)} The radiation of the system b entering the GI medium 2 from the output end {circle around (4)} returns to the system b because of the self-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the high reflection film 5 of the input end {circle around (2)} Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from the system a to the system b and cannot be transmitted inversely. The total area of the input end is equal to the area of the output end to perform the function of radiation rectifying.

(3) Specific Embodiment of Pillar-Pillar GI Rectifier: FIG. 9. The pillar-pillar GI rectifier comprises a pillar SI medium 1 and a pillar GI medium 2. The radiation of the system a enters the SI medium 1 from the input end {circle around (1)} and reaches the circularly connected position, the radiation field diffuses outward from the thin cover to form the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end {circle around (4)} The radiation of the system b entering the GI medium 2 from the output end {circle around (4)} returns to the system b because of the self-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the high reflection film 5 of the input end {circle around (2)} The output end {circle around (3)} of the pillar SI medium 1 is sealed by the high reflection film 5 to prevent the radiation of the system b from entering. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from the system a to the system b and cannot be transmitted inversely. The total area of the input end is equal to the area of the output end to perform the function of radiation rectifying.

(4) Specific Embodiment of Multiple Pillar-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier: FIG. 10. The radiation gathering rectifier comprises multiple pillar SI media 1 and a pillar

GI medium 2. The radiation of the system a enters the SI medium 1 and reaches the circularly connected position, the radiation field diffuses outward from the thin coating to form the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end. The radiation of the system b entering the pillar GI medium 2 from the output end returns to the system b because of the self-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the high reflection film 5. The output end of the pillar SI medium 1 is sealed by the high reflection film 5 to prevent the radiation of the system b from entering. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from the system a to the system b. The total area of the input end is larger than the area of the output end, and the radiation density output from the output end is larger than that of the input end to perform the function of radiation gathering.

(5) Specific Embodiment of Multiple Cone-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier: FIG. 6. The radiation gathering rectifier comprises multiple conical SI media and a pillar GI medium. The radiation of the system a enters the GI medium 1 and reaches the conically connected position, the radiation field diffuses outward to form the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end. The radiation of the system b entering the pillar GI medium 2 from the output end returns to the system b because of the self-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the high reflection film 5. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from the system a to the system b. The total area of the input end is larger than the area of the output end, and the radiation density output from the output end is larger than that of the input end to perform the function of radiation gathering.

Because of the reflected radiation by the high reflection film 5 and the self-focusing effect of GI, the change of various pillar anode GI media 2 with multiple members into the anode GI medium 2 with a certain taper (as shown in FIG. 15) has very little influence on a directional channel.

(6) Specific Embodiment of Multiple Cone-Curved Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier: FIG. 7. The radiation gathering rectifier comprises multiple conical GI media and a pillar GI medium. The radiation of the system a enters the GI medium 1 and reaches the conically connected position, the radiation field diffuses outward to form the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the pillar GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end. The radiation of the system b entering the GI medium 2 from the output end returns to the system b because the pillar GI has the self-focusing effect and the two curved ends face the system b. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from the system a to the system b. The total area of the input end is larger than the area of the output end to perform the function of radiation gathering.

(7) Embodiment of Multilevel Cone-Circular Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier: FIG. 8. The radiation gathering rectifier comprises multiple conical GI media and a pillar GI medium. The radiation of the system a enters the conical GI medium 1 and reaches the conically connected position, the radiation field diffuses outward to form the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the pillar GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end. The radiation of the system b entering the GI medium 2 from the output end returns to the system b because the pillar GI has the self-focusing effect, and one end is conically connected to the other end. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from the system a to the system b. The total area of the input end is larger than the area of the output end to perform the function of radiation gathering. Multiple cathode media are conically connected, the radiation density is increased gradually, and the radiation density of the pillar GI medium becomes higher. If the pillar GI medium is used as a radiation wire, the radiation density will not only not reduced because of wire lengthening but instead will be increased with wire lengthening.

4. Specific Embodiment of Multielectrode Tube: Specific Embodiment of Frequency Division Output Five-Electrode Tube: FIG. 11. The five-electrode tube comprises a cathode medium 1 and four anode media 2, wherein the input ends of the anode media 2 are sealed by the high reflection film 5, and the output end of the cathode medium 1 is conically connected to the anode media 2 (not illustrated with a figure). The radiation entering from the cathode medium 1 is horizontally coupled to the four anode media 2 with different transmission spectrum in the conical position to be respectively output to perform the function of dividing frequency to output the light of the cathode medium.

5. Specific Embodiment of Diaphragm Controlled Multielectrode Tube: Embodiment of Diaphragm Controlled and Frequency Division Output Five-Electrode Tube: FIG. 12. The five-electrode tube consists of a cathode medium 1, an anode medium 2, a high reflection film, a diaphragm 8 and substrate 7, wherein the input end of the anode medium 2 is sealed by the high reflection film 5, the output end of the cathode medium 1 is tapered to be connected to the anode medium 2 (not illustrated with a figure), and the diaphragm 8 is arranged between the anode medium 2 and the cathode medium 1. The radiation entering from the cathode medium 1 is horizontally coupled to the four anode media 2 with different transmission spectra in the conical position, and the radiation permeability is controlled by the diaphragm 8 so as to control the radiation intensity of the anode medium.

Two Specific Embodiments of Radiation Gathering Rectifiers

1. Specific Embodiments of Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array:

(1) Embodiment of Shielded Funnel SI Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array: FIG. 13. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a cathode medium 1, a funnel SI radiation gathering rectifier 6, a high reflection film 5, a vacuum screen 4 and an anode medium 2. The radiation of the system a is gathered to the system b through SI radiation gathering rectifier 6, and the radiation of the system b is fully reflected by the high reflection film 5 to the system b, with only a small portion of radiation entering the system a from the narrow end of the funnel. Within a definite range of temperature, when the heat of the low-temperature system a is transferred to the high-temperature system b, the radiation gathering rectifier has the function for rectifying and gathering radiation. In case of excessive temperature differences, when the amount of radiation of the system a is equal to that of the system b, the radiation rectifying and gathering function of the funnel radiation gathering rectifier stops, and a heat balance state is achieved. The vacuum screen stops heat convection and heat conduction, therefore the heat gathering function of the radiation gathering rectifier is reliable.

(2) Embodiment of Shielded Cone-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array: FIG. 14. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a cathode medium 1, a cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6, a high reflection film 5, a vacuum screen 4 and an anode medium 2. The radiation of the system a passes through the cathode medium 1, the vacuum screen 2, the cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6 and enters the system b. The radiation of the system b passes through the cathode medium 1 and the vacuum screen 2, and is fully reflected by the high reflection film 5 to the system b. The vacuum screen 4 effectively stops the heat conduction and heat convection, as a results, the heat of the system b cannot be transferred to the system a by heat conduction, heat convection or heat radiation. Heat is gathered by the multilevel radiation gathering rectifier, therefore, a container with anode positioned inwards has rapid temperature rise and is suitable for use as a heat accumulator or the blast chamber of a heat engine, and a container with cathode positioned inwards is suitable for use as a refrigerator.

(3) Embodiment of Shielded Cone-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array: FIG. 15. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a cathode medium 1, a cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6, a high reflection film 5, an anode medium 2 and a substrate 7. The radiation of the system a is gathered to the cone apex from the conical GI radiation gathering rectifier 6 and outwards diffused to form an evanescent field. As the figure shows, the visible light from two lower radiation gathering rectifiers can be coupled and transferred through the transparent GI medium 2 into the system b, the radiation of the system b entering the GI medium 2 is gathered to the high reflection film 5 and fully reflected to the system b, and a kind of one-way transparent glass which is suitable for use on one-way light inlet windows is formed. The upper radiation gathering rectifier, whose total radiation is transferred through the optical fiber to an application system or storage, has no light transmission, and is suitable for use on the surface of vehicles, vessels, aircraft and buildings to collect renewable energy sources.

The radiation gathering rectifier array can be used for making cloth. When the cathode is positioned outwards, the cloth is suitable for warming up; the cathode of the radiation gathering rectifier can be made into fuzz, and the anode can be added with highly heat insulating material to produce a felt with enhanced warming efficiency; people wearing the clothes made of the felt will no longer feel cold even in Arctic or Antarctic areas. When the anode is positioned outwards, the outward surface is hot, and the inward surface is cool. So clothes and tents made of the cloth with anode positioned outwards can keep cool in torrid environment and even in environment with a temperature of several hundred degrees celsius.

2. Specific Embodiment of Airtight Heat Accumulator: FIG. 16. The shielded multiple cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier in FIG. 12 is used for forming the heat accumulator. Array of the shielded cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6 with anode positioned inwards is arranged on the wall of the container, and the vacuum screen 4 effectively stops the heat conduction and heat convection. The cathode of the multilevel radiation gathering rectifier transfers the heat radiation outside the container to the heat carrier in the container, and the heat radiation of the heat carrier in the container is fully reflected to the heat carrier by the high reflection film 5, therefore the heat radiation of the heat carrier is ever-growing to rise the temperature rapidly. The return duct 13 is installed on one side of the heat accumulator 12. The return duct uses the radiation gathering rectifier 6 with cathode positioned inwards to form the refrigerator 11, and the radiation in the heat accumulator is transferred to the light valve 15 by the refrigerator through the optical fiber 21. When heat radiation is not used, the light valve 15 puts through the optical fiber 21 which transfers radiation to the bottom of the heat accumulator, and the heat carrier is circularly heated; When heat radiation is used, the light valve 15 puts through the optical fiber 21 which transfers radiation to the outside, and the heat radiation is transferred to the radiation application system. The safety valve 14 is installed on the top of the heat accumulator; when the temperature of the heat carrier is close to high safety limit of the heat accumulator, the light valve 15 is started by the safety valve 14 to put through the optical fiber 21 which transfers radiation to the outside in order to reduce the heat radiation and reduce the temperature of the heat carrier, therefore the safety of the heat accumulator is guaranteed.

3. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and Rectifying Photovoltaic Power Generation: FIG. 18. The radiation gathering and rectifying photovoltaic power generation consists of array of radiation gathering rectifier 6 and a photovoltaic cell 16. The radiation with optimum photovoltaic conversion spectrum is selected by the frequency selection type radiation gathering rectifier 6 to radiate the photovoltaic cell 16 and obtain electric current, thus the solar radiation is resolved into several spectrums to conduct photovoltaic generation with an optimum radiation frequency, and the utilization rate of solar energy in photovoltaic generation is increased.

4. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and Rectifying Sensor: FIG. 19. The focus in object space of the objective lenses 17 of the radiation gathering and rectifying sensor is moved to the observation plane by the controller 19, and the focus in image space is moved to the cathode surface of the radiation gathering rectifier; the radiation of the observation plane enters the refrigerator 11 through the objective lenses 17; all kinds of interference radiation except that on the focus in object space are eliminated; the radiation of the observation plane is gathered to the cathode of the radiation gathering rectifier and then gathered to the anode to be processed as pixels, transferred to the electronic computer of the controller 19 by the optical fiber 21, synthesized by the electronic computer and imaged on the display 20.

Advantages: {circle around (1)} The number of pixels of the radiation gathering and rectifying sensor is up to tens of millions, and the image is clearer than that formed by a digital camera. {circle around (2)} The pixels are formed by a light beam, so the brightness of a dark object is enhanced and the brightness of a dazzling object is reduced to obtain a clear image. {circle around (3)} The diameter and the minimum resolution angle of the objective lenses of the radiation gathering and rectifying sensor are larger than an optical microscope, so the image is clearer, and the sensor can be made into a spheroid around the whole observed object in order to obtain a fully three-dimensional image. The clearest position of the image can be selected as desired for observation and recording. {circle around (4)} The diopter of the objective lenses can be regulated to change the enlargement factor so as to conduct continuous observation from the whole to part with the enlargement factor changing from small to large. {circle around (5)} The interference radiation except that on the focus in object space is eliminated, so the image of a live organ of a human can be clearly, dynamically and directly observed without any injury to the organ, and the condition, function and pathological changes of the organ can be known directly. {circle around (6)} The radiation of the earth can be tracked and detected from the space in order to forecast disasters. {circle around (7)} When used on an astronomical telescope, the diameter of the objective lenses can be as large as several kilometers, and the number of pixels can be hundreds of millions, so the observation distance and the clarity of the radiation gathering and rectifying sensor are far superior to those of various kinds of optical telescopes.

5. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and Rectifying Turbine: FIG. 20. The radiation gathering and rectifying turbine consists of a radiation gathering rectifier 6, a heat accumulator 10, a refrigerator 11, an optical fiber 21, a turbine 22, a compressor 23, a return duct 13 and a check valve 24. Low-density heat radiation is gathered by the radiation gathering rectifier 6 to be high-density heat radiation, and the high-density heat radiation is transferred to the secondary heat accumulator 10 to make the temperature and the pressure of the heat carrier rise suddenly so as to drive the turbine 22 to output a torque; the heat carrier is discharged into the refrigerator 11 from the turbine 22, the temperature and pressure are rapidly reduced, and the heat carrier enters the secondary refrigerator 11 for storage after passing through the return duct 13, the compressor 23 and the check valve 24; later, the heat carrier is transferred by the compressor 23 to the primary heat accumulator 10 for preheating as required, and the flow of the heat carrier flowing from the primary heat accumulator to the secondary heat accumulator 10 is controlled by the throttle valve 25 in order to regulate the rotational speed of the turbine 22. Thus, the perpetual motion machine of the second kind is obtained; the turbine is suitable for machinery which requires high rotational speed, and the piston type internal combustion engine has wide range of rotational speed and therefore has wider scope of application.

6. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and Rectifying Solar Energy Comprehensive Utilization Device for Power Generation: FIG. 21. The array of frequency division radiation gathering rectifier 6 absorbs the solar irradiation. Visible light is transferred by the optical fibre which transfers visible spectrum for lighting and photoelectric generation. Ultraviolet light is transferred to the photovoltaic cell by the optical fiber which transfers only ultraviolet spectrum for power generation, and infrared light is transferred to the heat accumulator for storage by the optical fiber which transfers only infrared spectrum or directly transferred to an infrared light application system for use. The heat carrier with high temperature and high pressure is supplied by the heat accumulator and allocated by the working substance allocator 26 to the piston power machine 27 in order to drive the generator 29 to generate electricity, and the electric energy is output by the transformer 30. The generator, the transformer and the electric wires are arranged in the refrigerator 11 to form the low-temperature superconductive condition so as to reduce the energy consumption. After the piston power machine does work, the heat carrier is discharged into the primary refrigerator; the temperature and the pressure are rapidly reduced, and the heat carrier is transferred to the secondary refrigerator 11 by the compressor 23 through the check valve 24 for storage. Later, the heat carrier is transferred to the primary heat accumulator 10 by the compressor 23 through the check valve 24 for preheating as required, and the flow of the heat carrier flowing from the primary heat accumulator to the secondary heat accumulator 10 is controlled by the throttle valve 25 in order to regulate the rotational speed of the piston power machine.

REFERENCES

  • (1) College Manual of Applied Physics; By Ping Zhou; Publisher: Chang Sha:Hu Nan Science and Technology Press; 2005.9: p 122-123.
  • (2) Principles and Applications of Optical Fiber Technology; By Yu-nan Sun; Publisher: Beijing: Beijing Technology and Engineering University Press; 2006.7: p 136-180.
  • (3) Technology and Applications of Thermo Energy Reservation; By Cha-xiu GUO, Xin-li WEI; Publisher: Beijing: Chemical Engineering Press; 2005.5: p 39-40.
  • (4) Teacher's Guide to Physics; By Wen-wei MA; Publisher: Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002.7 (Reprint 2004): p 155.
  • (5) Thermodynamics; By Kai-hua Zhao, Wei-yin Luo; Publisher: Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1998.2 (Seventh Reprint 2002.6): p 208.

Claims

1. A radiation transmitter comprising a radiation channel, a heat exchange cathode and a heat exchange anode, with the following characteristics: the radiation channel is arranged in an environment with random radiation; open surfaces can automatically maintain the unbalanced state of the heat exchange in the environment with random radiation; the open surface where the radiation sent into is more than the radiation sent out is the heat exchange cathode; and the open surface where the radiation sent out is more than the radiation sent into is the heat exchange anode; heat is automatically transferred from the cathode to the anode.

2. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, with the following characteristics: the radiation channel has a funnel mirror surface and a graded index medium in the radiation channel.

3. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that the radiation channel has a funnel mirror surface, and a step index medium arranged within the radiation channel.

4. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that the radiation transmitter comprises multiple radiation channel members.

5. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, with the following characteristics: the radiation transmitter comprises multiple members; and the radiation channel members are regularly combined and arranged according to the polarity of the anode and the cathode in an orderly way.

6. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that multiple cathodes of the radiation channel are combined and arranged to form a cathode surface, and the anodes are combined and arranged to form an anode surface.

7. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that a diaphragm is arranged between the heat exchange cathode and heat exchange anode of the radiation channel.

8. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 6, is characterized in that the cathode surface and the anode surface of the radiation channel are regularly arranged on a wall of an object.

9. (canceled)

10. (canceled)

11. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that a number of graded index fibers are coupled with one graded index fiber with a mirror surface at one end.

12. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that a number of funnel GI radiation channels, whose large open surfaces are medium with low refractive index, are coupled with a GI radiation channel to form a radiation channel.

13. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that a number of funnel GI radiation channels, whose large open surfaces are medium with low refractive index, are coupled with a wave-guide tube to form a radiation channel.

14. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that in a number of radiation channels whose funnel mirror surfaces have medium with graded index, the open surfaces with positive heat transfer rate of net radiation and the open surfaces with negative heat transfer rate of net radiation are arrayed respectively to form two surfaces of a member.

15. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that in a number of radiation channels whose funnel mirror surfaces have medium with step index, the open surfaces with positive heat transfer rate of net radiation and the open surfaces with negative heat transfer rate of net radiation are arrayed respectively to form two surfaces of a member.

16. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that the radiation channels are provided with diaphragms and frequency selecting medium.

17. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that the open surfaces of the radiation channels with negative heat transfer rate of net radiation and the open surfaces of the radiation channels with positive heat transfer rate of net radiation are regularly arrayed on the wall surface of the object.

18. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 8, is characterized in that the radiation channels, whose open surfaces with positive heat transfer rate of net radiation are positioned inwards, are arrayed to form a heating container.

19. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 8, is characterized in that the radiation channels, whose open surfaces with negative heat transfer rate of net radiation are positioned inwards, are arrayed to form a refrigerating container.

20. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 9, is characterized in that the radiation channels, whose open surfaces with positive heat transfer rate of net radiation are positioned inwards, are arrayed to form a heating container.

21. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 9, is characterized in that the radiation channels, whose open surfaces with positive heat transfer rate of net radiation are positioned inwards, are arrayed to form a refrigerating container.

22. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 8, is characterized in that the exhaust port of the heating container is connected with the air inlet of a heat engine, the exhaust port of the heat engine is connected with the air inlet of the refrigerating container, the exhaust port of the refrigerating container is connected with the air inlet of a compressor, and the exhaust port of the compressor is connected with the air inlet of the heating container via a heat carrier. The heat carrier is arranged in the container, and the compressor is driven by the heat engine.

Patent History
Publication number: 20110120692
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 4, 2009
Publication Date: May 26, 2011
Inventor: Geng Li (Guangxi)
Application Number: 13/054,812
Classifications
Current U.S. Class: Heat Transmitter (165/185)
International Classification: F28F 7/00 (20060101);