FIRETUBE HAVING THERMAL CONDUCTING PASSAGEWAYS
A firetube is immersed in a fluid to be heated and transfers heat from hot gases flowing through the firetube to the fluid surrounding the firetube. The firetube has a plurality of thermally conductive passageways which extend through the firetube for increasing the surface area available for heat transfer. Fluid is conducted through the passageways by a thermosiphon effect resulting from a temperature differential in the vessel, the fluid below the firetube being cooler and denser than fluid above the heat exchanger.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/422,810, filed Dec. 14, 2010, and U.S. provisional application 61/434,258, filed Jan. 19, 2011, the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONEmbodiments of the invention relate to indirect-fired and direct-fired heat exchangers and more particularly to firetubes installed in process vessels, the firetubes having enhanced surface area for heating process fluids.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIt is known to heat process fluids in a variety of vessels, such as ASME code process vessels, atmospheric bath heaters and tanks. Generally, a heat exchanger is fit within a vessel for heating fluids, such as those commonly handled in oilfield handling and refining operations.
In the oilfield, U-shaped “firetubes”, referred to as U-tube firetubes or U-tubes, are common heat exchangers for use in vessels containing fluids to be heated, such as heater-treaters, free water knock-out vessels, and in-line heaters and tanks. Traditionally the U-tube firetube is made of round steel pipe. A burner supplies a flame and hot exhaust gases for circulation through the firetube from an inlet to an outlet. Heat is conducted from the pipe walls to the fluid contained in the vessel.
In a direct-fired vessel, heat is transferred through the firetube wall immersed directly in a process fluid to be heated, the process fluid being contained in the vessel and in direct contact with the outside of the firetube. In an indirect-fired vessel, heat is transferred from the firetube to an intermediate heat exchange fluid. A fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger contains the process fluid, the exchanger being immersed in the heat exchange fluid.
Conventional U-tube firetubes have the burner mounted at the gas inlet end of the firetube. A vent or exhaust stack is connected to the gas outlet. Both the gas inlet and gas outlet are mounted in a common wall of the vessel. The U-tube exchanger is generally installed inside the vessel through an oval or obround shaped manway.
The ultimate objective in any fired heating system is to create the highest thermal input possible for a given space. The thermal input is related in part to the surface area exposed to the hot exhaust gases on one side of the firetube wall and the fluid to be heated on the other side. Use of round pipe to create the U-tube firetube results in a very inefficient heat exchanger as the surface area presented to the intended fluid is limited. As a result, a significant amount of the available heat, imparted by the flame, is lost as hot exhaust gases flow through the firetube and up the stack. Thus, conventional U-tube firetubes are expensive to operate, waste energy used to generate the heat, typically do not optimally utilize the heat generated, and release large amounts of waste gas to the environment.
Further, in instances where the process heating requirements change and more process fluids enter the operation than design load, the only alternative has been to replace the equipment with larger units.
Clearly there is a need for improved heat exchangers which are capable of efficiently and cost effectively transferring thermal input to fluids to be heated.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONGenerally, embodiments of firetubes, disclosed herein, have an increased surface area without resulting in an overall increase in the size of the firetube due to a plurality of thermally conducting passageways which extend through the firetube and direct fluids to be heated therethrough. Each of the passageways has a wall for heat transfer which adds to the external surface area of the firetube resulting in the increased surface area. In an embodiment, fluids are caused to rise through the passageways as a result of a temperature differential in the vessel creating a natural convective circulation or thermosiphon effect, the fluids below the firetube being cooler and more dense and the fluids above being warmer and less dense. Embodiments of the firetube are suitable for use in direct and indirect-fired vessels.
Advantageously, where process fluids comprise emulsions of water and hydrocarbons having different coefficients causing them to expand and contract at different rates, the expansion and contraction as the fluid enters and leaves the relatively small diameter passageways aids in coalescence of like molecules, which assists in separation of the different constituents a vessel.
In a broad aspect, a firetube is adapted to extend horizontally into a vessel for heating fluid therein. The firetube has a gas inlet, a gas outlet and at least one flowpath therebetween and conducts hot gases along the flowpath from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. The firetube comprises a plurality of passageways, spaced along the flowpath for passing fluid upwardly therethrough. Each passageway extends generally upwardly from a fluid inlet at a lower portion to a fluid outlet at an upper portion and has a thermally conductive wall extending through the flowpath for conducting heat from hot gases to the fluid passing therethrough.
Further, a heat exchanger for a vessel comprises the firetube according to embodiments of the invention. The firetube is suitable for use in a direct-fired vessel where the fluid is a process fluid to be heated by the firetube, the firetube being immersed in the process fluid. The firetube is also suitable for use in an indirect-fired vessel where the fluid is a heat transfer fluid to be heated by the firetube. In this case, the heat exchanger further comprises a fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger for flowing the process fluid therethrough, the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger being immersed in the heat transfer fluid. In embodiments the heat transfer fluid is glycol.
Embodiments of the firetube are suitable for installing in new vessels or can be used to retrofit existing vessels. As the size of the expanded surface area firetube is substantially the same as the existing prior art firetube, it can be simply installed through the existing manway for flanged connection thereto.
As shown in
Firetubes, according to embodiments disclosed herein, can be incorporated in new heat exchange vessels or can be used to retrofit existing vessels to upgrade and enhance the efficiency of heat transfer therein. Heat transfer surface area is increased over conventional firetubes by providing a plurality of thermally conductive passageways which extend through the firetube. Fluid in the vessel is heated, not only from the periphery of the firetube but also through fluid conducted through the passageways.
In more detail, and having reference to
As shown in
Hot gases G circulate through the flowpath 42, from the gas inlet 44 to the gas outlet 48, heating the body walls 38 and transferring the heat to fluid F.
The firetube body 32 can be a U-shaped conduit (See
Best seen in
As shown in
Noteably, such an increase in the heat-transferring surface area is accomplished without an increase in the overall size of the firetube 30. Thus, in an embodiment, the firetube 30 can be installed, as a retrofit, through the obround manway 22 of an existing vessel V, increasing the vessel's heating capability over its original design rating.
In an embodiment, as shown in
The number of passageways 52 fit to the flowpath 42 is a function of the desired or design surface area of the tubular walls 54 while not overly restricting the flow of gases G therealong.
In another embodiment, shown in
Returning to
Having reference to
While the plurality of thermally conductive passageways 52 are used to increase the effective surface area of the heat exchanger 30, one of skill in the art would appreciate that too many or too large a diameter of thermally conductive passageways 52 may restrict or interfere with the circulation of the hot exhaust gases G within the heat exchanger 30. Alternatively, too few thermally conductive passageways 52 may not increase the surface area sufficiently to increase heat transfer efficiency. Further, if the internal diameter of each thermally conductive passageways 52 is too small for the fluid F, the flow rate through the passageways 52 can be ineffective or the passageways could become clogged or plugged by the fluid F or contaminants therein.
In the case of direct-fired systems, shown in
In the case of indirect-fired systems, shown in
As shown in
With reference to
As the fluid F heats, the fluid F becomes less dense and rises within within each of the passageways 52, passing therethrough, receiving heat from the tubular wall 54 and rising within the vessel V. The heated fluid F exits the outlet 64 at a temperature greater than that of the nominal vessel temperatures and releases heat thereto. As heated fluid F transfers its heat, the fluid F begins to sink within the vessel V establishing a convective circulation.
In an embodiment, as seen in
Further, as the heated fluid F becomes hotter, a natural separation of constituents occurs between the dense fluid and less dense fluid. This phenomenon is particularly advantageous when the fluid F is an unstable emulsion.
Applicant believes, this is a useful phenomenon in the case of vessels such as heater-treaters and free water knock-out vessels, where separation of hydrocarbons and water can also occur. Applicant believes that the effect of the fluid F entering the passageways 52, followed by an expansion of the fluid F leaving the passageways 52, aids in the separation of the hydrocarbons from water. The constituents of the process fluid FP, particularly the hydrocarbons and the water, have different viscosities and heat coefficients causing them to expand and contract at different rates. The expansion and contractions aids in coalescence of like molecules which assists in separation of the different constituents.
In an example, employing embodiments discussed herein, for a process vessel having 2 million British Thermal Unit (BTU) heat exchanger capacity, the surface area may be increased as much as 50% compared to a conventional U-tube which is sized to be installed in the same size manway. The increased surface area is directly reflected in the increased heat which can be transferred to the fluid F in the vessel V.
Claims
1. A firetube adapted to extend horizontally into a vessel for heating fluid therein, the firetube having a gas inlet, a gas outlet and at least one flowpath therebetween, the firetube conducting hot gases along the flowpath from the gas inlet to the gas outlet, the firetube comprising:
- a plurality of passageways spaced along the flowpath for passing fluid upwardly therethrough, each passageway extending generally upwardly from a fluid inlet at a lower portion of the firetube to a fluid outlet at an upper portion of the firetube and having a thermally conductive wall extending through the flowpath for conducting heat from the hot gases to the fluid passing therethrough.
2. The firetube of claim 1 wherein the flowpath is generally U-shaped from the gas inlet to the gas outlet.
3. The firetube of claim 2 wherein the generally U-shaped flowpath comprises
- a U-tube conduit having the gas inlet adjacent the gas outlet at a common header wall, the plurality of passageways being spaced along the U-tube conduit.
4. The firetube of claim 2 wherein the firetube is a hollow body having body walls, the gas inlet being adjacent the gas outlet at a common header wall, the generally U-shaped flowpath comprising:
- at least one dividing wall extending from between the gas inlet and the gas outlet, partially along the hollow body from the common header wall and toward a tube end, wherein
- the gases are directed to flow along the U-shaped flowpath from the gas inlet, about a distal end of the at least one dividing wall, and to the gas outlet.
5. The firetube of claim 2 wherein at least some of the plurality passageways are distributed laterally across the flowpath.
6. The firetube of claim 4 wherein
- at least some of the plurality of passageways are integral with the at least one dividing wall.
7. The firetube of claim 6 wherein passageways integral with the at least one dividing wall are substantially aligned and connected therebetween by plates to urge gas along the U-shaped flowpath.
8. The firetube of claim 1 wherein the flowpath comprises two side-by-side flowpaths.
9. The firetube of claim 8 wherein the firetube is a hollow body having enclosing body walls, the gas inlet being adjacent the gas outlet at a common header wall, the two, side-by-side flowpaths comprise:
- a first dividing wall, intermediate the gas inlet and the gas outlet, and extending from the common header wall toward a tube end,;
- a second dividing wall extending from the common header wall intermediate the gas inlet; and
- a third dividing wall extending from the common header wall intermediate the gas outlet,
- wherein gases flow along the two, side-by-side flowpaths from the gas inlet, about distal ends of the first, second and third dividing walls and to the gas outlet,
10. The firetube of claim 9 wherein:
- the distal end of the second dividing wall and the distal end of the third dividing wall art are connected; and wherein
- a first flowpath of the side-by-side flowpaths is formed from the gas inlet, between the first and second divider walls, and to the gas outlet between the first and third divider walls, and
- a second flowpath of the side-by-side flowpaths is formed from the gas inlet, between the first divider wall and the body walls, and to the gas outlet between the first divider wall and the body walls.
11. The firetube of claim 1 wherein the thermally conductive passageways are pipes extending substantially vertically through the firetube.
12. The firetube of claim 1 further comprising a vortex generator at one or more of the passageway fluid inlets.
13. A heat exchanger for a vessel comprising the firetube of claim 1, wherein
- the vessel is a direct-fired vessel and the fluid is a process fluid to be heated by the firetube, the firetube being immersed in the process fluid.
14. The heat exchanger of claim 13 wherein each of the plurality of passageways has a diameter from about 15% to about 18% of a diameter of the inlet.
15. A heat exchanger for a vessel comprising the firetube of claim 1, wherein
- the vessel is an indirect-fired vessel and the fluid is a heat transfer fluid to be heated by the firetube, the heat exchanger further comprising a fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger for flowing a process fluid therethrough, the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger being immersed in the heat transfer fluid.
16. The heat exchanger of claim 15 wherein the heat transfer fluid is glycol.
17. The heat exchanger of claim 13 wherein
- the firetube is obround in cross-section and is installed through an obround manway formed in the vessel.
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 13, 2011
Publication Date: Jun 14, 2012
Applicant: CHADWICK ENERGY SERVICES LTD. (Airdrie)
Inventor: Thomas CHADWICK (Airdrie)
Application Number: 13/324,938
International Classification: F28F 1/10 (20060101); F22B 37/06 (20060101);