METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INDICATING CONGESTION IN A SOURCE ROUTED NETWORK
A packet header in a source routed network is augmented to include, with each hop identifier, at least one bit for indicating congestion at the particular hop. As the packet traverses from the source to the destination, when congestion is detected at a hop, a congestion bit associated with the hop is set in the header. At the destination, when another packet is forwarded from the destination to the source on the same path, the congestion bits are reflected back to the source. When the source receives the congestion bits, it has the option of re-routing subsequent communications between the source and destination nodes by generating a new hop list, which routes around one or more of the congested hops.
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This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/827,181, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Indicating Congestion in a Source Routed Network,” which was filed on Apr. 19, 2004, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates generally to the field of networking and more specifically to a method and apparatus for congestion detection and management in a source routed network.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn a network communications system, generally a packet forwarded from a source node traverses numerous intermediate nodes before the desired destination node is reached. Along the way, the packet may be delayed by congestion at various ones of the intermediate nodes. Various mechanisms exist for signaling the source node that the packet is being delayed on its path to the destination. For example, in a frame relay network, FECN (forward explicit congestion notification) is a header bit transmitted by the source (sending) terminal requesting that the destination (receiving) terminal slow down its requests for data. BECN (backward explicit congestion notification) is a header bit transmitted by the destination terminal requesting that the source terminal send data more slowly. FECN and BECN are intended to minimize the possibility that packets will be discarded (and thus have to be resent) when more packets arrive than can be handled.
If the source terminal in a communications circuit generates frequent FECN bits, it indicates that the available network bandwidth (at that time) is not as great as can be supported by the destination terminal or some intermediate node in the path between the source and destination terminal. Likewise, if the destination generates frequent BECN bits, it means the available network bandwidth (at that time) is not as great as can be supported by the source. In either case, the root cause is lack of available bandwidth at the times during which FECN or BECN bits are generated. This can occur because of outdated or inadequate network infrastructure, heavy network traffic through at least a portion of the path, high levels of line noise, or portions of the system going down. Identifying and resolving these issues can improve overall network performance, especially when the system is called upon to carry a large volume of traffic.
However, while the FECN and BECN bits may be used to identify that congestion exists in a path, they do little to indicate exactly where in the path the congestion is occurring. For example, an overloaded intermediate node in the path has the effect of delaying communication over the entire path, thus causing the FECN/BECN bits to be set to regulate delays and packet loss. Backing off on the transmission bandwidth may reduce congestion at the one overloaded node, but it does not fully utilize the capacity of the remaining nodes in the path. It would be desirable to develop a mechanism which would enable congestion to be controlled within a network without unreasonably sacrificing network bandwidth.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONIn source routed network a source provides a list of ‘hop’ identifiers in each header of a packet transmitted between the source and a desired destination. Each hop identifier provides an indication of a link, node, label, etc, that the packet is to traverse on a path from the source to the desired destination. According to one aspect of the invention, the packet header in a source routed network is augmented to include, with each hop identifier, at least one bit for indicating congestion at the particular hop. As the packet traverses from the source to the destination, when congestion is detected at a hop, a congestion bit associated with the hop is set in the header. At the destination, when another packet is forwarded from the destination to the source on the same path, the congestion bits are reflected back to the source. When the source receives the congestion bits, it has the option of re-routing subsequent communications between the source and destination nodes by generating a new hop list, which routes around one or more of the congested hops.
According to one aspect of the invention, a node disposed in a path between a source node and a destination node in a source routed network includes an apparatus for indicating congestion at the node. The apparatus includes packet forwarding logic for forwarding a packet received at the node, the packet including a header having a plurality of ordered bit fields, each bit field including an identifier associated with a hop for a packet transmitted between the source and the destination, and a congestion field indicating congestion at the hop. The apparatus also includes means for setting the congestion field corresponding to the identifier associated with the node in response to an indication of congestion at the node. With such an arrangement, congestion in particular points in the path between the source and the destination can be tracked.
According to another embodiment of the invention, a source node in a source node routed network includes packet receive logic, for receiving a packet at the source node, the packet including a header having a plurality of ordered bit fields, each bit field including an identifier associated with a hop for a packet transmitted between the source and a destination, and a congestion field indicating congestion at the hop; and routing logic for identifying an updated route between the source and the destination responsive to one or more congestion fields in the header of the received packet. With such an arrangement, a source node in a source routing network can identify a new route between the source and destination which does not include the congested node(s), thereby enabling the full bandwidth potential of the path to be attained.
According to another aspect of the invention, a network device includes a packet memory, the packet memory for storing a packet received at the network device, the packet comprising a header, the header including a list of hops between a source and destination node, and for each hop in the list of hops, a congestion field for indicating a relative congestion at the associated hop. The network device also includes means for forwarding the packet from the packet memory to another device.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method for indicating congestion at a node in a source routed network including the steps of receiving a packet at the node, the packet including a header having a plurality of ordered bit fields, each bit field including an identifier associated with a hop for a packet transmitted between the source and the destination, and a congestion field indicating congestion at the hop, detecting a congestion condition at the node, and setting the congestion field corresponding to the identifier associated with the node in response to an, indication of congestion at the node.
According to a further aspect of the invention, A method of generating a hop list in a source routed network including the steps of receiving, at a source, a packet from a destination, the packet including a plurality of bits associated with a plurality of hops between the source and the destination, and indicating a state of congestion at the associated hop; and generating a hop list identifying a plurality of hops to traverse in communications between the source and the destination, including selecting hops in the hop list in response to the indicated state of congestion at the associated hop.
According to another aspect of the invention, a source routed network comprising a source node and a destination node coupled in a path by a plurality of intermediate nodes, the source routed network including means for indicating a state of congestion of each of the plurality of intermediate nodes to the source node; and means, response to the state of congestion of each of they plurality of intermediate nodes, for updating the path of intermediate nodes between the source node and the destination node by removing at least one of the intermediate nodes from the path.
As it is known in the art, in a source routed network, each source node essentially directs the flow of traffic from the source through any intermediate nodes in the network to the destination. The source pre-computes the preferred route, based upon any known routing protocol, compiles a list of the intermediate ‘hops’ that direct the packet over the preferred route, and appends the list of hops to the packet header. As the packet header is parsed at each intermediate node, the next ‘hop’ is retrieved from the list and the packet is forwarded to the next hop by the intermediate node. Source routing thus removes the need for routing calculations to be performed at intermediate nodes, allowing faster packet forwarding techniques to be used to improve communication bandwidth.
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As the packet is transferred through the network, the index is incremented. A node that receives the packet then uses the index to retrieve the appropriate ‘next hop’ from the hop list, increments the index, and forwards the packet onto the next hop. Thus, in
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In
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In one embodiment, the network device 100 includes a number of packet receive buffers 102 and packet transmit buffers 112. The packet receive buffers receive packets from an incoming packet data stream on any of the input links to the device. In addition, the packet receive buffers may also store packets generated by packet generation logic 104 within the network device. The packet transmit buffers 112 are used to forward packets over any outgoing device interface ports.
In one embodiment, the packet receive buffers and packet transmit buffers forward fullness indicators to congestion logic 108. The congestion logic 108 may evaluate the fullness of the buffers and determine that congestion is occurring depending upon a number of parameters, including but not limited to the type of traffic being received, a service level agreement for certain traffic, a number of dropped packets, etc. A congestion status indictor may be forwarded by the congestion logic to the packet forwarding logic 106. The congestion status indicator, although shown as a single signal, may in fact have a number of bits corresponding to the different transmit and receive buffers, and hence the different forwarding paths.
Packet forwarding logic 106 in essence moves data from the packet receive buffers to the packet transmit buffers responsive to various information contained in the packet header. For example, if the packet header includes a hop indicator indicating that the next hop that a packet is to take is to link2, the packet forwarding logic forwards the packet to the appropriate transmit buffer. If a congestion indicator is set to indicate congestion on the incoming or outgoing link, the FCI bit associated with the link is set to indicate congestion by the packet forwarding logic prior to the transfer of the packet to the receive buffer.
A network device may also include routing logic 110. Most network devices are source devices at some point in the transmission, and thus will generate a hop list using a selected routing protocol. The routing logic 110 is used as described with regards to
Accordingly a method and apparatus for identifying and managing congestion in a source routed network has been shown and described, wherein ‘congestion’ can be any form of resource conflict that may be encountered in a transmission path. By associating a congestion indicator with each hop in a path, a finer granularity of congestion indication can be attained. This information can then be fed back into a higher layer routing protocol, enabling paths to be selected that can operate at a high bandwidth without congestion. The present invention thus improves on the prior art congestion management techniques which simply reduce packet transmission rate, and concomitantly network performance, in order to reduce the effects of congestion.
The above description and Figures have included various process steps and components that are illustrative of operations that are performed by the present invention. However, although certain components and steps have been described, it is understood that the descriptions are representative only, other functional delineations or additional steps and components can be added by one of skill in the art, and thus the present invention should not be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed.
Those skilled in the art should readily appreciate that programs defining the functions of the present invention can be delivered to a computer in many forms; including, but not limited to: (a) information permanently stored on non-writable storage media (e.g. read only memory devices within a computer such as ROM or CD-ROM disks readable by a computer I/O attachment); (b) information alterably stored on writable storage media (e.g. floppy disks and hard drives); or (c) information conveyed to a computer through communication media for example using baseband signaling or broadband signaling techniques, including carrier wave signaling techniques, such as over computer or telephone networks via a modem.
While the invention is described through the above exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that modification to and variation of the illustrated embodiments may be made without departing from the inventive concepts herein disclosed. Moreover, while the preferred embodiments are described in connection with various illustrative program command structures, one skilled in the art will recognize that the system may be embodied using a variety of specific command structures. Accordingly, the invention should not be viewed as limited except by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method of routing packets in a source-routed data network, the method comprising:
- at a source node: determining a first route to a destination node using a routing protocol; encoding the first route into a first packet addressed to the destination node; forwarding the first packet toward the destination node along the first route; receiving a second packet from the destination node, the second packet containing information indicative of congestion along the first route; determining a second route to the destination node based on the information indicative of congestion along the first route.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and the destination node, and the information indicative of congestion identifies congestion on at least one hop of the plurality of hops; and
- determining the second route comprises determining the second route to avoid the congestion on the at least one hop.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein:
- encoding the first route into the first packet addressed to the destination node comprises adding a hop identifier for the at least one hop of the first route to the first packet; and
- the first packet comprises a respective congestion information field associated with the hop identifier.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second packet received from the destination node comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier, content of each congestion information field indicating a level of congestion on an associated hop of the first route.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
- at an intermediate node between the source node and the destination node on the first route: receiving the first packet forwarded from the source node; adding information to the first packet indicating congestion at the intermediate node; and forwarding the first packet with the information to a next node along the first route.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and the destination node;
- the first packet comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier; and
- adding information to the first packet indicating congestion at the intermediate node comprises putting a value indicative of congestion in the respective congestion information field associated with the hop identifier associated with the intermediate node.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
- at the destination node: receiving the first packet forwarded on the first route; reading information indicative of congestion along the first route from the first packet; inserting the information indicative of congestion along the first route into the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node; and forwarding the second packet containing the information indicative of congestion toward the source node.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and the destination node;
- the first packet forwarded toward the destination node along the first route comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier; and
- reading the information indicative of congestion along the first route comprises reading the congestion information field associated with each hop identifier.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein:
- the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier;
- inserting the information indicative of congestion along the first route comprises inserting information corresponding to the information read from each congestion information field of the first packet forwarded along the first route into a corresponding congestion information field of the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and the destination node;
- the first packet forwarded toward the destination node along the first route comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier, each congestion information field comprising a forward congestion information sub-field and a reverse congestion information sub-field; and
- the method further comprises: at each node intermediate to the source node and the destination node along the first route, when there is congestion at the intermediate node, putting a value indicative of the congestion in the forward congestion information sub-field associated with the hop identifier associated with the intermediate node; and at the destination node: receiving the first packet forwarded on the first route; inserting the information indicative of congestion along the first route read from the forward congestion sub-fields of the first packet into corresponding reverse congestion sub-fields of the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node; and forwarding the first packet containing the congestion information inserted in the reverse congestion sub-fields toward the source node.
11. A system for routing packets in a source-routed data network, the system comprising:
- a source node comprising: routing logic operable to determine a first route to a destination node using a routing protocol; encoding logic operable to encode the first route into a first packet addressed to the destination route; forwarding logic operable to forward the first packet toward the destination node along the first route; and at least one packet receive buffer operable to receive a second packet from the destination node, the second packet containing information indicative of congestion along the first route; the routing logic being further operable to determine a second route to the destination node based on the information indicative of congestion along the first route.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and destination node;
- the at least one packet receive buffer is operable to receive a packet containing information indicative of congestion along the first route by receiving a packet indicative of congestion on at least one hop of the first route; and
- the routing logic is operable to determine the second route by determining the second route that avoids congestion on the at least one hop of the first route.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein:
- the encoding logic is operable to encode the first route into the first packet addressed to the destination node by adding a hop identifier for each hop of the first route to the first packet; and
- the first packet forwarded toward the destination node along the first route comprises a respective congestion information field associated with each flop identifier.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the second packet received from the destination node comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier, content of each congestion information field indicating a level of congestion on an associated hop of the first route.
15. The system of claim 11, further comprising:
- at least one intermediate node between the source node and the destination node on the first route, each intermediate node being operable: to receive the first packet forwarded from the source node; to add information to the first packet indicating congestion when there is congestion at the each intermediate node; and to forward the first packet with the information to a next node along the first route.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and destination node;
- the first packet forwarded toward the destination node along the first route comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier; and
- each intermediate node is operable to add information to the first packet indicating congestion when there is congestion at the intermediate node by putting a value indicative of congestion in a congestion information field associated with the hop identifier associated with the intermediate node.
17. The system of claim 11, further comprising a destination node operable:
- to receive the first packet forwarded on the first route;
- to read the information indicative of congestion along the first route from the first packet;
- to insert the information indicative of congestion along the first route into the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node; and
- to forward the second packet containing the information indicative of congestion toward the source node.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and the destination node;
- the first packet forwarded toward the destination node along the first route comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier; and
- the forwarding logic is operable to read the information indicative of congestion along the first route by reading the respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein:
- the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier;
- the forwarding logic of the destination node is operable to insert the information indicative of congestion along the first route by inserting the information corresponding to the information read from each congestion information field of the first packet forwarded along the first route into a corresponding congestion information field of the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node.
20. The system of claim 11, wherein:
- the first route comprises a plurality of hops between the source node and the destination node;
- the first packet forwarded toward the destination node along the first route comprises a hop identifier for each hop of the first route and a respective congestion information field associated with each hop identifier, each congestion information field comprising a forward congestion information sub-field and a reverse congestion information sub-field; and
- the system further comprises: at least one node intermediate to the source node and the destination node along the first route, each intermediate node being operable, when there is congestion at the intermediate node, to put in the first packet a value indicative of congestion in a forward congestion information sub-field associated with a hop identifier, the hop identifier being associated with the intermediate node; and the destination node operable: to receive the first packet forwarded on the first route; to insert the information indicative of congestion along the first route read from the forward congestion sub-fields of the first packet into corresponding reverse congestion sub-fields of the second packet to be forwarded from the destination node to the source node; and to forward the second packet containing the congestion information inserted in the reverse congestion sub-fields toward the source node.
Type: Application
Filed: Dec 19, 2011
Publication Date: Jun 14, 2012
Applicant: ROCKSTAR BIDCO, LP (New York, NY)
Inventors: Peter Ashwood- Smith (Hull), Donald Fedyk (Groton, MA)
Application Number: 13/330,361
International Classification: H04L 12/26 (20060101);