IMMUNOGENIC PEPTIDES

The present invention relates to immunogenic peptides and their various applications. In particular the invention relates to immunogenic peptides derived from the PASD1 protein and their use in therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic methods.

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Description

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/121,447, filed Oct. 1, 2009, which is a U.S. National-Stage application, claiming priority benefit of PCT/GB2009/002332, filed Oct. 1, 2009, which claims benefit of priority from GB Application No. 0818080.4, filed on Oct. 2, 2008, of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to immunogenic peptides and their various applications. In particular the invention relates to immunogenic peptides derived from the PASD1 protein and their use in therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), recognized by the immune system of a cancer patient, may represent important immunotherapeutic targets. Evidence in support of this has been provided by autologous bone marrow transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusion studies, demonstrating that donor cells can recognize and respond to TAAs in a variety of haematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma and myeloid leukaemia (Bellucci et al 2004, Porter et al 2006, Atanackovic et al 2007). Furthermore, vaccination studies have reported an increased immune response to TAAs (Rezvani et al 2007, Schmitt et al 2008). It is also of note that the immune response signature has been identified as being of importance in predicting survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) (Dave et al 2004, Monti et al 2005).

TAAs that are of current interest for improving treatment regimens are the cancer testis antigens (CTAs). Their restricted normal tissue distribution but widespread expression in tumours makes them attractive immunotherapeutic targets, while minimizing potential problems with autoimmunity (Scanlan et al 2004, Simpson et al 2005, Suri 2006). Initially, studies of CTA expression focussed on solid tumours (Simpson et al 2005), but there are increasing reports of CTAs being expressed in haematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma (Pellat-Deceunynck et al 2000, Chiriva-Internati et al 2001, Lim et al 2001, Sugita et al 2004, van Rhee et al 2005, Goodyear et al 2005, Jungbluth et al 2005) and myeloid malignancies (Adams et al 2002, Zhang et al 2003, Andrade et al 2008, Tinguely et al 2008).

Indeed, a gene expression profiling study reported transcripts of multiple CTAs in myeloma tumour cells (Condomines et al 2007). Other studies have also reported the presence of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), considered to be the major effector cells in cellular immunity, to CTAs such as NY-ESO-1 and Sp17 in the peripheral blood of multiple myeloma patients, thereby suggesting the presence of spontaneous immunity to these CTAs (van Rhee et al 2005, Goodyear et al 2005). There is also accumulating evidence for a major role for CD4+ T-helper (TH) cells not only in the regulation and maintenance of the CTL and humoural responses but also in the ability of the TH themselves to control tumour cell growth (Oestrand-Rosenberg et al 2005), Goodyear et al 2008). A subsequent investigation has shown that this immunity can be boosted through vaccination with antigens such as NY-ESO-1 (Baumgaertner et al 2006, Odunzi et al 2007) and clinical trials are ongoing using CTAs as vaccine targets (Szmania et al 2006, Odunzi et al 2007).

The present inventors previously used the SEREX technique, which exploits the circulating antibodies present in the serum of patients, to identify the PAS (Per ARNT Sim) domain containing 1 (PASD1) protein or CT63, encoded by a gene at Xq28, as a lymphoma-associated antigen and candidate CTA (Liggins et al 2004a, Liggins et al 2004b). Two splice variants were identified, PASD1a (639 amino acids) and PASD1b (773 amino acids). The first 638 amino acids are common to both proteins (Liggins et al 2004a). This work is described by International Patent Application Publication No. WO 03/082916, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The production of monoclonal antibodies to PASD1 allowed confirmation of this molecule as a novel CTA with a highly restricted expression pattern in normal tissues and more specifically as a CT-X antigen expressed in a range of haematological malignancies (Cooper et al 2006, Sahota et al 2006).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to immunogenic peptides derived from PASD1. The invention thus provides an immunogenic peptide of from about 9 to about 25 amino acids in length comprising at least 9 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 10 or 27.

In certain preferred embodiments, the immunogenic peptide is capable of stimulating a T-cell response. Preferably, the peptide is capable of producing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.

In these embodiments, the immunogenic peptide may be between 9 and 12 and in particular either 9 or 10 amino acids in length. The peptide may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 5. Preferably, the peptide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 2 or 5.

In other embodiments, the peptide is capable of producing a T helper (TH) cell response.

In these embodiments, the peptide may be of from about 18 to about 25 amino acids in length. Preferably, the peptide is 20 amino acids in length. The peptide may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 6 to 10. Preferably, the peptide comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 6, 7 or 10.

In certain embodiments, the peptide may be capable of producing both a CTL and a TH cell response.

In other embodiments, the present invention relates to a nucleic acid encoding an immunogenic peptide of the invention as described herein. Preferably the nucleic acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 20.

The present invention also provides an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid described herein. A host cell or organism transformed or transfected with such an expression vector is also provided.

A transgenic non-human organism comprising a transgene encoding an immunogenic peptide of the present invention is also provided.

A vaccine comprising an immunogenic peptide of the invention, a nucleic acid of the invention, an expression vector of the invention or a host cell of the invention is also provided.

The present invention also relates to an isolated T-cell specific for an immunogenic peptide as described herein. Furthermore, the present invention relates to an isolated T-cell produced by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with an immunogenic peptide of the invention as described herein.

The present invention also relates to the T-cell receptor (TCR) sequence specific for an immunogenic peptide of the invention as described herein.

In certain embodiments, the isolated T-cell is a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) specific for an immunogenic peptide of the invention as described herein.

In other embodiments, the isolated T-cell is a T helper (TH) cell specific for an immunogenic peptide of the invention as described herein.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an immunogenic peptide of the invention, a nucleic acid, an expression vector or a host cell described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise an immunogenic peptide capable of stimulating a CTL response and an immunogenic peptide capable of stimulating a TH response for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise two or more of an immunogenic peptide, a nucleic acid, an expression vector or a host cell as described herein for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to an immunogenic peptide, a nucleic acid, an expression vector, a host cell, a vaccine, an isolated T-cell, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for use in therapy.

Preferably, the immunogenic peptide, nucleic acid, expression vector, host cell, vaccine, isolated T-cell, or pharmaceutical composition described herein is for use in the treatment of cancer.

The present invention also relates to the use of the immunogenic peptide, nucleic acid, expression vector, host cell, vaccine, isolated T-cell, or pharmaceutical composition described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.

In certain embodiments, the cancer is either a haematologically derived malignancy selected from multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphoma (FL), Burkitt's lymphoma, T-cell rich B cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia, or a non-haematologically derived malignancy selected from brain, melanoma, lung, breast, gastric, kidney, prostate, testicular, ovarian, uterine, colorectal and liver cancers and adenocarcinoma of the colon.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treatment of cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an immunogenic peptide, a nucleic acid, an expression vector, a host cell, a vaccine, an isolated T-cell, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein to a patient in need thereof.

The present invention further relates to a method of treatment of cancer, comprising the steps of:

    • (a) isolating a cell population containing or capable of producing CTLs and/or TH cells from a subject;
    • (b) treating the cell population with an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein optionally together with a proliferative agent;
    • (c) screening the cell population for CTLs and/or TH cells with specificity to an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein;
    • (d) administering the cell population to a patient suffering from cancer.

In certain embodiments, the CTLs and/or TH cells with specificity to an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein are isolated from the cell population and administered to a patient suffering from cancer.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treatment of cancer, comprising the steps of:

    • (a) isolating a cell population containing or capable of producing CTLs and/or TH cells from a subject;
    • (b) treating the cell population with an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein optionally together with a proliferative agent;
    • (c) screening the cell population for CTLs and/or TH cells with specificity to an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein;
    • (d) cloning the T-cell receptor (TCR) genes from the CTLs and/or TH with specificity to the immunogenic peptide(s) described herein;
    • (e) transducing the TCR gene cloned in step (c) into either:
      • i. cells from the patient;
      • ii. cells from a donor; or
      • iii. eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells for the generation of cell surface or secreted monoclonal TCRs (mTCRs); and
    • (f) administering the cells or mTCRs from step (e) to a patient suffering from cancer.

In certain embodiments the subject from which the cell population is isolated is the patient in need of treatment (i.e. suffering from cancer). Alternatively, the cell population may be isolated from a normal subject or the mTCRs themselves may be administered.

Preferably the cancer is either a haematologically derived malignancy selected from multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, T-cell rich B cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia, or a non-haematologically derived malignancy selected from brain, melanoma, lung, breast, gastric, kidney, prostate, testicular, ovarian, uterine, colorectal and liver cancers and adenocarcinoma of the colon.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method of diagnosing cancer is provided. The method comprises the steps of:

    • (a) obtaining a blood sample from a patient;
    • (b) screening for the presence of CTLs and/or TH cells specific for an immunogenic peptide described herein, wherein the presence of such cells indicates a positive diagnosis of cancer.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method of predicting a clinical outcome for a patient with a cancer, comprising the steps of:

    • (a) isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient with a cancer;
    • (b) screening said PBMCs for recognition of an immunogenic peptide described herein;
    • (c) assigning a predicted positive clinical outcome to the patient where the PBMCs recognise the immunogenic peptide described herein or a predicted negative clinical outcome to the patient where the PBMCs do not recognise the immunogenic peptide described herein.

Preferably the cancer is either a haematologically derived malignancy selected from multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, T-cell rich B cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia, or a non-haematologically derived malignancy selected from brain, melanoma, lung, breast, gastric, kidney, prostate, testicular, ovarian, uterine, colorectal and liver cancers and adenocarcinoma of the colon.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be further understood by reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of the PASD1 protein isoforms.

The positions of the PASD1 peptides are shown as horizontal lines: 1=PASD1(1); 2=PASD1(2); 3=PASD1(3); 4=PASD1(4); 5=PASD1(5); 6=PASD1(6); 7=PASD1(7); 8=PASD1(8); 9=PASD1(9) and 10=PASD1(10).

FIG. 2. γ-IFN responses of patients with de novo DLBCL (12) and transformed DLBCL (37) to PASD1 peptides.

a) PBMCs obtained from patients 12 and 48 at time of diagnosis and after one year from start of treatment were maintained in short term culture. A significant γ-IFN response to peptides PASD1(1), PASD1(2) and PASD1(5) was observed in cells from both patients obtained at time of diagnosis and after one year from the start of treatment (p<0.05). This suggests the presence of memory T cells. No significant response was detected in cultures stimulated by the HIV peptide or containing medium only.

b) CTL cell lines generated after 6 weeks of culture were either enriched for CD8-positive cells using anti-CD8 antibody coated magnetic beads or incubated with an anti-HLA-A2*0201 monoclonal antibody (BB7.2). A significant γ-IFN response was observed only in the culture containing the CD8-positive cells (p<0.05). No significant responses were detected in the control cultures or the irrelevant peptides. The results are the mean+/−SD and were obtained from triplicate ELISPOT cultures.

FIG. 3. Cytolytic activity of the PASD1-specific CTL cell lines derived from patients with DLBCL.

The functional activity of CTL cell lines obtained from patients 1 (a-c), 12 (d-f) (de novo DLBCL) and patient 48 (g-i) (T-cell rich DLBCL) were studied in a conventional 51Cr release assay on a range of haematological cell lines. Significant dose dependent lysis of the HLA-A*0201-positive PASD1-positive Thiel (myeloma) cell line was observed by cells from all three patients. In contrast no significant lysis was observed of the SUDHL-6 (DLBCL; HLA-A*0201-positive but PASD1-negative) or the OCI-Ly3 (DLBCL) and KM-H2 (HL; HLA-A*0201-negative but PASD1-positive) cell lines. Results are the mean+/−SD from triplicate cultures.

FIG. 4. Immunoperoxidase labelling studies of biopsy sections from patients with de novo DLBCL.

a) Antibody PASD1-1 strongly stains the cytoplasm of tumour cells from HLA-A*0201-positive Patient 4 whose PBMCs exhibited a significant γ-IFN response to PASD1 peptides. Antibody PASD1-2 stained a subpopulation of nuclei (arrowed) as well as cytoplasm of the tumour cells.

b and c) show the immunolabelling results obtained from two HLA-A*0201-negative patients in whom no PASD1 T-cell response was detected. Whereas the tumour cells from Patient 27 were labelled strongly with antibody PASD1-1 b), no labelling was detected with antibody PASD1-2. Neither of the antibodies PASD1-1 c) or PASD1-2 (not shown) stained the tumour cells of Patient 17.

FIG. 5. The TH γ-IFN responses of patients with DLBCL to PASD1 peptides.

a) PBMCs from Patients 4 (de novo DLBCL) and 48 (T-cell rich DLBCL) were obtained at time of diagnosis and after one year from start of treatment were maintained in short term culture. A significant γ-IFN response to peptides PASD1(6) and PASD1(7) was observed in cells from both patients obtained at time of diagnosis and after one year from the start of treatment (p<0.05). This suggests the presence of memory T cells. No significant response was detected in cultures stimulated by the HIV peptide or containing medium only.

b and c) TH rich cell lines generated after 6 weeks of culture were either enriched for CD4-positive cells using anti-CD4 antibody coated magnetic beads or incubated with an anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody (WR18). A significant γ-IFN response was observed only in the culture containing the CD4-positive cells (p<0.05). Abrogation of the γ-IFN response was observed following the addition of anti-HLA-DR. No significant responses were detected in the control cultures or the irrelevant peptides. The results are the mean+/−SD and were obtained from triplicate ELISPOT cultures.

FIG. 6. Cytolytic activity of the PASD1-specific TH cell lines derived from Patient 1 with DLBCL.

a and b) The functional activity of TH cell lines specific for PASD1(6) and PASD1(7) were studied in a conventional 51Cr release assay on a range of haematological cell lines. Significant dose dependent lysis of the PASD1-positive Thiel (myeloma) and OCI-Ly3 cell lines. In contrast no significant lysis was observed of the PASD1-negative SUDHL-6 (DLBCL) cell line. Results are the mean+/−SD from triplicate cultures.

FIG. 7. Schematic representation of DNA fusion vaccine design.

Each vaccine contains at the NH2 terminus the leader sequence of the VH heavy chain gene from the BCL1 lymphoma followed by a sequence encoding the first domain (DOM1) of Fragment C of Tetanus toxin, including the p30 CD4+ Th epitope. The control vaccine contains no additional sequence whereas p.DOM-PASD1(1), p.DOM-PASD1(2) and p.DOM-PASD1FL include DNA sequence encoding the HLA-A*02001-restricted CTL epitopes PASD1(1), PASD1(2) or the full length sequence of PASD1 respectively, linked to the COOH terminus of DOM1.

FIG. 8. DNA vaccination induces PASD138 and PASD1187 specific T-cell responses detectable ex vivo.

HHD mice were vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(1) (a), p.DOM-PASD1(2) (c), or p.DOM DNA vaccines (b and d). Splenocytes from individual mice were harvested on day 14 following priming, and the numbers of spot-forming cells (SFCs) secreting IFNγ were assessed ex vivo by ELISPOT assay after incubation without peptide, with an irrelevant peptide (1 μM), with p30 (1 μM), or with the relevant peptide (0.1 μM and 1 μM). A horizontal bar represents group medians. Responses were considered significant if the frequency of IFNγ-secreting cells was more than double the frequency detected in wells without peptide. Pooled data from two experiments with similar results.

FIG. 9. DNA vaccination induced T cells are able to specifically kill in vitro target cells loaded with the relevant peptide.

HHD mice were vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(1) (a, mice 1-4), p.DOM-PASD1(2) (b, mice 1-4), or p.DOM (a and b, Controls 1 and 2) DNA vaccines. Splenocytes were harvested on day 14 and cultured for 6 days with 0.1 μM of relevant peptide and IL-2 before measuring their CTL activity by 51Cr-release assay. The RMA-HHD target cells were either non-loaded, loaded with an irrelevant peptide, or with PASD1(1) or PASD1(2) peptides. The YAC-1 cells were used as a NK activity control target. Representative data of one of two experiments with the same results.

FIG. 10. Boost with electroporation improves the peptide specific T-cell responses.

HHD mice were vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(1) (a, e), p.DOM-PASD1(2) (c, f), or p.DOM (b, d and controls in e and f) DNA vaccines and received a booster injection immediately followed by electroporation on day 28. Splenocytes from individual mice were harvested 8 days later and the numbers of spot-forming cells (SFCs) secreting IFNγ were assessed ex vivo by ELISPOT assay as described above (a-d). Splenocytes were cultured during 6 days with 0.1 μM of relevant peptide and IL-2 before measuring their CTL activity by 51Cr-release assay (e and f). The target cells were the same as those used in FIG. 3. a-d are pooled data from two experiments with similar results. e and f are representative data of one of two experiments with the same results.

FIG. 11. Western blotting studies to show the presence of PASD1 protein in the KMS-12-BM cell line.

Bands of a comparable size to that previously reported in the control Thiel MM cell lysate (Cooper, et al 2006) are also observed in the KMS-12-BM cells using the antibodies PASD1-2 (arrowhead) and PASD1-1 (not shown). Antibody PASD1-2 also recognised an additional higher molecular weight band in the KMS-12-BM cell line (arrowed). No stained bands were detectable in either the PASD1-negative Jurkat or SUDHL-10 cell line lysates.

FIG. 12. DNA vaccination induced T cells are able to specifically kill in vitro human myeloma cell lines.

HHD mice were vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(1) (mice 1-4), p.DOM-PASD1(2) (mice 5-8), or p.DOM (Controls 1 and 2) DNA vaccines. Splenocytes were harvested on day 14 and cultured for 6 days with 0.1 μM of relevant peptide and IL-2 before measuring their CTL activity by 51Cr-release assay. The human KMS-12-HHD cells, either non-loaded, loaded with an irrelevant peptide, with PASD1(1) or PASD1(2) peptides, were used as target cells. The YAC-1 cells were used as a NK activity control target. Representative data of one of two experiments with the same results.

FIG. 13 p.DOM-PASD1FL induces PASD1(1) specific T-cell responses in HHD mice.

HHD mice were vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1FL or p.DOM DNA vaccines. Splenocytes from individual mice were harvested on day 14, and the numbers of spot-forming cells (SFCs) secreting IFNγ were assessed ex vivo (A and B). Splenocytes were cultured for 6 days with 0.1 μM of relevant peptide as indicated, and IL-2 before measuring their CTL activity by 51Cr-release assay (C). The target cells were KMS-12-HHD cells expressing the endogenous PASD1 protein. A and B are pooled data from two experiments with similar results. C is representative data of one of two experiments with the same results.

 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present inventors previously identified PASD1 as a novel immunogenic DLBCL-associated CTA using the SEREX technique (Liggins et al 2004a, Liggins et al 2004b). This approach, which relies upon the presence of a co-ordinated cellular and humoral response, has been used to identify immunogenic CTAs and other molecules that represent potential immunotherapeutic targets (Scanlan et al 2004, Preuss et al 2002). PASD1, encoded by a gene on Xq28, is a member of the CT-X group of CTAs (Scanlan et al 2004). Two splice variants were identified, PASD1a (639 amino acids) and PASD1b (773 amino acids). The first 638 amino acids are common to both proteins (Liggins et al 2004a).

Its restricted distribution in normal tissue but expression in a variety of haematological malignancies highlighted PASD1 as a potential immunotherapeutic target in both DLBCL and other hematological malignancies (Cooper et al 2006, Sahota et al 2006). This was of particular importance given previous reports of the paucity of CTA expression in B-cell lymphomas (Huang et al 2002, Xie et al 2003). The potential of PASD1 as an immunotherapeutic target was further supported by a study that reported PASD1 as a SEREX antigen in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and which also demonstrated that PASD1 mRNA elicited a proliferative CD4-positive T-cell response in normal subjects (Guinn et al 2005).

The present invention is based upon the preparation of peptides derived from the PASD1 protein which are capable of producing a T-cell response. Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to novel immunogenic peptides generated from the PASD1 protein.

By “immunogenic peptide” is meant a peptide chain of amino acids capable of stimulating an immune response. Peptides of the invention are from about 9 to about 25 amino acids in length. Such an immune response may take the form of a T-cell response in certain embodiments. T-cell responses may be mediated by CD4+ T cells (T helper, TH cells) or CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs).

The peptides of the invention include at least 9 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 10. The peptides may be up to 25 amino acids long. Additional amino acids, where the peptides are more than 9 amino acids long, are preferably as indicated in SEQ ID Nos 1 and 6 to 10. They may (for example where the sequence presented is only 9 amino acids long—such as SEQ ID Nos 2 to 5, or where the peptide is longer than the sequence indicated in SEQ ID Nos 1 to 10 respectively) be derived from the amino acid sequence of the full length PASD1 protein as appropriate. They may, however, be derived from alternative sources provided that the minimum at least 9 consecutive amino acid sequence is retained, together with the ability to elicit the appropriate immunogenic response.

Thus, variants of the peptides may form part of the present invention. In particular, additional flanking sequences may be added, for example to improve the generation of an immunogenic response. Variant sequences preferably have at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, or at least 96% amino acid sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 10. Thus, the peptides may incorporate conservative substitutions which change one or more amino acids but ensure the peptides retain functionality in terms of stimulating an immune response, as defined herein. The peptides may incorporate 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 conservative substitutions in certain embodiments. The peptides may incorporate synthetic amino acid analogues or modified amino acids as appropriate.

The inventors have identified and characterised five 9-10 amino acid sequences predicted to be immunogenic in the context of the MHC Class I HLA-A*0201 allele. These peptides (PASD1(1) to (5)) were identified using a selection process involving a combination of the web-based BIMAS (Parker et al 1994) and SYFPEITHI (Schuler et al 2007) programmes and homology screening.

In addition, five 20 amino acid sequences were predicted to be immunogenic in the context of the MHC Class II alleles DRB1-0101, DRB1-0301, DRB1-0401 or DRB1-0701 using a selection process involving a combination of the TEPITOPE predictive algorithm (Rajapaskse et al 2006) and the SYFPEITHI programme (PASD1(6) to (10)). The peptides identified and selected according to the criteria described herein were as follows:

(SEQ ID No. 1) PASD1(1)39-48 (QLLDGFMITL); (SEQ ID No. 2) PASD1(2)168-176 (YLVGNVCIL); (SEQ ID No. 3) PASD1(3)64-72 (LLGHLPAEI); (SEQ ID No. 4) PASD1(4)495-503 (QLREQLQQL) (SEQ ID No. 5) PASD1(5)695-703 (ELSDSLGPV); (SEQ ID No. 6) PASD1(6)31-50 (DYFNQVTLQLLDGFMITLST); SEQ ID No. 7) PASD1(7)42-61 (DGFMITLSTDGVIICVAENI); (SEQ ID No. 8) PASD1(8)58-77 (AENISSLLGHLPAEIVGKKL); (SEQ ID No. 9) PASD1(9)170-189 (VGNVCILRTQLLQQLYTSKA); (SEQ ID No. 10) PASD1(10)599-618 (NHPVRFLQAQPIVPVQRAAE).

Of note is that PASD1(6) peptide also contains a CTL epitope YFNQVTLQL (SEQ ID No. 27, PASD132-40) predicted to be immunogenic in the context of HLA-A*2402 (BIMAS) which is one of the most common allele in Eastern Asia (including Japan) and the northern tip of South America population.

The peptide sequences of PASD1(1), PASD1(2), PASD1(3), PASD1(4), PASD1(6), PASD1(7), PASD1(8), PASD1(9) and PASD1(10) are common to both PASD1a and PASD1b protein isoforms while PASD1(5) is specific for the PASD1b isoform which represents a longer protein with a unique C-terminus that is absent in PASD1a. The positions of the peptide sequences of PASD1(1) to (10) in the PASD1 isoforms are shown in FIG. 1.

It should be noted that the prediction of peptides using web-based programmes alone is insufficient to identify immunogenic peptides that are correctly processed and presented from endogenous antigen in vivo. The ability of these peptides to stimulate an immune response must be confirmed in additional in vitro studies, as described below.

The sequence of the PASD1 gene has been deposited under GenBank accession number AY270020 and is included as SEQ ID No. 21. The amino acid sequence of PASD1a is available under Genpept accession number AAQ01136 and is included as SEQ ID No. 22. The amino acid sequence of PASD1b is available under UniProt accession number NP—775764 and is set forth as SEQ ID No. 23. The cDNA sequence encoding PASD1b is available as GenBank accession number NM—173493 and is set forth as SEQ ID No. 26.

It is interesting to note that PASD1(6) and PASD1(7) encompass the PASD1(1) CTL peptide, while PASD1(8) encompasses the PASD1(3) peptide. This raises the possibility of targeting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells simultaneously, in particular using these particular peptides comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of SEQ ID Nos. 6, 7 or 8.

The peptides were selected according to their combined scores in the BIMAS/TEPITOPE and SYFPEITHI algorithms. Furthermore, they were screened using a BLAST search to ensure that they did not share high homology with known proteins. This is important to avoid adverse autoimmune responses.

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic peptides of the present invention comprise, consist essentially of or consist of at least 9 consecutive amino acids from any of PASD1(1) to (10) (SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 10) or SEQ ID No. 27.

In further embodiments, the immunogenic peptides comprise, consist essentially of or consist of the amino acid sequence of any of PASD1(1) to (10) (SEQ ID Nos 1 to 10) or SEQ ID No 27.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to nucleic acids encoding immunogenic peptides of the present invention. Such nucleic acids may generally be DNA or RNA based, but may also incorporate modified or synthetic nucleotides as appropriate. They may be single and double stranded as appropriate. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acids comprise, consist essentially of or consist of the nucleotide sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 20.

The nucleic acid molecules according to the invention may, advantageously, be included in a suitable expression vector to express the peptides encoded therefrom in a suitable host. Incorporation of cloned DNA into a suitable expression vector for subsequent transformation of said cell and subsequent selection of the transformed cells is well known to those skilled in the art. Any suitable technique may be employed. Examples are provided in Sambrook and Russell (2001), Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory.

An expression vector, according to the invention, includes a vector comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of peptides encoded by the nucleic acid. A vector can include a large number of nucleic acids which can have a desired sequence inserted therein by, for example, using an appropriate restriction enzyme and ligating the sequence in the vector. The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. Such vectors may be transformed into a suitable host cell to provide for expression of a peptide according to the invention. The vectors may be capable of replicating within a host environment and may also comprise one or more restriction sites for nucleases which permits them to be restricted in a selective manner at a particular location for insertion of a new nucleic acid molecule or sequence therein. Thus, in a further aspect, the invention provides a process for preparing peptides according to the invention, which comprises cultivating a host cell, transformed or transfected with an expression vector as described herein under conditions which facilitate or permit expression of the peptide, and recovering the expressed peptide. Any suitable method of recovery, including appropriate purification techniques, may be employed.

In this regard, the nucleic acid molecule may encode a peptide of the invention or a peptide having a prosequence, including encoding a leader sequence on the prepeptide which is cleaved by the host cell to form the peptide of the invention.

The vectors may be, for example, plasmid, virus or phagemid vectors. They may be provided with an origin of replication, a promoter for the expression of the peptide from the nucleic acid and/or a regulator of the promoter for example. The vectors may contain one or more selectable markers, such as, for example, an antibiotic resistance gene.

Regulatory elements required for expression include promoter sequences to bind RNA polymerase and to direct an appropriate level of transcription initiation and also translation initiation sequences for ribosome binding. For example, a bacterial expression vector may include a promoter such as the lac promoter and for translation initiation the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon AUG. Similarly, a eukaryotic expression vector may include a heterologous or homologous promoter for RNA polymerase II, a downstream polyadenylation signal, the start codon AUG, and a termination codon for detachment of the ribosome. However, the precise regulatory elements required for expression of a gene of interest may vary between different cell types but generally include 5′ non-transcribing and non-translating regions which are required for initiation of translation and transcription. Such vectors may be obtained commercially or be assembled from known vectors using methods well known in the art.

Transcription of DNA encoding the peptides of the present invention by higher eukaryotes may be optimised by including an enhancer sequence in the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA that act on a promoter to increase the level of transcription.

Nucleic acid molecules according to the invention may be inserted into a suitable vector in an antisense orientation in order to provide for the production of antisense RNA. Antisense RNA or other antisense nucleic acids, including antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA), may be produced by synthetic means.

In accordance with the present invention, a defined nucleic acid includes not only the identical nucleic acid but also any minor base variations including, in particular, substitutions in cases which result in a synonymous codon (a different codon specifying the same amino acid residue). The term “nucleic acid” also includes the complementary sequence to any single stranded sequence given regarding base variations.

A further aspect of the invention provides a host cell or organism, transformed or transfected with an expression vector according to the invention. The cell or organism may be transformed or transfected using any suitable technique. Many examples are well known in the art, such as electroporation and use of liposomes. The host cell or organism may advantageously be used in a method of producing peptides of the invention, which comprises recovering any expressed peptide from the host or organism transformed or transfected with the expression vector.

Any suitable host cell or organism may be used, for example a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. Examples include but are not limited to bacteria, yeasts, higher plant cells in culture, insect cells in culture and mammalian cells in culture.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is also provided a transgenic cell, tissue or non-human organism comprising a transgene capable of expressing a peptide according to the invention. The term “transgene capable of expressing” as used herein encompasses any suitable nucleic acid which encodes and results in expression of a peptide(s) having the same function and/or activity as the peptides of the invention. The transgene, may include, for example, genomic nucleic acid isolated from human cells or synthetic nucleic acid, including DNA integrated into the genome or in an extrachromosomal state. Preferably, the transgene comprises a nucleic acid encoding a peptide according to the invention as described herein.

Transgenic non-human organisms may be utilised as model systems for studying both normal and disease cell processes. In general, to create such transgenic animals an exogenous gene with or without a mutation is transferred to the non-human animal host system and the phenotype resulting from the transferred gene is observed. Other genetic manipulations can be undertaken in the vector or host system to improve the gene expression leading to the observed phenotype (phenotypic expression). The gene may be transferred via a vector under the control of different inducible or constitutive promoters, may be overexpressed or the endogenous homologous gene may be rendered unexpressible, and the like (WO 92/11358). The vector may be introduced by any suitable method. Examples include transfection or electroporation, for example, in embryonic stem cells. The cells that have the exogenous DNA incorporated into their genome, for example, by homologous recombination, may subsequently be injected into blastocytes for generation of the transgenic animals with the desired phenotype. Successfully transformed cells containing the vector may be identified by well known techniques such as lysing the cells and examining the DNA, by, for example, Southern blotting or using the polymerase chain reaction.

The peptide expressed by said transgenic cell, tissue or organism or a functional equivalent thereof also forms part of the present invention. Recombinant peptides may be recovered and purified from host cell cultures by any appropriate method known in the art. Examples include ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose, chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography.

In yet a further aspect, the present invention relates to a vaccine composition including an immunogenic peptide of the invention. Alternatively, the vaccine may comprise a nucleic acid, expression vector or host cell of the present invention. Also comprised within the scope of the invention are mimotopes which exhibit the same immune response initiating characteristics as the peptides of the invention. The invention also therefore includes peptides incorporating the epitopes or mimotopes described. A mimotope is described as an entity which is sufficiently similar to (the epitopes of) the peptides of the invention so as to be capable of producing a substantially identical immunogenic response. Suitable techniques for detecting and/or quantifying an immunogenic response induced by a peptide are described herein. They may be generated by addition, deletion or substitution of selected amino acids which, advantageously, means that the peptides of the invention may be modified, for example, for ease of delivery on a carrier.

Carriers which may be used with the immunogenic peptides of the present invention will be well known to those of skill in the art. The function of the carrier, such as exosomes (Bianco et al 2007), may be to provide cytokine help to facilitate the induction of an immune response following administration of the vaccine composition to an individual. Methods for immunisation, including formulating the vaccine composition and selecting appropriate doses are well known to those of skill in the art.

In other embodiments, the vaccine compositions described herein may comprise one or more immunostimulants in addition to the immunogenic peptide, nucleic acid, expression vector or host cell of the present invention. An immunostimulant refers to essentially any substance that enhances or potentiates an immune response (antibody and/or cell-mediated) to an exogenous antigen. One preferred type of immunostimulant comprises an adjuvant. Many adjuvants contain a substance designed to protect the antigen from rapid catabolism, such as aluminium hydroxide or mineral oil. They may also incorporate a stimulator of immune responses, such as a lipid A, Bortadella pertussis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived protein. Certain adjuvants are commercially available such as, for example, Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.); Montanide ISA-51 (Seppic, Fairfield, N.J.); Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.); AS-2 (SmithKline Beecham, Philadelphia, Pa.); aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine; acylated sugars; cationically or anionically derivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes; biodegradable microspheres; monophosphoryl lipid A and quil A. Cytokines, such as GM-CSF, interleukin-2, -7, -12, and other like growth factors, may also be used as adjuvants.

Within certain embodiments of the invention, the adjuvant composition is one that potentiates an immune response predominantly of the Th1 type. High levels of Th1 type cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-2 and IL-12) tend to favour the induction of cell mediated immune responses to an administered antigen. In contrast, high levels of Th2-type cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL10) tend to favour the induction of humoral immune responses. Following application of a vaccine as provided herein, a patient will support an immune response that includes both Th1- and Th2-type responses. Within a preferred embodiment, in which a response is predominantly Th1-type, the level of Th1-type cytokines will increase to a greater extent than the level of Th2-type cytokines. The levels of these cytokines may be readily assessed using standard assays. For a review of the families of cytokines, see Mosmann and Coffman (1989).

The present invention also provides a polyvalent vaccine composition comprising a vaccine of the invention in combination with other antigens, in particular antigens useful for treating cancers, autoimmune diseases and related conditions. Such a polyvalent vaccine composition may include a Th-1 inducing adjuvant as hereinbefore described.

The present invention further relates to isolated T cells specific for immunogenic peptides of the invention. Methods for generating and isolating such cells are available to those of skill in the art. Examples can be found in Xue et al (2005) and in Thomas et al (2007).

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions which comprise the immunogenic peptides of the invention. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the nucleic acid, expression vector or a host cell of the invention.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise an immunogenic peptide capable of stimulating a CTL response and an immunogenic peptide capable of stimulating a TH response for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration.

In further embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions may include two or more of an immunogenic peptide, a nucleic acid, an expression vector or a host cell as described herein for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to polytope compositions which may comprise more than one immunogenic peptide of the invention. In these embodiments the immunogenic peptides may be the same or different. They may be formulated for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be formulated with any suitable carrier or excipient known in the art. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated into any suitable form. Examples known in the art include nanoparticles, ampoules, capsules, creams, elixirs, emulsions, microemulsions, fluids, drops, injections, solutions, lotions, sprays, powders, suspensions, syrups, tablets, tinctures or ointments.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered by any suitable route. Examples known in the art include intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraosseous, and intraperitoneal infusion or injection, oral or sublingual administration and inhalation.

In yet a further aspect, the present invention relates to methods of diagnosing cancer. The identification of peptides linked to certain tumours and lymphomas renders it possible to detect or identify patients suffering from cancer and will help in determining the appropriate course of treatment. The method involves screening patient samples for the presence of T cells specific for the immunogenic peptides of the invention. Such methods of screening are available to those of skill in the art.

The diagnostic methods described herein may be carried out in vitro, starting with a sample isolated from a patient. Alternatively they may include the step of obtaining the sample in certain embodiments.

Patient samples may be of any suitable form. Examples include bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, lymph, interstitial fluid or sputum, or a tissue or cell sample obtained by biopsy.

A method of predicting a clinical outcome for patient with a haematologically derived malignancy is also contemplated by the current invention. The method comprises the steps of:

    • (a) isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient with a haematologically derived malignancy;
    • (b) screening said PBMCs for recognition of an immunogenic peptide of the invention;
    • (c) assigning a predicted positive clinical outcome to the patient where the PBMCs recognise the immunogenic peptide described herein or a predicted negative clinical outcome to the patient where the PBMCs do not recognise the immunogenic peptide of the invention.

The method of predicting a clinical outcome may be performed in vitro, starting with a sample isolated from a patient. This will include screening the sample for PASD1 expression using immunolabelling, biochemical or molecular biological techniques. Alternatively it may include the step of obtaining the sample in certain embodiments.

By “screening” it is meant applying any suitable technique for determining whether the PBMC in question recognises an immunogenic peptide of the invention. In certain embodiments this may involve culturing the PBMCs with the immunogenic peptide or peptides and monitoring γ-IFN release. Release of γ-IFN by the PBMC in the presence of an immunogenic peptide indicates recognition. In other cases testing using peptide specific MHC tetramers may be utilised. Suitable controls may be employed.

The term “recognition” as used herein refers to immunological recognition resulting in an immune response, for example CTL activation or γ-IFN release and/or the binding of cells to MHC tetramers.

The present invention also relates to methods of treatment of cancer. These methods may involve administering a therapeutically effective amount of an immunogenic peptide, a nucleic acid, an expression vector, a host cell, a vaccine, an isolated T-cell, or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention as described herein to a patient in need thereof.

The route of administration will vary depending on the particular cancer being treated and may be determined by one of skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraosseous, and intraperitoneal infusion or injection, oral or sublingual administration and inhalation.

Similarly, the effective dose will vary according to the severity of the disease and other patient-specific factors, such as height, age and weight of the patient. The appropriate dose can be readily determined by those of skill in the art.

The present invention further relates to a method of treatment of cancer, comprising the steps of:

    • (a) isolating a cell population containing or capable of producing CTLs and/or TH cells from a subject;
    • (b) treating the cell population with an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein optionally together with a proliferative agent;
    • (c) screening the cell population for CTLs and/or TH cells with specificity to an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein;
    • (d) administering the cell population to a patient suffering from cancer.

In certain embodiments, the CTLs and/or TH cells with specificity to an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein are isolated from the cell population and administered to a patient suffering from cancer.

The present invention also contemplates a method of treatment of cancer, comprising the steps of:

    • (a) isolating a cell population containing or capable of producing CTLs and/or TH cells from a subject;
    • (b) treating the cell population with an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein optionally together with a proliferative agent;
    • (c) screening the cell population for CTLs and/or TH cells with specificity to an immunogenic peptide(s) described herein;
    • (d) cloning the T cell receptor (TCR) genes from the CTLs and/or TH with specificity to the immunogenic peptide(s) described herein;
    • (e) transducing the TCR gene cloned in step (d) into either:
      • i. cells from the patient; or
      • ii. cells from a donor; or
      • iii. prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells for the generation of monoclonal TCR (mTCRs); and
    • (f) administering the cells or mTCRs from step (e) to a patient suffering from cancer.

Methods of cloning T-cell receptor genes have been described previously and are available to those of skill in the art (Ashfield and Jakobsen 2006, Xue & Stauss 2007, Stauss et al 2007).

In certain embodiments the subject from which the cell population is isolated is the patient in need of treatment (i.e. suffering from cancer). Alternatively, the cell population may be isolated from a normal subject. The term “normal subject” is intended to mean a subject without cancer. In certain embodiments, the normal subject may be a subject with particular MHC(HLA) alleles. The particularly favourable HLA alleles may be:

    • MHC Class I:
      • HLA-A*0201
      • HLA-A*2402
    • MHC Class II:
      • HLA-DRB1*0101
      • HLA-DRB1*0301
      • HLA-DRB1*0401
      • HLA-DRB1*0701

A cell population is any group of cells that contains or is capable of producing CTLs and/or TH cells. This includes but is not limited to blood cells, in particular peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which may be stimulated to produce CTLs and/or TH cells.

The term “proliferative agents” is intended to encompass any compound or composition that causes cellular proliferation. Examples include but are not limited to dendritic cells and cytokines.

By “screening” it is meant applying any suitable technique for determining whether the cell in question recognises an immunogenic peptide of the invention. In certain embodiments this may involve culturing the cells with the immunogenic peptide or peptides and monitoring γ-IFN release. Release of γ-IFN in the presence of an immunogenic peptide indicates recognition. In other cases testing using peptide specific MHC tetramers may be utilised. Suitable controls may be employed. Where appropriate, screening may also include purification and/or isolation of cells that recognise immunogenic peptide(s) of the present invention. Methods of cell purification and/or isolation will be well known to those of skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic peptides, nucleic acids, expression vectors, host cells, vaccines, isolated T cells, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention may be particularly appropriate to a subgroup of patients carrying particular MHC (HLA) alleles. The particularly favourable HLA alleles may be:

    • MHC Class I:
      • HLA-A*0201
      • HLA-A*2402
    • MHC Class II:
      • HLA-DRB1*0101
      • HLA-DRB1*0301
      • HLA-DRB1*0401
      • HLA-DRB1*0701

Alternatively, the immunogenic peptides, nucleic acids, expression vectors, host cells, vaccines, isolated T cells, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention are useful with any HLA allele group.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be further understood by reference to the following experimental examples.

Cytolytic T-Cell Response to the PASD1 Cancer Testis Antigen in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Materials and Methods Subjects

Peripheral blood was obtained from 50 patients with B-cell lymphoma attending the Haematology Departments of the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (n=44) and Milton Keynes General Hospital (n=6). The patient cohort consisted of 36 patients with de novo DLBCL, 11 patients with transformed DLBCL and 3 patients with T-cell rich B cell lymphoma. The patients presented with differing stages of disease and their clinical details and treatment protocols are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Clinical details of DLBCL cases. Current status from time ID Diagnosis Subtype# Stage IPI Sex Age Treatment of diagnosis  1 DLBCL(dn) NGC I 1 F 23 CHOP-R CR (21 months)  2 DLBCL(dn) GCB 3 3 M 67 CHOP-R + CR (20 months) MTX + RX  3 DLBCL(dn) ND* 3 3 M 81 VIN/PRED PR (17 months)  4 DLBCL(dn) NGC 1 2 F 76 CHOP-R PR (29 months)  5 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1 0 M 52 CHOP-R + RX CR (12 months)  6* DLBCL (dn) NGC 2 1 M 21 CHOP-R Died (19 months)  7 DLBCL (dn) GCB 2 0 M 49 CHOP-R + MTX PR (19 months)  8 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1 0 M 63 CHOP-R CRU (24 months)  9 DLBCL(dn) NGC 3 2 F 71 CHOP-R PR (23 months) 10* DLBCL GCB 1 0 F 60 CHOP-R + CR (13 months) RICE + ESHAP + BEAM + TX 11 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1 1 M 38 CODOX-M + RX PR (17 months) 12 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1 0 F 59 CHOP-R CR (22 months) 13 DLBCL (dn) GCB 3 3 M 67 CHOP-R + MTX PR (17 months) 14 DLBCL(dn) NGC 3 2 M 63 CHOP-R + MTX CR (12 months relapse 2 months) 15 DLBCL(dn) NGC 3 3 M 85 VIN/PRED Died (6 months) 16 DLBCL(dn) GCB 2 2 M 59 CHOP-R CR (22 months) 17 DLBCL(dn) GCB 3 4 M 60 CHOP-R CR (17 months) 18 DLBCL(dn) NGC 4 4 M 74 CNOP-R CR (14 months) 19 DLBCL(dn) GCB 4 2 M 56 CHOP-R + RX Died (19 months) 20 DLBCL(dn) NGC 2 2 F 70 NONE Died (2 months) 21 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1 3 M 73 CHOP-R PR (23 months) 22 DLBCL(dn) GCB 3 1 M 53 CHOP-R PR (24 months) 23 DLBCL (dn) NGC 4 4 F 68 CHOP-R Died (2 weeks) 24 DLBCL(dn) NGC 1 1 F 62 CHOP-R CR (11 months) 25 DLBCL(dn) GCB 2 2 F 74 CHOP-R Died (6 months) 26 DLBCL(dn) GCB 2 2 F 62 CHOP-R PR (29 months) 27 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1/2 2 M >60 CHOP-R CR (28 months) 28 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1 2 M >60 CHOP-R CR (26 months) 29 DLBCL(dn) GCB 3 4 F 71 CHOP-R Died (7 months) 30 DLBCL(dn) NGC 3 3 M 62 CHOP-R CR (24 months) 31 DLBCL(dn) NGC 1 1 M 63 CHOP-R CR (23 months) 32 DLBCL(dn) GCB 1 3 M 75 CNOP-R CR (23 months) 33 DLBCL(dn) GCB 3 3 M 46 CHOP-R CR (22 months) 34 DLBCL(dn) NGC 2 1 M 61 CHOP-R CRU (21 months) 35 DLBCL(dn) GCB 3 2 M 45 CODOX-M + PR (15 months) CHOP + MTX + RX + IVAC + R + RICE + ESHAP 36 DLBCL(dn) NGC 4 2 M 58 CHOP-R + PR (15 months) RICE + BEAM + TX 37 DLBCL (t) ND 1 2 M 59 CHOP-R + RX CR (22 months) 38 DLBCL (t) ND 3 2/3 M 71 PMitCEBO + CR (12 months) PRED + RX + VIN 39 DLBCL (t) ND 4 2 F 39 CHOP-R Died (6 months) 40 DLBCL (t) ND M 64 CHOP-R Died (4 months) 41 DLBCL (t) ND 4 4 F 60 CHOP-R + CR (29 months) CNOP-R 42 DLBCL (t) ND 2 1 F 54 CNOP-R PR (5 months) 43 DLBCL (t) ND 4 2 F 60 CHOP-R + RX CR (24 months) 44 DLBCL (t) ND 1 0 M 56 CHOP-R + CR (24 months) MTX ESHAP + BEAM + TX 45 DLBCL (t) ND 2 3 M 65 CHOP-R CR (21 months) 46 DLBCL (t) ND 4 4 F 47 CHOP-R CR (19 months) 47 DLBCL (t) ND 2 0 M 51 CHOP-R CR (29 months) 48 TCR ND 3 2 F 80 PMITCEBO-R CR (12 mo) TO MARCH 2006 49 TCR 4 4 F 39 CODOX + IVAC + CR (27 months) MTX + R 50 TCR — 3 4 M 74 CHOP-R PR (18 months) DLBCL(dn) Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma de novo; DLBCL (t)—Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma transformed; TCR—T-cell rich B cell lymphoma; #subtyped according to expression of CD10, BCL-6 and MUM1 according to Hans et al.; GCB—Germinal center derived; NGC—Non-germinal center-derived; CHOP-R—Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, Rituximab; MTX—Intrathecal methotrexate; RX—Radiotherapy; PRED—Prednisolone; VIN—Vinblastine; RICE—Rituximab, ifosfamide, carbplatin, etoposide; ESHAP—etoposide, methyprednisolone, cytarabine, cisplatin; TX—Autologous transplant; CODOX-M—Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, methotrexate; BEAM—BCNU -(bis-chloro-ethyl nitrosourea), Etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan; CNOP-R—Cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine, prednisolone, Rituximab; PMitCEBO—Prednisolone, mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, bleomycin, vincristine; CODOX—cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, methotrexate, IVAC—ifosfamide, etoposide, cytatabine. *Sample at relapse; CR—Complete response; PR—Partial response: CRU—Complete remission unconfirmed.

Peptides

Five 9-10 amino acid sequences predicted to be immunogenic in the context of the MHC Class I HLA-A*0201 allele were identified using the web-based BIMAS (Parker et al 1994) and SYFPEITHI (Schuler et al 2007) programmes. BLAST analysis was performed to exclude peptides that shared significant sequence identity with human proteins other than PASD1. The peptides identified and selected were as follows:

(SEQ ID No. 1) PASD 1(1)39-48 (QLLDGFMITL); (SEQ ID No. 2) PASD 1(2)168-176 (YLVGNVCIL); (SEQ ID No. 3) PASD 1(3)64-72 (LLGHLPAEI); (SEQ ID No. 4) PASD 1(4)495-503 (QLREQLQQL); (SEQ ID No. 5) PASD 1(5)695-703 (ELSDSLGPV).

A control irrelevant peptide from HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (ILKEPVHGV) (SEQ ID No. 24) (Parker et al 1992) predicted to bind to HLA-A*0201 was also used. All peptides were synthesized by standard chemistry on a multiple peptide synthesizer (Invitrogen, UK) and were >90% pure. Lyophilized peptides were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored at −20° C.

The peptide sequences of PASD1(1), PASD1(2), PASD1(3) and PASD1(4) were common to both PASD1a and PASD1b protein isoforms while PASD1(5) was specific for the PASD1b isoform which represents a longer protein with a unique C-terminus that is absent in PASD1a.

In addition, five 20 amino acid sequences predicted to be immunogenic in the context of the MHC Class II alleles DRB1-0101, DRB1-0301, DRB1-0401 or DRB1-0701 were identified using a selection process involving a combination of the TEPITOPE predictive algorithm (Rajapaskse et al 2006) and the SYFPEITHI programme (PASD1(6) to (10)). BLAST analysis was performed to exclude peptides that shared significant sequence identity with human proteins other than PASD1. The peptides identified were as follows:

(SEQ ID No. 6) PASD1(6)31-50 (DYFNQVTLQLLDGFMITLST); (SEQ ID No. 7) PASD1(7)42-61 (DGFMITLSTDGVIICVAENI); (SEQ ID No. 8) PASD1(8)58-77 (AENISSLLGHLPAEIVGKKL); (SEQ ID No. 9) PASD1(9)170-189 (VGNVCILRTQLLQQLYTSKA); (SEQ ID No. 10) PASD1(10)599-618 (NHPVRFLQAQPIVPVQRAAE).

The positions of the peptide sequences in the PASD1 isoforms are shown in FIG. 1. A control irrelevant peptide from HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was also used (DESFRKYTAFTIPSMNNETP) (SEQ ID No. 25).

Antibodies Monoclonal Antibodies:

Both of the anti-PASD1 monoclonal antibodies, PASD1-1 (recognizing a region common to both PASD1a and PASD1b) and PASD1-2 (recognizing an epitope in the C-terminus of PASD1b) were produced in the inventors' laboratory, as previously described (Cooper et al 2006). Antibodies to BCL-6 and CD10 were purchased from DAKOCytomation (Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK) while anti-MUM1 was a kind gift from Prof. B. Falini (Perugia, Italy). The anti-HLA-A*0201 (BB7.2) was purchased from BD BioSciences (Oxford, UK).

Polyclonal Antibodies:

The Envision-HRP and Mach Three-HRP labeling kits were obtained from DAKOCytomation and BD Biosciences, respectively.

Cell Lines

The following cell lines were obtained and cultured as described previously (Cooper et al 2006): PASD1-positive, HLA-A*0201-positive and HLA-DRB1*0401-positive Thiel (myeloma-derived), the PASD1-positive, HLA-A*0201-negative and HLA-DR*0301-positive OCI-Ly3 (DLBCL-derived) and KM-H2 (Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL)-derived and the PASD1-negative, HLA-A*0201-positive and HLA-DRB1*0101-positive SUDHL-6 (DLBCL-derived).

Preparation and Culture of PBMCs

PBMCs were prepared in RPMI1640 containing 10% FCS(RPMI1640/FCS, Invitrogen Ltd., Paisley, Scotland) as described previously (Ait-Tahar et al 2006). PBMCs (0.5×105) in 200 μl of RPMI1640/FCS were added to each well of a 96-well round-bottomed plate and incubated for 8-10 days with 1-10 pmol of one of the following: the PASD1(1), PASD1(2), PASD1(3), PASD1(4), PASD1(5), PASD1(6), PASD1(7), PASD1(8), PASD1(9), PASD1(10) or the control HIV peptides, 10 μl phytohaemagglutinin (PHA; Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd, Dorset, UK) or tissue culture media only. Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2: 20 IU/ml; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind.) and recombinant IL-7 (25 ng/ml; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.) were added on days 2, 5 and 7.

ELISPOT Assay

After 8-10 days of culture, cells were washed and incubated for 18 hours with RPMI 1640/FCS at 37° C. in 5% CO2 with one of the PASD1 peptides, HIV control peptides, PHA or medium only. Peptides were used at 10 pmol and all cultures were carried out in triplicate. γ-IFN release assays were performed according to manufacturer's instructions (Mabtech, Stockholm, Sweden). Spots were counted using an automated ELISPOT reader (Autimmun-Diagnostika, Strasberg, Germany). Results were considered highly positive if the number of spots in the test wells were at least twice those present in the control cultures and assays were excluded if there were more than 25 spots per well in the absence of peptides.

Generation of CTL and TH Cell Lines

PBMCs (2×106) were cultured in RPMI-1640/FCS containing 10 μM of the appropriate PASD1 peptides. After 72 hours, an equal volume of RPMI1640/FCS containing 50 IU of rIL-2/ml was added. Half of the medium was removed and replaced with fresh medium every three days. The cells were restimulated weekly for six weeks with PASD1 peptides before being used in an ELISPOT assay. In some experiments, CD8-positive T cells were enriched from the CTL lines using magnetic beads coated with anti-human CD8 antibody or CD4-positive T cells were enriched from the TH cell lines using magnetic beads coated with the anti-human CD4 antibody according to manufacturer's instructions (Dynabeads, Dynal, Oslo, Norway), before assay. In other experiments, the anti-HLA-A*0201 antibody (BB7.2) was added at a concentration of 10 μg/ml to block the γ-IFN release in CTL lines while anti-HLA-DR-specific antibody (WR18) was added to the TH cell lines. The remaining cells were tested in a cytolytic assay.

Cytolytic Assays

A conventional 51Cr-labelling release assay was used to investigate the ability of CTL and TH cell lines generated from DLBCL patients to lyse PASD1-positive tumour target cells. The target cell lines, consisting of the OCI-Ly3, SUDHL-6, KM-H2 and Thiel, were radiolabelled with 100 μCi 51Cr for 90 minutes. After washing, the target cells were added to the CTL lines (at effector:target ratios of 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10) in 96-well microplates and incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere in 5% CO2. The incubation period of the TH with the target cells was increased to 18 hours. Maximum 51Cr release was determined following the addition of 10% Triton-X to the radiolabelled target cells and spontaneous release was assessed by adding RPMI1640/FCS to the target cells. The supernatant was harvested and counted in a gamma-counter (Beckmann, Heidelberg, Germany). The percentage of specific lysis was calculated as follows: (experimental cpm-spontaneous cpm)/(maximum cpm-spontaneous cpm)×100.

Immunoperoxidase Labeling Studies

Paraffin embedded tissue sections were dewaxed and antigen retrieval was carried out in 50 mM Tris: 2 mM EDTA at pH 9.0 as previously described (Pulford et al 2006). PASD1 protein expression was detected after overnight incubation using the antibodies PASD1-1 (diluted 1:50) and PASD1-2 (diluted 1:25) and the Mach Three detection kit following the manufacturer's instructions. Subtyping of the DLBCL cases was performed using antibodies to MUM1, BCL6 and CD10 and the Envision detection system. Cases were identified as being of germinal center (GCB) or non-germinal center (NGC) origin according to Hans et al 2004).

Statistical Analysis

The student's t-test was used to analyze the results obtained in the ELISPOT and cytolytic assays.

Results

The current study was performed in order to detect the presence of a CTL and TH cell responses to PASD1 peptides that would highlight PASD1 as a potential candidate for vaccine development in DLBCL. PASD1(1), PASD1(2), PASD1(3), PASD1(4) and PASD1(5) peptides were used to study the CTL response while peptides PASD1(6), PASD1(7), PASD1(8), PASD1(9) and PASD1(10) peptides were used to investigate the presence of a TH response. In a series of experiments the efficacy of peptides PASD1(6) and PASD1(7) to induce a CTL response was also investigated. In these cases cells cultured with PASD1(6) or PASD1(7) peptides for 8-10 days were tested in an ELISPOT assay for a γ-IFN release to the PASD1(1) CTL peptide.

γ-IFN Release Assay to PASD1 Peptides (PASD1(1) to PASD1(5))

The results of the gamma-interferon (γ-IFN) response ELISPOT assay relating to PASD1(1) to (5) are summarized in Table 2. We have confirmed the presence of a significant γ-IFN response in 21/28 (71%) HLA-A*0201-positive DLBCL patients after short-term culture with PASD1 peptides compared to those results obtained from the control cultures (cells stimulated with the irrelevant HIV peptide or medium only, p<0.05). Of these, 18 patients developed DLBCL de novo while in 2 patients the DLBCL developed via transformation of their follicular lymphoma and 1 patient had T-cell rich DLBCL. Thirteen patients responded to 2 or more peptides and of these, 2 patients responded to all five peptides, 1 patient to 4 peptides and 5 patients to 3 peptides. In contrast, no significant γ-IFN responses were obtained from the HLA-A*0201-negative patients with either de novo (n=10) or transformed (n=8) DLBCL or T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma (n=2) (data not shown). Furthermore, none of the PBMCs obtained from the 4 HLA-A*0201-positive and 2 HLA-A*0201-negative healthy subjects recognized the PASD1 peptides. The frequencies of PASD1-responding T cells varied between patients, ranging from 1:600 PBMCs in patient 1 to 1:2000 in patient 2. It is noteworthy that of those patients who were able to recognize the PASD1 peptides 13 achieved complete remission, 6 are currently in partial remission while 2 patients have died. This is in contrast to the situation with the 7 HLA-A*0201-positive patients who were unable to recognize PASD1 peptides; only 1 achieved complete remission, 2 are in partial remission and 4 have died during the course of this study.

TABLE 2 Summary of the γ-IFN release by DLBCL patients to PASD1 peptides predicted to be immunogenic in the context of HLA-A*0201. Reactivity with antibody: γ-IFN response to peptides Patient DLBCL Sub-type HLA-A*0201 PASD1-1 PASD1-2 PASD1(1) PASD1(2) Significant response 1 De novo NGC + 50% +/− − 68 ± 8  76 ± 12 2 De novo GCB + − − 34 ± 2 38 ± 4 3 De novo CD10− + ++ +/− * 44 ± 2 38 ± 6 4 De novo NGC + +<50%, *, # − 54 ± 6 48 ± 4 5 De novo NGC + NA NA 44 ± 2 38 ± 4 6 De novo NGC + NA NA 40 ± 4 34 ± 8 7 De novo GCB + NA NA 34 ± 4 28 ± 4 8 De novo GCB + +/−, * *  46 ± 12 24 ± 4 9 De novo GCB + +/−, * +/−, * 34 ± 4 38 ± 4 10 Relapse GCB + * +/− * 30 ± 4 28 ± 2 11 De novo GCB + + +/− 54 ± 8 32 ± 6 12 De novo GCB + + *  25 ± 16 22 ± 2 13 De novo GCB + − − 30 ± 4 26 ± 4 14 De novo NGC + − +/− 52 ± 8 28 ± 2 15 De novo NGC + +, * * 18 ± 4 24 ± 6 16 De novo GCB + NA NA 12 ± 2 14 ± 4 17 De novo GCB + − − 36 ± 6 30 ± 4 18 Relapse NGC + ∞+ − 36 ± 6 42 ± 4 37 Trans — + +/−, * *  56 ± 12 48 ± 8 38 Trans — + NA NA 38 ± 2 24 ± 4 48 TCR — + ++. # +/− * 48 ± 8  56 ± 12 No significant response 19 De novo NGC + − − 32 ± 4 20 ± 6 20 De novo NGC + − − 28 ± 4  34 ± 10 21 De novo GCB + − − 20 ± 4 16 ± 2 21 De novo GCB + +, * * 32 ± 8 34 ± 6 23 De novo NGC + + − 18 ± 2 12 ± 4 24 De novo NGC + + − 26 ± 4 24 ± 2 39 Trans — + − − 28 ± 4 22 ± 2 HD 1 — + 22 ± 4 18 ± 2 HD 2 — + 18 ± 2 10 ± 2 HD 3 — +  8 ± 1  6 ± 2 HD 4 — + 22 ± 0 12 ± 0 HD 5 — − 18 ± 2 14 ± 1 HD 6 — − 22 ± 2 24 ± 2 γ-IFN response to peptides No Patient PASD1(3) PASD1(4) PASD1(5) peptide HIV-1 PHA Significant response 1  84 ± 44  56 ± 12  64 ± 10 12 ± 2 14 ± 4  96 ± 18 2 24 ± 4 30 ± 4 44 ± 8  8 ± 2  8 ± 2  72 ± 12 3 24 ± 4 30 ± 4 44 ± 8  8 ± 2  8 ± 2  72 ± 12 4 42 ± 6 38 ± 8 12 ± 4 10 ± 2 14 ± 6  52 ± 12 5 24 ± 4 30 ± 4 42 ± 6 10 ± 2 12 ± 2  82 ± 12 6 38 ± 4 52 ± 6 28 ± 4 14 ± 4 12 ± 2  78 ± 18 7 42 ± 6 36 ± 4 28 ± 4 10 ± 2 12 ± 2 54 ± 8 8 36 ± 6 16 ± 4 18 ± 4 10 ± 2 12 ± 2  58 ± 10 9 18 ± 2 30 ± 6 28 ± 4 12 ± 2 10 ± 2  42 ± 10 10 32 ± 2 18 ± 4 22 ± 4  8 ± 2 10 ± 4  48 ± 10 11 38 ± 2 30 ± 4 28 ± 2 12 ± 2 14 ± 4  86 ± 12 12 26 ± 4 28 ± 2 32 ± 4 10 ± 4 12 ± 2  86 ± 10 13 22 ± 6 26 ± 4 38 ± 4  8 ± 2 14 ± 2 74 ± 8 14 32 ± 8 34 ± 8 36 ± 2 14 ± 4 16 ± 2 108 ± 14 15 22 ± 2 32 ± 4 44 ± 6 12 ± 2 16 ± 4 128 ± 24 16 22 ± 4 26 ± 2 36 ± 4 10 ± 2 12 ± 4 58 ± 6 17 34 ± 6 44 ± 2 28 ± 2 10 ± 2 14 ± 2 86 ± 8 18 28 ± 4 20 ± 4 32 ± 8 16 ± 4 12 ± 4 54 ± 8 37 36 ± 6 12 ± 2 26 ± 4 10 ± 2 12 ± 4 108 ± 16 38 18 ± 2 28 ± 6 26 ± 4 12 ± 2 14 ± 2 100 ± 12 48 36 ± 8  62 ± 12 22 ± 4 12 ± 4 10 ± 4  92 ± 18 No significant response 19 22 ± 6 28 ± 2 ND 12 ± 4  8 ± 6 44 ± 8 20 18 ± 2 38 ± 8 22 ± 6 14 ± 2 10 ± 4  54 ± 12 21 18 ± 2 22 ± 4 12 ± 2  8 ± 2 10 ± 2 38 ± 6 21 18 ± 4 28 ± 4 16 ± 2 12 ± 2 14 ± 4  76 ± 16 23 16 ± 2 10 ± 4 12 ± 2 14 ± 2 10 ± 2 36 ± 4 24 18 ± 2 16 ± 4 22 ± 4  8 ± 2 10 ± 4 52 ± 8 39 12 ± 2  8 ± 4 18 ± 4 12 ± 2 14 ± 4 42 ± 8 HD 1 20 ± 2 14 ± 4 16 ± 2 12 ± 2 14 ± 6 48 ± 8 HD 2 16 ± 2 12 ± 2 22 ± 4  8 ± 2 10 ± 2  62 ± 14 HD 3 10 ± 2 12 ± 2 12 ± 2  8 ± 2 10 ± 2  78 ± 10 HD 4 14 ± 1  6 ± 2 12 ± 2  8 ± 2 10 ± 2 112 ± 14 HD 5 10 ± 1 16 ± 2 18 ± 2 10 ± 1  8 ± 2  56 ± 10 HD 6 26 ± 2 28 ± 4 24 ± 2 16 ± 4 12 ± 2 76 ± 8 GCB—Germinal center derived; NGC—Non-germinal center-derived; +/−, + and ++ denotes intensity of cytoplasmic labelling; * denotes nuclear labelling from 5-30% of tumor cells; # denotes labelling of some smaller lymphocytes and vessels in tumour; NA—Tissue not available; Underlining denotes significant γ-IFN response. The results ± are from triplicate ELISPOT cultures. The SD was calculated using standard techniques. ∞Biopsy from time of relapse.

The results from the γ-IFN release assay permitted the PASD1 peptides to be listed in the following order of immunogenicity for eliciting CTLs: PASD1(1), PASD1(2), PASD1(5), PASD1(3) and PASD1(4) with PASD1(1) being the most immunogenic. Subsequent studies on the CTL response have thus focused on the more immunogenic PASD1(1), PASD1(2) and PASD1(5) peptides. PASD1(1), PASD1(2), PASD1(3) and PASD1(4) lie within the region common to both PASD1a and PASD1b isoforms whilst PASD1(5) is within the unique C-terminus of PASD1b.

Persistence of the γ-IFN CTL Response to PASD1.

Blood was collected from 3 HLA-A*0201-positive patients, two with de novo DLBCL (patients 1 and 12) and one patient with T-cell rich DLBCL (patient 48) on their return to clinic one year after initial diagnosis. A γ-IFN response to PASD1 peptides following short-term culture was detected in all three DLBCL patients after one year in remission. Results from two patients are shown in FIG. 2a. This response suggested the presence of a pool of memory T cells to the PASD1 protein. Although the response was maintained in both patients, a differential can be seen with the intensity of the response of patient 12 increasing, but that of patient 48 decreasing.

Generation of CTL Lines Specific for PASD1 Peptides.

PASD1-stimulated CTL lines from four HLA-A*0201-positive patients (3 with de novo DLBCL and one with T-cell rich DLBCL) were maintained in long-term culture to permit further analysis of their functional ability. PBMCs were re-stimulated weekly with rIL-2 and with one of the following: PASD1(1), PASD1(2), or PASD1(5) or the irrelevant HIV peptide. After six weeks, the cell lines were tested for their γ-IFN secreting activity to the PASD1 and control peptides in an overnight ELISPOT assay. The CTL cell lines demonstrated a γ-IFN response to the PASD1 peptides which was abrogated by the removal of CD8-positive T cells or the addition of the anti-HLA-A*0201 monoclonal antibody BB7.2 (FIG. 2b). These results demonstrate the CD8-positive MHC Class I restricted nature of the response.

Cytolytic Activity of the CTL Lines

Although the CTL cell lines can recognize the stimulating PASD1 peptides, it is possible that the cells may not recognize naturally presented peptides. Therefore, the ability of the CD8-positive CTL lines specific for PASD1(1), PASD1(2) and PASD1(5) to recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing endogenous PASD1 protein was tested in a standard 51Cr release assay. The CTL lines from four patients raised against the PASD1(1), PASD1(2) and PASD1(5) peptides demonstrated a dose dependent lysis of the HLA-A*0201-positive PASD1-positive Thiel cell line but not the PASD1-negative SUDHL-6 HLA-A*0201-negative or PASD1-positive OCI-Ly3 (DLBCL) or HLA-A*0201-negative PASD1-positive KM-H2 cell lines. The cytolytic effect was significant even at an effector:target ratio of 5:1 using cells stimulated with PASD1(1) peptide in all four patients. The results obtained from three patients are shown in FIG. 3.

Immunoperoxidase Labeling of DLBCL

Results obtained from the DLBCL subtyping and PASD1 immunolabelling studies of tumour biopsies from patients are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. Tissue sections from diagnostic biopsies were available for 16 of the patients who mounted a significant γ-IFN response to PASD1 peptides. Labelling with the PASD1 antibodies was detected in the tumour cells of 13 of these patients. Examples of results are shown in FIG. 4. Moderate to strong labelling of the cytoplasm of the tumour cells was observed in 8 patients using antibody PASD1-1 (recognizing an epitope common to both PASD1 isoforms), while weaker labelling was present in 4 other cases. Nuclear labelling of a small number of tumour cells was also seen in biopsies from 5 patients using this reagent. Antibody PASD1-2 (recognizing the unique region of PASD1b) stained either a subpopulation of nuclei or weakly labelled the cytoplasm of the tumour cells in 10 cases of DLBCL. Labelling using the PASD1-1 and PASD1-2 antibodies was also observed in 8 patients whose cells did not mount a γ-IFN response. In addition to the tumour cells, occasional smaller lymphoid cells and vessels were also labelled by antibody PASD1-1 in a case of de novo DLBCL and a case of T-cell rich DLBCL.

γ-IFN Release Assay to PASD1 (6) to PASD1(10) Peptides

The results of the γ-IFN response ELISPOT assay relating to PASD1 peptides (6) to (10) are summarized in Table 3.

TH responses were examined in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 19 DLBCL patients and five healthy individuals. As shown in Table 3, 10 patients expressing the PASD1 protein exhibited a significant γ-IFN response to at least one of the five peptides after short-term culture with the PASD1 peptides compared to the control cultures (p<0.05). Of these, 8 were patients with de novo DLBCL, one had transformed DLBCL and the remaining patient had T-cell rich DLBCL. No significant response to any of the peptides was detected in either the PASD1-negative patients or the healthy donors. It is of interest that while some patients, eg patients 10 and 15, were able to mount a γ-IFN response to some of the CTL peptides (Table 2). These patients and patients 21 and 61 whose tumour cells were PASD1-positive, failed to mount a significant response to any of the five peptides PASD1(6) to PASD1(10).

TABLE 3 Summary of the TH immune response by DLBCL patients and normal donors to the PASD1 peptides Reactivity with γ-IFN response to peptides Patient Sub- MHC antibody: PASD1 PASD1 number DLBCL type class II PASD1-1 PASD1-2 (6) (7) Significant response 1 De novo NGC DRB1-0102 50%+/− − 52 ± 6 28 ± 4 2 De novo GCB DRB1-0101 − − 32 ± 4 46 ± 8 3 De novo CD10− DRB1-0301 ++ +/− * 34 ± 4 26 ± 4 4 De novo NGC DRB1-0102 +<50%, *, # − 58 ± 8 44 ± 4 8 De novo GCB DRB1-1501 +/−, * * 36 ± 6 18 ± 2 9 De novo GCB DRB1-0301 +/−, * +/−, * 22 ± 6 18 ± 2 12 De novo GCB DRB1-0401 + * 44 ± 6 36 ± 4 24 De novo NGC DRB1-1301 + − 22 ± 4 38 ± 4 37 Trans — DRB1-0103 +/−, * * 38 ± 4 32 ± 6 48 T-cell — DRB1-0301 ++. # +/− * 48 ± 4 56 ± 6 rich No significant response 10 De novo GCB DRB1-0101 * +/− * 30 ± 8 26 ± 2 15 De novo NGC DRB1-1301 +, * * 28 ± 4 32 ± 2 17 De novo GCB DRB1-0301 − − 20 ± 2 18 ± 4 18 De novo NGC DRB1-0401 − − 14 ± 2 26 ± 2 19 De novo NGC DRB1-1104 − − 22 ± 2 26 ± 2 20 De novo GCB DRB1-1303 − − 10 ± 2 14 ± 2 21 De novo GCB DRB1-0301 +, * − 18 ± 2 10 ± 2 28 Trans — DRB1-0701 − − 28 ± 4 22 ± 6 61 De novo NGC DRB1-0401 + − 22 ± 2 10 ± 4 Healthy Donors HD 1 — DRB1-0102 14 ± 2 20 ± 2 HD 2 — DRB1-0401 10 ± 2  8 ± 2 HD 3 — DRB1-0401  5 ± 2 10 ± 2 HD 4 — DRB1-0301 14 ± 2 20 ± 2 HD 5 — DRB1-0301 24 ± 2 22 ± 2 γ-IFN response to peptides Patient PASD PASD1 PASD1 number (8) (9) (10) None HIV-1 PHA Significant response 1 32 ± 3 30 ± 2 40 ± 2 10 ± 4  2 ± 1 98 ± 15 2 36 ± 6 24 ± 2 40 ± 4 14 ± 2 16 ± 2 106 ± 18  3 18 ± 2 24 ± 2 32 ± 2 10 ± 2  8 ± 2 62 ± 8  4 28 ± 4 18 ± 2 32 ± 4 16 ± 2 14 ± 2 98 ± 14 8 20 ± 4 18 ± 2 18 ± 4 10 ± 2 12 ± 4 48 ± 4  9 12 ± 3 20 ± 2 14 ± 2  8 ± 2  4 ± 2 118 ± 18  12 24 ± 4 20 ± 4 32 ± 4 14 ± 2 12 ± 2 72 ± 10 24 28 ± 4 26 ± 4 16 ± 4 14 ± 4  8 ± 2 86 ± 14 37 16 ± 2 28 ± 2 34 ± 2 10 ± 2 16 ± 2 126 ± 22  48 40 ± 6 26 ± 2 38 ± 2 14 ± 2 12 ± 2 84 ± 10 No significant response 10 36 ± 4 10 ± 2 32 ± 2 14 ± 2 16 ± 4 78 ± 8  15 10 ± 1  8 ± 2 18 ± 4 12 ± 4 14 ± 4 58 ± 6  17 14 ± 2  8 ± 2 10 ± 4 12 ± 2 10 ± 2 54 ± 12 18 20 ± 2 24 ± 2 22 ± 2 16 ± 2 14 ± 2 62 ± 12 19 24 ± 2 18 ± 2 12 ± 2 16 ± 2 12 ± 2 58 ± 14 20 18 ± 2  8 ± 2 16 ± 2 12 ± 2 10 ± 2 52 ± 10 21 14 ± 2 16 ± 2 18 ± 2  8 ± 2 10 ± 2 102 ± 10  28 16 ± 2 22 ± 4 10 ± 2 14 ± 1  6 ± 2 45 ± 8  61 12 ± 2 16 ± 2  6 ± 2  8 ± 1 12 ± 2 58 ± 10 Healthy Donors HD 1 18 ± 2 14 ± 2 10 ± 2 10 ± 2  8 ± 2 86 ± 14 HD 2 10 ± 2  1 ± 1  4 ± 2  4 ± 2  6 ± 2 66 ± 10 HD 3  6 ± 2  8 ± 2  2 ± 1  4 ± 2  1 ± 1 46 ± 6  HD 4 10 ± 2 19 ± 2 18 ± 2  8 ± 2 10 ± 2 74 ± 16 HD 5 10 ± 2 18 ± 2 16 ± 2 12 ± 2  8 ± 2 63 ± 10 GCB—Germinal center derived; NGC—Non-germinal center-derived. +/−, + and ++ denotes intensity of cytoplasmic labelling * denotes nuclear labelling from 5-30% # denotes labelling of some smaller lymphocytes and vessels in tumour NA—Tissue not available. The results +/− are from triplicate ELISPOT cultures. The SD was calculated using standard techniques.

Patients responded differently to the PASD1 peptides. The frequencies of PASD1-responding T cells varied among patients, ranging from 1:900 PBMCs in Patient 4 to 1:2000 in Patient 3. It is noteworthy that the PASD1 (6)31-50 peptide (SEQ ID No 6) and PASD1 (7)42-61 (SEQ ID No 7) encompassing the PASD1 (1)39-48 epitope (SEQ ID No. 1) are immunogenic in the majority of patients studied here. Both PASD1(6) and PASD1 (7) peptides were also able to elicit a comparable γ-IFN response to the PASD1(1) CTL peptide (SEQ ID No. 1) (Table 4). These results indicate that the PASD1(1) epitope when included in either PASD1(6) or PASD1 (7) is processed correctly to retain its immunogenicity as a CTL epitope.

TABLE 4 Comparison of the γ-IFN response to the PASD1(1), PASD1(6) and PASD1(7) peptides by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a DLBCL patient stimulated in culture with PASD1(6) or PASD1(7) peptides. γ-IFN response to peptides Medium Irrelevant PASD1(1) PASD1(6) PASD1(7) only peptide PHA 30 +/− 4 32 +/− 2 26 +/− 2 10 +/− 2 8 +/− 2 48 +/− 2 The results +/− are from triplicate ELISPOT cultures. The SD was calculated using standard techniques.

The results from the γ-IFN release assay permitted the PASD1 peptides to be listed in the following order of immunogenicity for eliciting TH cell responses: PASD1(6), PASD1 (7), PASD1(10), PASD1 (9) an PASD1 (8) with PASD1(6) and PASD1 (7) being the most immunogenic. Subsequent studies on the TH cell response have thus focussed on the more immunogenic PAS1 (6) and PASD1 (7) peptides both of which lie within the region common to both PASD1a and PASD1b. These results also demonstrate the presence, within PASD1, of numerous promiscuous MHC Class II epitopes; a situation previously reported for other CTAs such as NY-ESO-1 (Mandic et al 2003). The presence of such epitopes, recognisable in the context of a variety of different MHC Class II molecules, expands the population of patients in which the peptides could be used.

Persistence of the TH γ-IFN Response to PASD1.

Blood was collected from 1 patient with de novo DLBCL (patient 12) and one patient with T-cell rich DLBCL (patient 48) on their return to clinic one year after initial diagnosis. A γ-IFN response to PASD1 peptides following short-term culture was detected in all three DLBCL patients after one year in remission. Results from two patients are shown in FIG. 5a. This response suggested the presence of a pool of memory T cells to the PASD1 protein.

The TH responses in two DLBCL patients (patients 10 and 12) at time of diagnosis and one year post-diagnosis (see FIG. 5b). In both instances, a significant γ-IFN response to the two PASD1 peptides PASD1(6) and PASD1(7) was sustained after one year post-diagnosis. This infers the presence of circulating memory TH cell populations able to recognise the PASD1 protein.

Generation of TH Lines Specific for PASD1 Peptides.

PASD1-stimulated TH lines from a patient with de novo DLBCL (Patient 1) and one patient with T-cell rich DLBCL (patient 48) were maintained in long-term culture to permit further analysis of their functional ability. PBMCs were re-stimulated weekly with rIL-2 and with one of the following: PASD1(6), or PASD1(7) or the irrelevant HIV peptide. After six weeks, the cell lines were tested for their γ-IFN secreting activity to the PASD1 and control peptides in an overnight ELISPOT assay. The cell lines demonstrated a γ-IFN response to the PASD1 peptides that was abrogated by the removal of CD4-positive T cells (FIG. 5a) or the addition of the anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody WR18 (FIG. 5b). These results demonstrate the CD4-positive MHC Class II restricted nature of the response.

Cytolytic Activity of the TH Cell Lines

Although the TH cell lines can recognize the stimulating PASD1 peptides, it is possible that these cell lines are incapable of recognizing naturally presented peptides. The ability of TH lines (raised from Patients 1 and 48) specific for PASD1(6) and PASD1(7) to recognize and lyse tumor cells expressing endogenous PASD1 protein was tested in a 51Cr release assay. The TH cell lines from these patients demonstrated a dose dependent lysis not only of the PASD1-positive Thiel but also of the PASD1-positive OCI-Ly3 cell lines. This was despite the fact that the PASD1-positive cell lines express different HLA-DRB1 alleles thus further demonstrating the promiscuity of the HLA-DR epitopes chosen. (It is notable that the lysis of the OCI-Ly3 observed here with the TH cells was not observed with the CTL lines, a finding in keeping with the lack of the correct MHC Class I allele on OCI-Ly3). No lysis was detected of the PASD1-negative cell line SUDHL-6 despite the fact that this cell line expressed a relevant MHC Class II allele (FIG. 6, P<0.001).

Discussion

This example describes the presence of circulating functional CTLs and TH cells to PASD1 peptides in patients with either de novo, transformed or T-cell rich DLBCL thus providing experimental validation of PASD1 peptides as potential vaccine candidates that are recognized by a T-cell response in patients' with B-cell tumours. The potential of PASD1 as an immunotherapeutic target was further supported by a study reporting that PASD1 not only represented a SEREX antigen in acute myeloid leukemia but also that PASD1 mRNA elicited a proliferative CD4-positive T-cell response in normal subjects (Guinn et al 2005).

CTLs recognizing PASD1 peptides were detected after short-term culture in 71% of HLA-A*0201-positive DLBCL patients while TH cells recognizing PASD1 peptides were detected after short-term culture in 12/19 (63%) of DLBCL patients with relevant MHC Class II alleles. This result is suggestive of the presence of circulating PASD1-specific cells in the DLBCL patients. Such spontaneous immunity to CTAs, including NY-ESO-1, SP17 and MAGE-A3, has been previously reported in multiple myeloma (Chiriva-Internati et al 2002, van Rhee et a/2005, Goodyear et al 2005, Goodyear et al 2008, Jackson et al 2006). The presence of CTLs recognizing CTAs has also been reported in patients following allogenic transplantation (Atanackovic et al 2007) and provides support for the use of CTAs as immunotherapeutic targets. The percentage of T-cells recognising PASD1 after short-term culture varied from 0.16% to 0.05%, comparing favourably with the results obtained for NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A(1-4), MAGE-A3, LAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 in haematological and non-haematological malignancies (van Rhee et al 2005, Goodyear et al 2005, Jager et al 2000, Inokuma et al 2007).

Correlations have been reported between antibody responses and prognosis in myeloma (van Rhee et al 2005, Goodyear et al 2005). Despite our previous finding that antibody responses to PASD1 were detected only in patients with poor prognosis DLBCL identified through immunolabelling techniques (Liggins et al 2004a, Liggins et al 2004b), a γ-IFN response to PASD1 peptides was detected in 10 patients with GCB-derived DLBCL in addition to the 12 patients with poor-prognosis DLBCL (8 with NGC-derived DLBCL and 4 patients with transformed DLBCL, results obtained from Tables 2 and 3), suggesting that PASD1 may be applicable as a therapeutic target regardless of DLBCL subtype. It is also of interest that T-cell rich DLBCL, representing a variant of DLBCL with an aggressive outcome (Jaffe et al., 2001, El Weshi et al 2007) is characterised by the presence of infiltrating inflammatory cells suggestive of a ‘host immune’ response to the tumour (Abramson et al 2007).

A study of sequential blood samples from DLBCL patients in the present example demonstrates a CTL and TH cell response to PASD1 peptides that persisted over a 12-month period post-diagnosis. Sustained CTL responses to TAAs have been reported in myeloma (Goodyear et al 2005, Ait-Tahar et al 2006, Valmori et al 2000, Passoni et al 2006). All four DLBCL patients were still in remission by the end of this study. The persistence of the T-cell responses in these patients suggests the presence of memory T cells which might be involved in protective immunity and which also represent potential populations of T cells that could be further stimulated following vaccination (Baumgaertner et al 2006). The generation and persistence of memory CTLs and TH cells is the aim of vaccination therapies.

Since PASD1 constitutes a potential immunotherapeutic target it is important to correlate the presence of a γ-IFN response to the expression of PASD1 in tumours. Van Rhee et al. and Goodyear et al. were previously able to confirm NY-ESO-1 and MAGE proteins in those patients who mounted a CTL response to NY-ESO-1 (van Rhee et al 2005, Goodyear et al 2005). Immunohistochemical labelling with anti-PASD1 monoclonal antibodies confirmed PASD1 expression in the majority of patients (13 of the sixteen for whom biopsies were available for study had circulating CTLs and/or TH cells recognising PASD1 peptides). As previously described (Cooper et al 2006), variations in the labelling patterns of the tumour cells by the antibodies PASD1-1 and PASD1-2 recognising PASD1 isoforms were observed providing evidence for the possibility of differential expression of PASD1 isoforms in the tumour cells. Furthermore, heterogeneity of labelling was observed in the tumour cells. Intratumoural variation of CTA expression has been previously described in solid tumours (Scanlan et al 2004, Barrow et al 2006, Theurillat et al 2007) and in myeloma In addition to the presence of different CTA isoforms (Nakagawa et al 2005), possible explanations for such heterogeneity include epigenetic phenomenon such as the silencing of CTA expression through hypermethylation (Simpson et al 2005, Coral et al 2002, Sigalotti et al 2002) and post-translational modifications (Corradi et al 1997, Heidebrecht et al 2006). Increased expression of CTAs being linked to the aggressiveness of the tumours (van Rhee et al 2005, Barrow et al 2006, Dhodapkar et al 2003).

Heterogeneity in PASD1 expression may also explain the absence of labelling in the 4 cases of DLBCL in which a T-cell response was detected. Discrepancies in NY-ESO-1 expression have also been linked to the size of the tissue sections studies indicating that the presence of CTAs may vary in different regions of the tumour (Theurillat et al 2007). Only needle biopsy sections were available for two of these cases and it is possible that PASD1-positive regions of tumour were absent in the sections available for immunolabelling. It is also possible that immunolabelling may not constitute a sufficiently sensitive technique to identify low levels of PASD1 protein expression. This has been found to be the case in a study on CTA expression in haematological malignancies (paper submitted) and in breast tumours where western blotting, rather than immunolabelling techniques, was necessary to confirm CTA expression in the tumours (Sugita et al 2004). Low levels of PASD1 antigen expression may, however, not be a problem for the immune system. It has also been reported that it is the high turnover rate, rather than the presence of high or moderate levels of TAA in tumor cells, that may be important for T-cell recognition (Vierboom et al 2000).

Labelling of scattered small lymphoid cells, that were unlikely to be tumour cells, was noted in two of the PASD1-positive patients who responded to the PASD1 peptides. Although PASD1 transcripts and proteins were undetectable in normal non-reproductive tissues in previous studies (Liggins et al 2004b, Cooper et al 2006, Guinn et al 2005), PASD1 mRNA was detected in histologically normal tissues present in a matched tumour/normal expression array (Liggins et al 2004b). It is possible that PASD1 expression in these normal tissues could be due to early genetic changes occurring in the cells before morphological abnormalities become obvious. Such a situation may explain the current result. It is also noteworthy that CTA protein expression has been reported in benign hyperplastic prostate tissue (Hudolin et al 2006).

A γ-IFN response to the PASD1 peptides PASD1(1) to (5) was not detected in those patients who were HLA-A*0201-negative even though PASD1 protein was detected in their tumour cells. The abrogation of the γ-IFN response through depletion of CD8-positive cells or the addition of an anti-MHC Class I reagent to CTL lines provided further evidence for an MHC Class I dependent PASD1 peptide response. The removal of CD4-positive cells and the addition of an anti-HLA-DR specific antibody resulted in the loss of the γ-IFN response of the TH cells confirming this response to be CD4 and MHC Class II dependent.

It was possible that the γ-IFN response of the expanded CTL and TH cell lines investigated here is limited to the recognition of the exogenous PASD1 peptides and that endogenous PASD1 peptides may not be processed appropriately by the tumor cells for recognition by the effector CTLs (Luckey et al 1998) or TH cells. However, using cell lines derived from a range of haematological malignancies, we were able to confirm that the CTL and TH cell lines raised against PASD1 peptides were able to recognise endogenously expressed PASD1 peptides and lyse PASD1-positive tumour cells in an MHC Class I and MHC Class II dependent manner respectively. The killing of target cell lines by the TH could be explained by the high degree of homology present between the DRB1 molecules and the promiscuity of the PASD1 peptides which enables them to recognise closely related DRB1 molecules (Southwood et al., 1998). TH cells expressed different HLA-BRB1 alleles. These results suggest that PASD1 might be valuable as a candidate for vaccine development. Previous studies have also demonstrated the potential of using peptide epitopes binding to both MHC Class I and Class II to achieve optimal immune responses on vaccination (Zeng 1997, Wagner et al 2003). Our results provide additional evidence to support the PASD1 peptides PASD1(6) and PASD1(7), both incorporating the PASD1(1) CTL epitope, together with their recognition by memory T-cells, as representing attractive peptides for inclusion in a vaccine formulation.

Other studies have described the presence of more than one CTA antigen in solid tumours and in haematological malignancies such as myeloma and plasmacytoma (Condomines et al 2007, Atanackovic et al 2006). The presence of more than one CTA within a tumour, combined with their loss and/or heterogeneity in their protein distribution, provides support for the inclusion of multiple CTAs in vaccine development. This approach should further maximize the eradication of the tumour cells while minimising the escape variants of the tumour (Atanackovic et al 2007, Mashino et al 2001, Jacobs et al 2007).

Previous gene expression profiling studies in DLBCL have identified the lymph node and MHC Class II signatures to be associated with improved prognosis (Rosenwald et al 2002, Rimsza et al 2004). In the case of FL, then the immune response signature of genes expressed by macrophages and T cells were linked with increased survival (Dave et al 2004) while an immunolabelling study identified the presence of FOXP3-positive T regulatory cells as being a good prognostic indicator (Carreras et al 2006). Such results suggest the immune microenvironment of the tumour cells and the infiltrating immune cells to be of importance in the outcome of these tumours.

This study is the first to define immunogenic PASD1 peptides and describe a CTL and TH response to PASD1 in DLBCL. It is also the first description of a T-cell response to a CT-X antigen in DLBCL. The current results support PASD1 as a potential immunotherapeutic target for patients with PASD1-positive DLBCL and other malignancies that express this CTA. Since tumours may express more than one CTA, the inclusion of PASD1 in a polyepitope vaccine should increase the chances of successful treatment of malignancies.

Use of PASD1 DNA Vaccines in a Pre-Clinical Transgenic Murine Model to Show Selective In Vivo Processing and Presentation of PASD1 Epitopes in Multiple Myeloma Materials and Methods Peptides

The HLA-A2*0201 restricted epitopes, PASD1(1) (QLLDGFMITL) (SEQ ID No 1) and PASD1(2) (YLVGNVCIL) (SEQ ID No 2) (Ait-Tahar, et al 2009) together with the HLA class II-restricted p30 (Fragment C-derived: FNNFTVSFWLRVPKVSASHLE) (SEQ ID No 28) peptide were synthesized commercially and supplied at more than 95% purity (PPR Ltd, Fareham, United Kingdom).

DNA Vaccine Construction

Four vaccines were constructed as previously described (Rice, et al 2001) and are shown in FIG. 7. The first domain of the Tetanus toxin fragment C (DOM) containing the T-helper epitope p30 was fused to sequences encoding one of the following: PASD1(1), PASD1(2) or full length (FL) PASD1 to produce pDOM-PASD1(1), pDOM-PASD1(2) and pDOM-FL, respectively. p.DOM-PASD1(1) and p.DOM-PASD1(2) were obtained by polymerase chain reaction using p.DOM as template while PASD1FL was obtained by PCR using the clone PASD1_v1 (Liggins, et al 2004) as a template. The p.DOM vaccine contained the DOM1 only. The fusion genes were then inserted in pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, Paisley, United Kingdom) and their identities were confirmed by DNA sequencing and product size determined by In vitro Transcription and Translation using the TNT T7 coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega, Southampton, United Kingdom).

Cell Lines

The RMA-HHD cell line (mouse lymphoma cell line stably transfected with HHD, kindly provided by Dr. Lemonnier F. A., Institut Pasteur, Paris, France), KMS-12-BM (HLA-A*0201− human myeloma cell line) and the YAC-1 (mouse lymphoma cell line sensitive to NK cells cytotoxic activity) cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Paisley, U.K.), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, nonessential amino acids (1% of 100 stock) and 50 μM 2-ME. The Phoenix Amphotropic retroviral packaging cell line, kindly provided by Dr. P. Stevenson (Cambridge University, UK), were cultured in DMEM media (Lonza, Verviers, Belgium), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, nonessential amino acids (1% of 100 stock). The Thiel MM-derived, Jurkat (T-ALL derived) and SUDHL6 (DLBCL-derived) cell lines were obtained as previously described (Cooper et al 2006).

Supernatant from the Phoenix Amphotropic packaging cells transiently transfected with the retroviral vector p.HHDmscvpuro (kindly provided by Dr Gisella Vittes) was used transduce the KMS-12-BM cell line to create KMS-12-HHD. The retroviral transfection followed the protocol from Dr. G. Nolan's laboratory (Stanford, USA), available online.

HLA-A*0201 Transgenic Mice

The HHD mouse strain expresses a transgenic chimeric monochain MHC class 1 molecule in which the COOH-terminus of human 82-microglobulin is covalently linked to the NH2-terminus of chimeric human HLA-A2 al and a 2 domains fused with the murine H-2Db α3 domain (Pascolo, et al 1997). These mice lack cell-surface expression of mouse endogenous H-2b class 1 molecules because of targeted disruption of the H-2Db and mouse β2-microglobulin genes.

Vaccination Protocol

6 to 10 week old HHD mice were injected intramuscularly in both quadriceps with a total of 50 μg of DNA in 100 μl saline on day 0. Booster injections with the same DNA vaccine coupled with electroporation on day 28 were performed as described previously (Buchan, et a/2005). Animal experimentation was conducted within local Ethical Committee and UK Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research (London, United Kingdom) guidelines under a Home Office License.

IFN-γ ELISpot

Splenocytes from were obtained from immunised mice on day 14 or 36 (Rice, et al 2004) and incubated with the HLA-A*0201-restricted PASD1(1) or PASD1(2) peptides for 22 hours. Vaccine-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assays were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions (BD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.). The p30 peptide (derived from the fragment C fusion domain) was used to assess CD4+ T-cell responses and the efficacy of the DNA vaccine in inducing immune responses. Samples were tested in triplicate with a range of peptide concentration. Control samples were incubated without peptide or with an irrelevant HLA-A2-binding peptide.

Cytotoxic T-Cell Expansion and Detection

Splenocytes obtained from vaccinated mice at day 14 or 36 were cultured for 6 days in 10 to 15 mL complete medium with recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2; 20 IU/mL; Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, Calif.) and peptide (0.1 μM). Target cells (RMA-HHD, KMS-12-HHD, YAC-1) were 51chromium (51Cr) labelled during incubation with or without peptide, as indicated. The cytolytic activity of the cultured splenocytes was assessed by standard 5-hour 51Cr-release assay as previously described (Rice, et al 2004). Specific lysis was calculated by the standard formula [release by CTL−release by targets alone]/[release by 4% NP40−release by targets alone]×100%.

Western Blotting

Western blotting was performed as previously described (Cooper, et al 2006)). Briefly, cell lysates prepared from the Thiel, KMS-12-BM, Jurkat and SUDHL-10 cell lines were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to Immobilon membranes. The membranes were then probed with the monoclonal antibodies PASD1-1 or PASD1-2, washed, incubated with HRP goat anti-mouse IgG washed and the antigen/antibody complexes visualised using the ECL chemiluminescent substrate as previously described (Cooper, et al 2006).

Results p.DOM-PASD1(1) and p.DOM-PASD1(2) Induce γ-IFN Responses in HHD Mice

A single priming dose of p.DOM-PASD1(1) or p.DOM-PASD1(2) DNA vaccine induced significant peptide-specific responses in mice 14 days after vaccination. IFNγ release was detected in 100% and 57% of the vaccinated HHD mice, respectively (FIGS. 8A and C). The level of epitope specific T-cell response was more than 2 fold higher in mice vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(1) (median 117 SFCs/106 cells; 1 μM peptide) than in those vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(2) (median 53 SFCs/106 cells; 1 μM). The p.DOM control vaccine gave no PASD1(1) or PASD1(2) specific T-cell response (FIGS. 8B and D). All 3 vaccines however induced a p30-specific T-cell response, thus validating vaccine immunogenicity.

p.DOM-PASD1 (1) and p.DOM-PASD1 (2) Induce Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Cultured splenocytes obtained from mice vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(1) or p.DOM-PASD1(2) were able to specifically lyse peptide pulsed RMA-HHD cells (FIG. 9). Cytolytic activity was observed in 4/4 mice (8/8 when pooling both experiments) vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(1) (FIG. 9A) and 3/4 mice vaccinated with pDOM-PASD1(2) (FIG. 9B). Similarly to p.DOM-PASD1(1), this cytolytic activity was PASD1(2) peptide specific. No significant cytolytic activity of any of the peptide pulsed target cells was detected by cells from mice vaccinated with the control vaccine p.DOM (FIGS. 9A and B). No killing of the PASD1-negative RMA-HHD cells, alone or loaded with an irrelevant peptide was observed in any of the experiments. The absence of killing of the YAC-1 cells confirmed that the cytolytic activity of cells from pDOM-PASD1(1) and p.DOM-PASD1(2) vaccinated mice was not due to NK cell activity (FIG. 9) and further confirmed that the cytolytic activity observed after vaccination was peptide specific.

DNA Vaccination with Electroporation Boost Improves Specific T-Cell Responses

DNA vaccination and electroporation strategies in a homologous prime/boost strategy generate superior T-cell responses (Buchan, et al 2005) and this was investigated for PASD1. HHD mice immunised on day 0 received a booster injection followed immediately by electroporation on day 28 and their spleens were harvested 8 days later to assess the T-cell responses induced. After prime/boost vaccination with p.DOM-PASD1(1), the p30 specific T-cell response was similar to the one observed after priming (FIG. 10) but an increase was observed in the PASD1(1) specific response. This represents >100% increase in the T-cell response (FIG. 10A). An increase in peptide specific cytolysis of peptide-pulsed RMA-HHD cells at the highest E:T ratio was also detected (FIG. 10E). With regard to mice vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(2), the γ-IFN response showed a 42% increase following boosting compared to priming alone with (91 compared to 53 SFC/106 splenocytes) when incubated with 1 μM of PASD1(2) peptide (FIG. 10C). However, no increase in was observed in the specific cytolytic activity of cells from the p.DOM-PASD1(2) mice (FIG. 10F).

Confirmation of PASD1 Expression in the Human KMS-12-BM MM Cell Line.

Although the KMS-12-BM cells had previously been shown to express PASD1 mRNA (Sahota, et al 2006) it was important to confirm the expression of PASD1 protein in these cells. Western blotting studies using monoclonal antibodies specific for both the PASD1a and PASD1b proteins confirmed the presence of PASD1 protein exhibiting a molecular weight consistent with that of the full length PASD1b protein in these cells (FIG. 11). Thus we would predict that both PASD1(1) and PASD1(2) epitopes are present in the endogenously expressed protein in these cells. An additional higher molecular weight protein band was labelled using the antibody PASD1b in the KMS-12-BM cells suggesting the presence of additional PASD1 isoforms.

CTLs Induced in Vaccinated HHD Mice are Able to Lyse Human Myeloma Cells

A human MM cell line target (KMS-12-HHD) was generated by the transduction of KMS-12-BM cells with the hybrid HHD MHC molecule. This is commonly required to enable epitope recognition by CTLs from these mice, even in cell lines that express human HLA-A2. Vaccination with p.DOM-PASD1(1) produced T-cells which mediated a specific lysis of PASD1(1) peptide loaded KMS-12-HHD cells (FIG. 12), which was consistent with the results obtained with the peptide loaded PASD1-negative murine RMA-HHD cells (FIG. 10). More importantly, the PASD1(1) specific CTLs induced by the vaccine were able to lyse the KMS-12-HHD cells in the absence of peptide loading or when loaded with an irrelevant peptide (FIG. 12). This result suggests that the PASD1(1) epitope is naturally processed and presented in the human MM cell line KMS-12-HHD at a level permitting a significant level (up to 40%) of killing.

Cells from mice vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1(2) demonstrated significant lytic activity of the KMS-12-HHD cells when loaded with the PASD1(2) peptide (FIG. 12). However, no lysis was observed of the KMS-12-HHD cells in the absence of peptide loading or when loaded with the irrelevant peptide (FIG. 12). One explanation for this is that the PASD1(2) peptide may not be naturally processed and presented effectively in this cell line. Another would be perhaps mutation or sequence polymorphisms affecting this region of the PASD1 protein.

Full Length PASD1-Encoding Vaccine (p. DOM-PASD1FL) Induces PASD138 Specific T-Cell Responses in HHD Mice

The p.DOM-PASD1FL vaccine was used to examine which PASD1 epitopes are processed and presented in vivo. HHD mice were vaccinated with p.DOM-PASD1FL and their spleens were harvested 14 days later to assess the PASD1(1) and PASD1(2) specific T-cell responses induced. A p30 specific response was detected in all vaccinated mice (FIG. 13B) thus validating the immunogenicity of the p.DOM-PASD1FL vaccine. A PASD1(1) specific γ-IFN response was observed in 8/8 mice with a median of 756 SFCs/106 splenocytes (FIG. 13A). In contrast only 1/8 mice showed a specific γ-IFN response for PASD1(2) and this was comparably lower than the response to PASD1(1). However, in 1/8 mice both PASD1(1) and PASD1(2) epitopes were processed and presented after vaccination with the full length antigen. Hence, vaccination with p.DOM-PASD1FL predominantly induced a strong PASD1(1) specific T-cell response in vaccinated mice.

CTLs from the p.DOM-PASD1FL vaccinated mice were re-stimulated with either PASD1(1) or PASD1(2) peptides before assessing their cytolytic activity towards the endogenous PASD1 protein in KMS-12-HHD target cells. With the PASD1(1) peptide, CTLs were able to lyse KMS-12-HHD cells expressing the endogenous PASD1 protein (FIG. 14C). In marked contrast, the PASD1(2) re-stimulated CTLs generated from mice immunised with p.DOM-PASD1FL did not show any cytolytic activity against the target cells (FIG. 14C). CTLs from the mouse that presented a weak PASD1(2) specific T-cell response (FIG. 14A) were even unable to kill PASD1(2) peptide loaded KMS-12-HHD cells (data not shown).

Discussion

This example describes the evaluation of PASD1 as a target for DNA fusion gene vaccines using the pre-clinical HHD A2 transgenic mouse model. The immunogenicity of two PASD1 peptide epitopes, PASD1(1) and PASD1(2), identified as being the most immunogenic in DLBCL patients (Ait-Tahar, et al 2009) were examined individually and as components of a full length PASD1 p-DOM DNA vaccine in an in vivo pre-clinical model system. Although there is a murine PASD1 orthologue, this bears only 25% identity with the human protein (Liggins, et al 2004). This identity resides outside the PASD1 sequences investigated in the current study thus reducing the risk of autoimmune problems arising in the current mouse model or of tolerance to the human epitopes.

The use of the pDOM DNA vaccine system reduces problems of multiple immunodominant CTL epitopes in the Frag C backbone and includes a CD4 T-helper epitope. This results in the increased immunogenicity of the targeted antigen and the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune response of to provide long-lasting specific immune responses, even in a tolerised host (Rice, et al 2002, Rice, et al 2001). This approach has been shown to provide protection against tumour challenge in multiple murine tumour models (King, et al 1998, Rice, et al 1999, Spellerberg, et al 1997) and is currently under investigation in a number of Phase 1/II trials in cancer.

PASD1 expression has been previously detected not only in MM-derived cell lines but also primary cases of MM (Cooper, et al 2006, Sahota, et al 2006). This level of PASD1 expression in MM cells is comparable to, or can exceed that of NY-ESO-1, an important CTA in MM reported in ˜25% of tumour cells (Dhodapkar, et al 2003). We have also confirmed the expression of endogenous PASD1 protein in the KMS-12-BM MM-derived cells that were used as vaccine targets in the present study. These results reinforce the relevance of PASD1 as a target for immunotherapy in MM.

The p.DOM-PASD1(1) vaccine generated a robust T-cell response that was x2-fold greater than induced by the p.DOM-PASD1(2) vaccine following a single priming dose. Comparable levels of cytotoxicity were, however, obtained against murine PASD1-negative RMA-HHD target cells loaded with relevant PASD1 peptides with γ-IFN secreting T cells being induced by both vaccines. The cytolytic activity of the CTLs indicated that both of the PASD1 epitopes were efficiently presented in vivo through cross-presentation by antigen processing cells when delivered as a fusion protein via DNA vaccines (Radcliffe, et al 2006). These data also indicate that an A2-restricted T-cell repertoire is available to recognise both PASD1-derived epitopes. The delivery of epitopes using a prime/boost electroporation strategy (permits increased DNA uptake by the muscle cells at the injection site resulting in increased antigen expression (Aihara and Miyazaki 1998, Mathiesen 1999, Mir, et al 1999). This augmented MM cell line killing via PASD1(1) but had no effect on PASD1(2) lytic activity, revealing a variability in the potential to augment responses by some, but not all, antigen-derived epitopes.

Differences in the cytolytic effect of CTLs raised against the p-DOM-PASD1(1) and p.DOM-PASD1(2) vaccines were observed on the chimeric KMS-12-HHD cells. While both epitope-specific DNA vaccines generated cytolytic cells which were able to lyse the peptide loaded KMS-12-HHD MM cells, only CTLs from mice vaccinated with p-DOM-PASD1(1) were able to kill KMS-12-HHD cells in the absence of exogenous relevant peptide, indicating that PASD1(1) and not PASD1(2) was naturally processed and presented at a sufficient pMHC density to allow direct killing of this cell line.

The difference between the PASD1(1) and PASD1(2) peptides was even more pronounced when the efficacy of the DNA vaccine encoding the full length PASD1 protein was studied. With p.DOM-PASD1FL, a single priming dose invariably elicited high levels of PASD1(1) specific T cells but this vaccine elicited PASD1(2)-specific cells only infrequently. Furthermore, only the CTLs recognising PASD1(1) were cytolytic against the endogenous PASD1 protein in the highly relevant chimeric KMS-12-HHD MM cells. These data confirm that, of the two epitopes examined, only the PASD1(1) epitope is naturally presented at a level sufficient for tumour cell killing of this cell line. This is of interest since neither this difference in the presentation of the two PASD1 epitopes in this cell line nor their differing immunogenicity when processed and presented from the full length PASD1 vaccine could have been predicted using in silico epitope prediction programmes.

It is notable, however, that in our previous study investigating the immune response to PASD1 in DLBCL patients the PASD1(2) epitope was presented and recognised by patients' CTLs on non-peptide loaded Thiel cells (another MM cell line expressing endogenous PASD1). Explanations for the difference in recognition of PASD1(2) between the two studies include a) differences in natural processing and presentation of PASD1 in different tumour cells, b) the presence of different PASD1 proteins which may not contain the PASD1(2) epitope in the tumour cells (although this is unlikely as both Thiel and KMS-BM-12 cells express a comparable molecular weight PASD1 protein) c) differential processing of antigenic peptides between human and mouse cells and d) epitope dominance (Palmowski, et al 2006). It is also possible that there may be mutations or naturally occurring sequence polymorphisms in the region encoding the PASD1(2) peptide that alter its protein sequence. Indeed we have evidence from both our previous and the present study (Cooper, et al 2006, Sahota, et al 2006) to support the expression of additional PASD1 isoforms in different tumour cell types.

The results from our previous study in DLBCL (Ait-Tahar, et al 2009) and the in vivo DNA vaccine study confirm that human DLBCL and MM cells retain an intact MHC class I processing and presentation machinery able to present PASD1 CTL epitopes at a relevant density. The findings also suggest that PASD1 is a suitable target to ablate MM cells using DNA vaccines. In view of the heterogeneity of CTA expression in tumour cells (Dhodapkar, et al 2003, Goodyear, et al 2005) it will be important to include sufficient numbers of CTA epitopes in a vaccine to target the maximum number of tumour cells whilst minimising risks with autoimmunity or problems caused by epitope dominance.

This study is the first to target a CTA with DNA vaccination in MM. The use of PASD1-p.DOM vaccine in a prime/boost electroporation strategy DNA vaccine represents a potentially important therapeutic approach not only for MM and DLBCL but also for a variety of other PASD1-positive cancers.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, all embodiments described herein are considered to be broadly applicable and combinable with any and all other consistent embodiments, as appropriate.

Various publications are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

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Claims

1-34. (canceled)

35. A nucleic acid encoding an immunogenic peptide having between 9 and 25 amino acids in length comprising at least 9 consecutive amino acids of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 10.

36. The nucleic acid of claim 35, wherein the nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 11 to 20.

37. An expression vector comprising a nucleic acid according to claim 35.

38. A host cell or organism transformed or transfected with an expression vector according to claim 37.

39. A vaccine or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 35, an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35 or a host cell transformed or transfected with an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35.

40. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 39 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

41. The nucleic acid of claim 35, wherein the immunogenic peptide is capable of stimulating a T-cell response.

42. The nucleic acid of claim 35, wherein the immunogenic peptide is capable of producing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.

43. The nucleic acid of claim 35, wherein the immunogenic peptide is either 9 or 10 amino acids in length.

44. The nucleic acid of claim 35, wherein the immunogenic peptide consists essentially of the amino acid sequence described in any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 5.

45. The nucleic acid of claim 35, wherein the peptide is capable of producing a T helper (TH) cell response.

46. The nucleic acid of claim 45, wherein the peptide is from 18 to 24 amino acids in length.

47. The nucleic acid of claim 46, wherein the peptide is 20 amino acids in length.

48. The nucleic acid of claim 45, wherein the peptide consists essentially of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID Nos. 6 to 10.

49. A pharmaceutical composition comprising two or more of the nucleic acid molecule of claim 35, an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35 or a host cell transformed or transfected with an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35 for simultaneous, sequential or separate administration.

50. A method of treatment of cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid of claim 35, an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35 or a host cell transformed or transfected with an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35, a vaccine comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35, an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35 or a host cell transformed or transfected with an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35, or their combination to a patient in need thereof.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the cancer is either a haematologically derived malignancy selected from multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia, or a non-haematologically derived malignancy selected from brain, melanoma, lung, breast, gastric, kidney, prostate, testicular, ovarian, uterine, colorectal and liver cancers and adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Patent History
Publication number: 20140010833
Type: Application
Filed: Jul 10, 2013
Publication Date: Jan 9, 2014
Inventors: Karen Pulford (Oxford), Alison Banham (Oxford), Amanda Anderson (Oxford), Kamel Ait-Tahar (Oxford)
Application Number: 13/938,723