HELMET PADDING SYSTEM
Helmet padding systems and apparatuses are disclosed. A helmet padding system includes a helmet shell, a spacing pad, and a plurality of absorption pads. The helmet shell is configured to be positioned on a user's head. The spacing pad is coupled to an interior of the helmet shell. The spacing pad includes a layer of elastomeric material. The spacing pad comprises a central portion coupled to a central region of the helmet shell and a plurality of extending portions projecting outward from the central portion. The absorption pads are coupled to the spacing pad. The absorption pads comprise a first absorption pad coupled to the central portion of the spacing pad and remaining absorption pads coupled to ends of the extending portions of the spacing pad. The padding apparatus includes a spacing pad and a plurality of absorption pads configured to be coupled to an interior of a helmet.
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- APPARATUSES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR PROTECTING THE HUMAN BODY BY ABSORBING AND DISSIPATING FORCES IMPARTED TO THE BODY
- Helmet padding system
- Helmet padding system
This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 61/699,944, filed Sep. 12, 2012, entitled “HELMET PADDING SYSTEM”, and U.S. Patent Application No. 61/706,922, filed Sep. 28, 2012, entitled “PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR SYSTEMS,” the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe invention relates generally to the field of protective headgear, and more particularly, to impact-resistant padding for protective headgear.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONConventionally, participants in “contact” sports (e.g., wrestling, football, rugby) wear protective headgear to cushion the force of impacts that are regularly received during those events. In recent years, the negative health effects of the impacts to the head experienced during such contact sports have been a matter of focus. These negative health effects can be diminished or minimized by effectively cushioning participants from the forces of impacts. Accordingly, improved structures, such as impact-resistant headgear, are desired to lessen the impact forces experienced by those participants.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAspects of the present invention are directed to helmet padding systems, protective headgear systems, and related apparatuses.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a helmet padding system is disclosed. The system includes a helmet shell, a spacing pad, and a plurality of absorption pads. The helmet shell is configured to be positioned on the head of a user. The spacing pad is coupled to an interior of the helmet shell. The spacing pad includes a layer of elastomeric material. The spacing pad comprises a central portion coupled to a central region of the interior of the helmet shell and a plurality of extending portions projecting outward from the central portion. The plurality of absorption pads are coupled to the spacing pad. The plurality of absorption pads comprise a first absorption pad coupled to the central portion of the spacing pad and remaining absorption pads coupled to ends of the extending portions of the spacing pad.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a padding apparatus for use with a helmet is disclosed. The apparatus includes a spacing pad and a plurality of absorption pads. The spacing pad is configured to be coupled to an interior of the helmet. The spacing pad includes a layer of elastomeric material. The spacing pad comprises a central portion and a plurality of extending portions projecting outward from the central portion. The plurality of absorption pads are coupled to the spacing pad. The plurality of absorption pads comprise a first absorption pad coupled to the central portion of the spacing pad and remaining absorption pads coupled to ends of the extending portions of the spacing pad.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a protective headgear system is disclosed. The protective headgear system includes an impact-resistant pad and a helmet. The impact-resistant pad comprises a top portion configured to be positioned covering a top of a user's head, and first and second side portions extending downward from the top portion. The helmet is unconnected to the impact-resistant pad. The helmet is configured to be positioned overtop of the impact-resistant pad when the impact-resistant pad is positioned on the user's head.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, an impact-resistant pad for a protective headgear system is disclosed. The impact-resistant pad includes a top portion configured to be positioned covering a top of a user's head, and first and second side portions extending downward from the top portion. The impact-resistant pad is unconnected to any supporting structure, and is configured to be worn under a helmet.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a helmet padding system is disclosed. The system includes a helmet shell, a spacing pad, and a deflection layer. The helmet shell is configured to be positioned on the head of a user. The spacing pad includes a layer of elastomeric material. The spacing pad comprises a central portion and a plurality of extending portions projecting outward from the central portion.
The deflection layer is positioned between the helmet shell and the spacing pad. The deflection layer is less flexible than the spacing pad. The system may also include a plurality of absorption pads and/or a deformation layer.
The invention is best understood from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, with like elements having the same reference numerals. When a plurality of similar elements are present, a single reference numeral may be assigned to the plurality of similar elements with a small letter designation referring to specific elements. When referring to the elements collectively or to a non-specific one or more of the elements, the small letter designation may be dropped. According to common practice, the various features of the drawings are not drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated. To the contrary, the dimensions of the various features may be expanded or reduced for clarity. Included in the drawings are the following figures:
The embodiments of the invention described herein relate to helmet padding and protective headgear systems that incorporate impact-resistant pads beneath a user's helmet to cushion impacts on the helmet from the user's head. As used herein, the term “helmet” is not intended to be limited, but is meant to encompass any headgear worn for protection during an activity in which an impact to the head may occur. Additionally, as used herein, the term “impact-resistant” is intended to encompass any object that partially or fully lessens, diminishes, dissipates, deflects, or absorbs the mechanical force of an impact.
The exemplary systems and apparatus disclosed herein are configured to lessen the force of an impact on the user's head. This makes them particularly suitable for use by participants in athletic activities, and particularly suitable for participants in traditional “contact” sports, such as wrestling, American football, or rugby, where high-force impacts may be commonly experienced. While the exemplary embodiments of the invention are described herein with respect to athletic activities, it will be understood that the invention is not so limited. Suitable applications for the systems and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, military helmets or construction helmets. Other suitable applications will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art from the description herein.
Referring now to the drawings,
Helmet shell 110 is configured to be positioned on a user's head. As shown in
Spacing pad 130 is positioned within the interior of helmet shell 110. As shown in
Spacing pad 130 is formed from impact-resistant materials. For example, spacing pad 130 may include a layer of elastomeric material. The elastomeric material may provide impact-resistance by absorbing and dissipating the force of impacts laterally along the surface of the elastomeric material. In one exemplary embodiment, spacing pad 130 consists of only a single layer of elastomeric material. In another exemplary embodiment, spacing pad 130 comprises two or more layers of elastomeric material. Spacing pad 130 may include the layers of elastomeric material directly adjacent each other, or in a more preferred embodiment, may include a layer of high tensile strength fibrous material between the layers of elastomeric material.
Suitable materials for forming the elastomeric layer(s) include, but are not limited to, urethane rubbers, silicone rubbers, nitrile rubbers, butyl rubbers, acrylic rubbers, natural rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubbers, and the like. In general, any suitable elastomer material can be used to form the above-described elastomeric layers without departing from the scope of the present invention. Suitable materials for forming the layer of high tensile strength fibrous material include, but are not limited to, aramid fibers, fiberglass, or other high tensile strength fibers. The fibers may be woven to form a cloth layer that is disposed between and generally separates the opposing elastomeric layers. The high tensile strength fibrous material layer may desirably block and redirect impact energy that passes through one of the elastomeric layers. Additional description of materials for forming spacing pad 130 may be found in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/331,004, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
As shown in
As set forth above, spacing pad 130 may or may not be coupled to the interior helmet shell 110. When spacing pad 130 is coupled to the interior of helmet shell 110, such coupling may be effected, for example, using adhesive. It may be desirable that the surface of spacing pad 130, including the entire lengths of extending portions 134, be adhered to the interior of helmet shell 110. The lengths of extending portions 134 may be limited, to prevent separation of extending portions 134 from helmet shell 110 during an impact that deforms helmet shell 110.
Absorption pads 150 may be coupled to spacing pad 130. As shown in
Absorption pads 150 are desirably shaped such that they do not directly contact helmet shell 110 when spacing pad 130 is coupled to helmet shell 110. Absorption pads 150 may be insulated from helmet shell 110 by the ends of spacing pad 130, and/or may be formed with a preferential curve, in order to create a gap between the outer surfaces of pads 150 and the interior of helmet shell 110. Suitable materials for use in forming absorption pads 150 include, for example, conventional closed or open-cell foams, elastomeric and/or polymer materials. Other materials will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art from the description herein.
As shown in
As shown in
Additionally, as shown in
As shown in
The shapes and sizes of extending portions 134a, 134b, 134c may also be dependent on the configuration of helmet shell 110, as set forth below.
As shown in
Helmet shell 110 may include features that would interfere with the path of extending portions 134. Accordingly, as shown in
The width and number of extending portions 134 may be selected based on the circumference and size of helmet shell 110. As shown in
It will be understood that the number, shape, and size of extending portions 134 in
Top portion 220 is configured to be positioned covering a top of the user's head. As shown in
Side portions 240 and 250 extend downward from top portion 220. As used herein, the term “side portion” is not intended to mean that portions 240 and 250 are on the “side” of the user's head (as opposed to the front or back). To the contrary, portions 240 and 250 may be located on any side of the user's head. As shown in
Side portions 240 and 250 are not directly connected to each other, as shown in
It will be understood that the number, shape, and size of side portions 240 and 250 in
Impact-resistant pad 200 is unconnected to any supporting structure. As will be discussed in further detail herein, impact-resistant pad 200 is configured to be worn under a helmet. To this end, impact-resistant pad 200 is desirably thin. In an exemplary embodiment, impact-resistant pad 200 has a thickness of no greater than approximately 23 mm, and even more preferably, a thickness of no greater than approximately 3 mm. The thickness of impact-resistant pad 200 may be selected based on a number of factors, including for example the type of helmet, the desired level of impact protection, and the type of material encasing the pad (such as moisture-wicking, moisture-absorbent, cloth, or neoprene).
Impact-resistant pad 320 is formed from materials designed to dissipate the force of impacts on the user's head. In an exemplary embodiment, impact-resistant pad 320 is an impact-resistant pad substantially as described above with respect to impact-resistant pad 200. In particular, impact-resistant pad 320 includes a top portion 322 configured to be positioned covering a top of the user's head, and side portions 324 and 325 extending downward from top portion 322. Side portions 324 and 325 are not directly connected to each other, and define a circumferential gap (not shown) therebetween.
Helmet 340 is configured to be positioned on a user's head overtop of impact-resistant pad 320. Helmet 340 is unconnected to impact-resistant pad 320. When helmet 340 is positioned overtop of impact-resistant pad 320, helmet 340 covers the circumferential portions of impact-resistant pad 320. In an exemplary embodiment, helmet 340 comprises conventional wrestling headgear, as shown in
It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that helmet 340 is not limited to the embodiment shown in
Helmet shell 510 is configured to be positioned on a user's head. Helmet shell 510 may be a helmet shell substantially as described with respect to helmet shell 110, or may be a helmet substantially as described above with respect to helmet 340. The size of helmet shell 510 is selected such that helmet shell 510 can accommodate the remaining components of system 500 while still be securely positioned on the user's head.
Spacing pad 530 is positioned within the interior of helmet shell 510. Spacing pad 530 may be a spacing pad substantially as described with respect to spacing pad 130. Alternatively, spacing pad 530 may be an impact-resistant pad substantially as described above with respect to impact-resistant pad 200. Likewise, spacing pad 530 may be formed from any of the materials set forth above with respect to spacing pad 130 or impact-resistant pad 200, and may take any of the shapes described above with respect to spacing pad 130 and/or impact-resistant pad 200. Alternatively, spacing pad 530 may have any other shape suitable for covering a space between the user's head and the helmet shell 510. Spacing pad 530 may also comprise an array of raised portions 531 formed on a surface thereof, as described above with respect to raised portions 131.
Spacing pad 530 is not adapted to be coupled to the interior of helmet shell 510. In other words, spacing pad 530 remains unconnected to helmet shell 510 (or from any other component that is connected to helmet shell 510, e.g., conventional helmet padding provided with helmet shell 510). This enables relative movement between spacing pad 530 and helmet shell 510, which may be important to assist in dissipation of the force from impacts, as explained in further detail below with respect to deflection layer 570.
Helmet padding system 500 may include a plurality of absorption pads 550 coupled to spacing pad 530. Absorption pads 550 may be substantially the same as those described above with respect to absorption pads 150.
Deflection layer 570 is positioned between helmet shell 510 and spacing pad 530. Deflection layer 570 is formed from a material that is less flexible (i.e. stiffer) than spacing pad 530. This enables the hard surface of deflection layer 570 to deflect a portion of the force from impacts along a surface thereof, rather than transmitting that force through deflection layer 570 to spacing pad 530. In other words, it assists in converting forces from impacts into tangential forces (which propagate along the surface) as opposed to normal forces (which propagate through the surface to the user's head). In an exemplary embodiment, deflection layer 570 comprises a sheet of polycarbonate material. Deflection layer 570 may have a shape corresponding to the shape of spacing pad 530, such that the deflection layer 570 completely covers the space between spacing pad 530 and helmet shell 510.
Deflection layer 570 is also not coupled to the interior of helmet shell 510. This creates a “slip plane” between deflection layer 570 and helmet shell 510, and enables relative movement between the two components. Put another way, this allows independent movement of the user's head (with which spacing pad 530 and deflection layer 570 are in contact) and helmet shell 510.
Helmet padding system 500 may also include a plurality of deflection plates 580. Deflection plates 580 may be coupled to the interior of helmet shell 510 in positions such that they slidably abut deflection layer 570. Deflection plates 580 may be coupled to helmet shell 510, e.g., with an adhesive. Deflection plates 580 are formed from the same materials as deflection layer 570. The use of deflection plates 580 coupled to helmet shell 510 may further promote a sliding interface between deflection layer 570 and helmet shell 510, and thereby promote deflecting the force of impacts in a tangential direction along deflection layer 570, rather than through deflection layer 570 to spacing pad 530.
Helmet padding system 500 may also include a deformation layer 590. Deformation layer 590 may be positioned between deflection layer 570 and spacing pad 530. Deformation layer 590 is configured to deform upon experiencing the force from an impact. Deformation layer 590 may undergo elastic (i.e. reversible) or plastic (i.e. irreversible) deformation. In an exemplary embodiment, deformation layer 590 comprises a sheet of corrugated plastic material configured to undergo plastic deformation. As shown in
Deformation layer 590 may undergo plastic deformation, for example, by crumpling, bending, fracturing, or other irreversible changes. Accordingly, deformation layer 590 may need to be periodically replaced following impacts to helmet padding system 500, where such impacts are sufficient to cause significant plastic deformation of deformation layer 590.
The above components of helmet padding system 500 may be contained in a liner (not shown). In particular, a liner may be configured to surround and contain spacing pad 530, deflection layer 570, and deformation layer 590, to maintain their relative positioning and arrangement. The liner may be formed, for example, from a cloth or nylon material to provide a comfortable contact between the user and the components of helmet padding system 500.
Although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the invention.
Claims
1. A helmet padding system comprising:
- a helmet shell configured to be positioned on the head of a user;
- a spacing pad coupled to an interior of the helmet shell, the spacing pad including a layer of elastomeric material, the spacing pad comprising a central portion coupled to a central region of the interior of the helmet shell and a plurality of extending portions projecting outward from the central portion; and
- a plurality of absorption pads coupled to the spacing pad, the plurality of absorption pads comprising a first absorption pad coupled to the central portion of the spacing pad and remaining absorption pads coupled to ends of the extending portions of the spacing pad.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the absorption pads are shaped such that they do not directly contact the helmet shell.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of extending portions project outward at regular intervals from the central portion.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the regular intervals are approximately every 45°.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein each extending portion has an end portion with a greater width than a remainder of the extending portion.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of extending portions are arranged axially asymmetrically relative to the central portion.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of extending portions having varying lengths.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extending portions have lengths corresponding to a peripheral contour of the helmet shell.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the extending portions has a first portion extending in a first direction and a second portion extending from the first portion in a second direction different from the first direction.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the spacing pad consists of a single layer of the elastomeric material.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the spacing pad comprises a plurality of layers of elastomeric material.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the spacing pad further comprises a layer of high tensile strength fibrous material between two layers of elastomeric material.
13. A padding apparatus for use with a helmet comprising:
- a spacing pad configured to be coupled to an interior of the helmet, the spacing pad including a layer of elastomeric material, the spacing pad comprising a central portion and a plurality of extending portions projecting outward from the central portion; and
- a plurality of absorption pads coupled to the spacing pad, the plurality of absorption pads comprising a first absorption pad coupled to the central portion of the spacing pad and remaining absorption pads coupled to ends of the extending portions of the spacing pad.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the absorption pads are shaped such that they do not directly contact the helmet when the spacing pad is coupled to the interior of the helmet.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the plurality of extending portions extend outward at regular intervals from the central portion.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the regular intervals are approximately every 45°.
17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein each extending portion has an end portion with a greater width than a remainder of the extending portion.
18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the plurality of extending portions are arranged axially asymmetrically relative to the central portion.
19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the plurality of extending portions having varying lengths.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the plurality of extending portions have lengths corresponding to a peripheral contour of the helmet.
21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein at least one of the extending portions has a first portion extending in a first direction and a second portion extending from the first portion in a second direction different from the first direction.
22. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the spacing pad consists of a single layer of the elastomeric material.
23. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the spacing pad comprises a plurality of layers of elastomeric material.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the spacing pad further comprises a layer of high tensile strength fibrous material between two layers of elastomeric material.
25. A protective headgear system comprising:
- an impact-resistant pad comprising:
- a top portion configured to be positioned covering a top of a user's head; and
- first and second side portions extending downward from the top portion; and
- a helmet unconnected to the impact-resistant pad, the helmet configured to be positioned overtop of the impact-resistant pad when the impact-resistant pad is positioned on the user's head.
26. The system of claim 25, wherein the first and second side portions comprise a front portion and a rear portion.
27. The system of claim 26, wherein the back portion extends a greater distance from the top portion than the front portion.
28. The system of claim 25, wherein the first and second side portions are not directly connected to each other.
29. The system of claim 28, wherein a circumferential gap is formed between the first side portion and the second side portion.
30. The system of claim 29, wherein the helmet covers the circumferential gap when it is positioned overtop of the impact-resistant pad.
31. The system of claim 25, wherein the top portion includes a plurality of openings for providing ventilation to the user's head.
32. The system of claim 31, wherein the plurality of openings are formed around the periphery of the top portion.
33. The system of claim 25, wherein the impact-resistant pad includes a layer of elastomeric material.
34. The system of claim 33, wherein the impact-resistant pad consists of a single layer of the elastomeric material.
35. The system of claim 33, wherein the impact-resistant pad comprises a plurality of layers of elastomeric material.
36. The system of claim 35, wherein the impact-resistant pad further comprises a layer of high tensile strength fibrous material between two layers of elastomeric material.
37. The system of claim 25, wherein the impact-resistant pad has a thickness of no greater than approximately 13 mm.
38. An impact-resistant pad for a protective headgear system comprising:
- a top portion configured to be positioned covering a top of a user's head; and
- first and second side portions extending downward from the top portion,
- wherein the impact-resistant pad is unconnected to any supporting structure, and is configured to be worn under a helmet.
39. The impact-resistant pad of claim 38, wherein the first and second side portions comprise a front portion and a rear portion.
40. The impact-resistant pad of claim 39, wherein the back portion extends a greater distance from the top portion than the front portion.
41. The impact-resistant pad of claim 38, wherein the first and second side portions are not directly connected to each other.
42. The impact-resistant pad of claim 41, wherein a circumferential gap is formed between the first side portion and the second side portion.
43. The impact-resistant pad of claim 38, wherein the top portion includes a plurality of openings for providing ventilation to the user's head.
44. The impact-resistant pad of claim 43, wherein the plurality of openings are formed around the periphery of the top portion.
45. The impact-resistant pad of claim 38, wherein the impact-resistant pad includes a layer of elastomeric material.
46. The impact-resistant pad of claim 45, wherein the impact-resistant pad consists of a single layer of the elastomeric material.
47. The impact-resistant pad of claim 45, wherein the impact-resistant pad comprises a plurality of layers of elastomeric material.
48. The impact-resistant pad of claim 47, wherein the impact-resistant pad further comprises a layer of high tensile strength fibrous material between two layers of elastomeric material.
49. The impact-resistant pad of claim 38, wherein the impact-resistant pad has a thickness of no greater than approximately 13 mm.
50. A helmet padding system comprising:
- a helmet shell configured to be positioned on the head of a user;
- a spacing pad positioned within an interior of the helmet shell and unconnected to the helmet shell, the spacing pad including a layer of elastomeric material, the spacing pad comprising a central portion and a plurality of extending portions projecting outward from the central portion; and
- a deflection layer positioned between the helmet shell and the spacing pad, the deflection layer less flexible than the spacing pad.
51. The system of claim 50, further comprising a plurality of absorption pads coupled to the spacing pad opposite the deflection layer, the plurality of absorption pads comprising a first absorption pad coupled to the central portion of the spacing pad and remaining absorption pads coupled to ends of the extending portions of the spacing pad.
52. The system of claim 50, wherein the plurality of extending portions project outward at regular intervals from the central portion.
53. The system of claim 52, wherein the regular intervals are approximately every 90°.
54. The system of claim 53, wherein each extending portion has an end portion with a greater width than a remainder of the extending portion.
55. The system of claim 54, wherein the end portions of adjacent extending portions overlap with each other when the spacing pad is positioned within the helmet shell.
56. The system of claim 50, wherein the spacing pad consists of a single layer of the elastomeric material.
57. The system of claim 50, wherein the spacing pad comprises a plurality of layers of elastomeric material.
58. The system of claim 57, wherein the spacing pad further comprises a layer of high tensile strength fibrous material between two layers of elastomeric material.
59. The system of claim 50, wherein the spacing pad comprises an array of raised portions formed on a surface thereof.
60. The system of claim 59, wherein the raised portions have a rectangular shape.
61. The system of claim 60, wherein the raised portions have a square shape.
62. The system of claim 59, wherein the raised portions have a diamond shape.
63. The system of claim 50, wherein the spacing pad comprises a top portion configured to be positioned covering a top of a user's head, and first and second side portions extending downward from the top portion.
64. The impact-resistant pad of claim 63, wherein the first and second side portions comprise a front portion and a rear portion.
65. The impact-resistant pad of claim 63, wherein the first and second side portions are not directly connected to each other.
66. The impact-resistant pad of claim 65, wherein a circumferential gap is formed between the first side portion and the second side portion.
67. The impact-resistant pad of claim 63, wherein the top portion includes a plurality of openings for providing ventilation to the user's head.
68. The system of claim 50, wherein the deflection layer has a shape corresponding to the shape of the spacing pad.
69. The system of claim 50, wherein the deflection layer comprises a polycarbonate material.
70. The system of claim 50, further comprising a deformation layer positioned between the deflection layer and the spacing pad, the deformation layer configured to deform upon experiencing a force from an impact.
71. The system of claim 70, wherein the deformation layer has a shape corresponding to the shape of the spacing pad.
72. The system of claim 70, wherein the deformation layer comprises corrugated plastic material.
73. The system of claim 70, wherein the deformation layer is configured to plastically deform upon experiencing the force from the impact.
74. The system of claim 50, further comprising a plurality of deflection plates coupled to the helmet, the deflection plates positioned to slidably abut the deflection layer, the deflection plates being formed from the same material as the deflection layer.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 14, 2013
Publication Date: Mar 13, 2014
Applicant: MATSCITECHNO LICENSING COMPANY (Kennett Square, PA)
Inventor: Robert A. Vito (Kennett Square, PA)
Application Number: 13/740,443