FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICE AND METHOD
The present invention relates to a fluid measuring device comprising a capillary device and a non-linear response device. The capillary device typically having a flow channel comprising a contraction with a sidelet upstream and sidelet downstream of the contraction, the sidelets each comprises a pressure sensor arranged to determine the pressure drop over the contraction, the geometry of the flow channel of the capillary device being adapted to provide a flow response by the linear effects in the fluid, with the least response from the non-linear effects in the fluid. The non-linear response device typically having a flow channel connected to the flow channel of the capillary device, the flow channel of the non-linear response device comprising sidelets arranged to determine a pressure drop over at least a part of the flow channel, wherein the geometry of the flow channel of the non-linear response device being adapted to provide a flow response primarily driven by the non-linear effects in the fluid.
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The present invention relates to a fluid measuring device comprising a capillary device and a non-linear response device. The capillary device typically having a flow channel comprising a contraction with a sidelet upstream and sidelet downstream of the contraction, the sidelets each comprises a pressure sensor arranged to determine the pressure drop over the contraction, the geometry of the flow channel of the capillary device being adapted to provide a flow response by the linear effects in the fluid, with the least response from the non-linear effects in the fluid. The non-linear response device typically having a flow channel connected to the flow channel of the capillary device, the flow channel of the non-linear response device comprising sidelets arranged to determine a pressure drop over at least a part of the flow channel, wherein the geometry of the flow channel of the non-linear response device being adapted to provide a flow response primarily driven by the non-linear effects in the fluid.
The invention also relates to method of utilising devices according to the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONReference is made to WO 2009/061943 A9, Publication 14 May 2009 Entitled: Micro Rheometer for measuring flow viscosity and elasticity for micro sample volumes, and Helen L. Bandey et al. (Helen et al), Blood rheological characterization using the thickness-shear mode resonator, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 19, 1657 (2004).
Choice of MaterialsThe device described in WO 2009/061943 A9 involves electrodes of Au (gold), and it is therefore very sensitive to high temperatures. The devices disclosed in WO 2009/061943 A9 are explicitly described as being fabricated using clean-room techniques, which involve less corrosion and heat-resistive metals.
Mobility and Robustness Against Varying Working Conditions Even though the fluid characterization in both WO 2009/061943 A9 and Helen et al involves small microchannel, these two devices, as described in WO 2009/061943 A9 and Helen et al., cannot be realized in a mobile handheld device of the same dimensions and weight as for the invention (described above), because they both depend on a pump producing a fixed precise volume-flowrate. With present prior art technology, such pumps must be syringe-pumps, which exceeds more than 10 fold the volume and weight of the invention, as described above.
Further DrawbackThe devices and methods disclosed in WO 2009/061943 A9 and Helen et al also suffer the draw back of being less efficient, difficult to produce and sensitive to external influences.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTIONHence, improved devices and methods for determining one or more properties of fluid would be advantageous, and in particular a more efficient and/or reliable device and method would be advantageous.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an alternative to the prior art.
In particular, it may be seen as an object of the present invention to provide a device and a method that solves the above mentioned problems of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThus, the above described object and several other objects are intended to be obtained in a first aspect of the invention by providing a fluid measuring device preferably comprising a first device herein referred to as a capillary device and a second device herein referred to as a non-linear response device wherein
-
- the capillary device having a flow channel comprising a contraction with a sidelet upstream and sidelet downstream of the contraction, the sidelets each comprises a pressure sensor arranged to determine the pressure drop over the contraction, the geometry of the flow channel of the capillary device being adapted to provide a flow response by the linear effects in the fluid, with the least response from the non-linear effects in the fluid,
- the non-linear response device having a flow channel connected, preferably directly, to the flow channel of the capillary device, the flow channel of the non-linear response device comprising sidelets arranged to determine a pressure drop over at least a part of the flow channel, wherein the geometry of the flow channel of the non-linear response device being adapted to provide a flow response primarily driven by the non-linear effects in the fluid.
Preferably, a fluid measuring device according to the present invention may comprise a capillary device and a non-linear response device wherein
-
- the capillary device comprising a flow channel for determining the volume flow through the channel and two sidelets each comprising a pressure sensor arranged at a distal end of the sidelet, the sidelets being arranged in the capillary device to determine the pressure drop over at least a part of flow channel,
- the non-linear response device comprising a flow channel directly connected to the flow channel of the capillary device, the flow channel of the non-linear response device being a curved channel and comprising sidelets each comprising a pressure sensor arranged at distal end of the sidelet, the sidelets being arranged to determine a pressure drop over at least a part of the flow channel, the curved channel comprising
- two opposite curved wall sections extending asymmetrically to each other at least through out a part of the flow channel, wherein
- one of the opposing curved wall sections defines a bump in the flow channel,
- an opening of one of the sidelets arranged immediately downstream of maximum height of the bump.
- two opposite curved wall sections extending asymmetrically to each other at least through out a part of the flow channel, wherein
Preferably, the geometry of the flow channel of the capillary device being adapted to provide a flow response by the linear effects in a fluid, with the least response from the non-linear effects in the fluid.
Preferably, two opposite curved wall sections extends asymmetrically to each other at least through out a part of the flow channel so as to provide a fluid deflection into a flow pattern with curved stream lines from an inlet and to an outlet of the flow channel with increased shear in flow regions at the bump
First, the invention differs from a broad group of rheometers (e.g. conventional cup-rheometers) as the invention does not involve movement of any other material than the fluid to be investigated. Second, the invention does not require any additives to be added to the fluid as part of the measurement procedure.
The action of the invention involves primarily the creation of specific flow patterns, arising from the contact between the fluid and a spatial structuring of the channel-walls. Therefore, a preferred constraint on the channel-wall material is that it should be rigid. On that basis, highly resistant channel-wall materials can be chosen, such that the invention can characterize fluids, which can be very reactive and corrosive. Similarly, channel-wall materials can be chosen (e.g. ceramics), such that the invention can characterize fluid-gasses at high temperature (e.g. above the melting temperature of most metals used in the chemical industry, that is 1500° C.).
The physical dimensions of the invention can then be reduced dramatically, compared to common cup-rheometers, without compromising the functionality. This is partly because the invention does not involve any moving parts, except of the fluid, and also because the physical phenomena, utilized in the functionality of the invention, does not require large volumes of the fluid. This, combined with the fact that the energy consumption required for operating the invention is small enough to be supplied by a small battery, makes it possible for one realization of the invention to be a handheld device.
Preferably, the curved wall section opposing the curved wall section defining a bump extends in a manner increasing or decreasing the cross sectional area of the flow channel downstream of the bump.
In preferred embodiments of the fluid measuring device according to the invention, wherein the flow channel of the linear flow response device is a straight channel.
Preferably, the curved wall section defining a bump extends from the inlet of the non-linear response device and to the top of the bump in a convex manner and in a convex manner from the top of the bump and to the outlet of the non-linear response device, and the opposing wall section extend from the inlet and to the outlet of the non-linear response device in a concave manner.
Furthermore, the sidelets of the non-linear response device are preferably arranged on opposite sides of the flow channel.
In many preferred embodiments of the invention, the capillary device being adapted to produce a symmetric flow inside the flow channel.
Typically, the volume of the flow channel of the non-linear response device is preferably at least 2 times, such as at least 4 times, preferably at least 8 times larger than the volume of the flow channel of the capillary device.
In some preferred embodiments, the flow channels and the sidelets of the measuring device are square-shaped.
According to many preferred embodiments of the inention, the flow channels and sidelets of the measuring device are provided in a single block of material, preferably by cutting, milling, moulding, or electric discharge machining. Furthermore, the flow channels and sidelets of the measuring device are preferably defined by wall elements made of plastic or metal.
In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, the flow channel of the capillary device comprising a narrowing section upstream and a expanding section downstream of a contraction preferably being a straight section, preferably with the sidelets being arranged upstream and downstream of the contraction.
Preferably, the geometrical dimensions of the flow channel of the capillary device, the flow channel of the non-linear response device and of the sidelets is in the micro meter range size.
In many preferred embodiments of the invention, the flow channel of the non-linear response device comprising a constriction at an inlet of the flow channel, and wherein flow channel downstream of the constriction has a diffuser geometry with diverging sides, the diffuser geometry is terminated by a wall having an outlet, a sidelet is arranged at the constriction and a sidelet is arranged at the wall.
In further preferred embodiments, the flow channel of the non-linear response device comprises a single connected transition channel reaching from an inlet to an outlet, and one of the sidelets is connected to the part of transition channel in vicinity of the inlet, and the other of the sidelets is connected to the transition channel in vicinity of outlet, but not in direct connection with the outlet. A substantial geometrical feature, preferably being the parts defining the flow, of the transition channel may preferably consists of two curved walls on opposite sides of the channel, which acts to deflect the fluid flow into a curved path.
Preferred embodiments of the invention may further comprise a pump for pumping fluid through the capillary device and the non-linear response device. Preferably, the pump is a manually actuated pump, such as a piston pump. Furthermore, the measuring device and the pump may advantageously be formed as handheld device in the form of a pipette, such as a micro-pipette.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the measuring device is integrated in a lab equipments or a production facility.
A particular embodiment, a mobile handheld device, will be small enough to fit within a common micro-pipette, complete with batteries and a small display for showing quantitatively the results from the fluid characterization measurements. There will be no time-delay in processing the measurements into these quantitative results.
For the handheld device the combined dimensions of the following parts: the invention, measurement-processing electronics, battery, and display, is estimated to fit within: 3×1,5×1,5 cm, with a estimated weight below 40 gram.
Furthermore, the manual hand-pump, used on common micro-pipettes, will be sufficient for all fluid transport, since the invention can give precise fluid characterization measurements even in situations where the overall flowrate through the device varies in an uncontrolled manner. This flowrate-correcting functionality makes not only the handheld realizations of the invention, but all realizations very robust against variations in working conditions; this includes also variations in working condition temperature and pressure.
In a second aspect the invention preferably relates to a method of determining one or more properties of a fluid, the method preferably utilizes a device according to the first aspect of the invention, and a characterization of interaction between a given fluid and the channel, the characterization comprising corresponding values of flow rate (Q), or a derived parameter, pressure difference (ΔP) and a property (C) of the fluid. By corresponding values means preferably that they are all obtained for the same flow situation. E.g. for a given flow rate Q′ the pressure difference ΔP′ is determined and the fluid property C′ is known, whereby the corresponding values are [Q′, ΔP′, C′]. The method typically comprising determining the pressure difference over the capillary device and the non-linear response device, and deriving from the characterization the property of the fluid based on the determined pressure differences.
One important effect of the combination of the capillary device used for determining the volume flow and the non-linear response device used for providing the shear-thinning or shear-thickening of the fluid is that the flow through the device needs not to be stationary and/or fully developed. It has e.g. been found that the device works very well with a varying volume flow through the device. In addition, the invention provides the possibility of determining the inherent composition of the fluid, by using the information coming from both the volume flow and the fluid property e.g. a concentration of a substance in the fluid. It is noted that there often exists a relation between pressure difference and flow rate and therefore the flow rate may be expressed as a pressure difference.
Furthermore, as the fluid considered typically is incompressible the flow rate may either be volume flow (such as expressed in m3/h) or mass flow (such as kg/h).
Preferably, a method of determining one or more properties of a fluid according to the present invention utilizes
-
- a fluid measuring device according to the first aspect of the invention, and
- a characterization of interaction between a given fluid and the flow channel of the fluid measuring device, the characterization comprising corresponding values of a property of the fluid, values of pressure differences between the sidelets of the non-linear response device, and values of either pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device (ΔPQ), flow rates through the device or both
and the method preferably comprises - feeding a non-Newtonian fluid through the device at a flow rate producing shear-thinning at least locally in the non-linear response device,
- determining the pressure difference between the sidelets of capillary device and of the non-linear response device,
- deriving from the characterization the property of the fluid being fed through the fluid measuring device based on the determined pressure difference between the sidelets of the non-linear device together with the pressure difference between the sidelets of the capillary device.
The non-Newtonian fluid is preferably selected from the group consisting of visco-elastic fluids. Preferably, the fluid is sugar dissolved in water and the property being determined is the sugar concentration, the fluid is paints and the property being determined is the rate of shear-thinning, the fluid is enamel and the property being determined is the rate of shear-thinning, the fluid is engine oil and the property being determined is the degradation of the oil, or the fluid is engine fuel and the property being determined is the type of engine fuel
In preferred embodiments, the method further comprises determining to flow rate through the device based on the characterization and the determined pressure differences.
Methods according to preferred embodiments of the invention may further comprise obtaining a characterization by
-
- feeding a non-Newtonian fluid at number of different known flow rates and with a number of different known properties of the fluid through the device,
- recording the pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device and the non-linear response device resulting therefrom
thereby obtaining a characterization comprising corresponding data sets of - values of flow rates through the device and property of the fluid, and
- pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device and the non-linear response device,
for a number of different volume flow rates through the device and for a number of known and different properties of the fluid.
Preferably, the number of different known flow rates is selected between 50 and 100 and the number of different known properties of the fluid is selected between 50 and 100, whereby the number of corresponding data sets is between 2.500 and 10.000.
According to preferred embodiments, the corresponding data sets may be degenerated into corresponding data sets
-
- of property of the fluid corresponding to the pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device and the non-linear response device, or
- of values of the flow rate through the device and property of the fluid corresponding to the pressure differences between the sidelets the non-linear response device,
by use of a functional relations ship between the flow rate and the pressure between the sidelets of the capillary device.
Preferably, the feeding flow rate of the non-Newtonian fluid through the device at a flow rate producing shear-thinning at least locally in the non-linear response device may be constants during the determination of the one ore more properties of the fluid. Alternatively, the feeding flow rate of the non-Newtonian fluid through the device at a flow rate producing shear-thinning at least locally in the non-linear response device may vary during the determination of the one or more fluid properties of the fluid.
The characterization may preferably be stored as a database in electronic storage medium, and the execution of the method may be assisted by use of a computer.
In the present context, a number of terms are used in an ordinary manner. However, for the sake of completeness some of the terms are explained below.
Pressure drop over a channel is preferably used to mean a pressure change being positive or negative in the streamvise direction of the channel
Directly connected is preferably use to mean that all the fluid flowing through the capillary device flows through the non-linear response device.
Immediately downstream of the maximum height of the bump is preferably used to mean that the upstream edge of the opening of the sidelet being arranged in a position downstream of the maximum height of the bump being less than 5% such as less than 1% of the distance measured by a straight line extending from the inlet and to the outlet of the non-linear response device.
A bump is preferably used to mean a wall geometry which first tends to increase the boundary layer momentum thickness and subsequently tends to decrease the boundary layer momentum thickness. The maximum height of the bump is preferably used to mean the point (in two dimension) or the line (in three dimension) where the increase in boundary layer momentum thickness changes into a decrease in boundary layer momentum thickness. In many preferred embodiments the maximum height coincides with a geometrical maximum height where the horizontal is direction is defined as the flow direction of the fluid into the device.
A constriction is preferably used to mean that the cross sectional area of a flow channel is locally reduced. A constriction is typically provided by a bump or narrowing cross section in the flow channel. Contraction is preferably used interchangeably with constriction.
Straight channel means preferably a channel extending symmetrically along a straight line; the straight channel may accordingly comprise variations in cross sectional areas.
Herein two realizations of the non-linear response device are introduced with the following names: High shear viscosity device, and Low shear viscosity device.
High shear viscosity device, in short HSV device, means preferably a device in which a flow is established resulting in at least locally shear thinning. Low shear viscosity device, in short LSV device, means preferably a device in which a flow is established in which inertia effects influences the flow. The HSV and LSV devices are members of the generic class of devices named Shear viscosity devices which preferably means a device designed to operated either as a HSV or a LSV device.
The 2 Dimensional Flow Presented is a Representation of a Real Physical 3D FlowThe following embodiments of the invention are presented by flows restricted to two dimensions (2D flow), and this generally corresponds to full three dimensional fluid flows and device structures, where the variation along the third dimension (perpendicular to the presented two dimensions) is insignificant related to the variations along the two presented dimensions. In practice, this can be accomplished by having the height (along the third dimension) of the fluid confinement being at least twice the maximal channel width (along the two presented dimensions).
It is noted that although the present invention as disclosed herein may appear to reside in a 2 dimensional flow regime, the invention is not limited to such 2 dimensional flow regimes. In practice, the invention may operate equally well in a full 3 dimensional flow regime and such regimes are also considered within the scope of the invention.
The devices realizing the invention are preferably based on extruding a planar design into the height dimension, and thereby having a fixed height all over the fluid region. This type of device realization is used since it simplifies the numerical process in obtaining the presented devices, but the invention should not be limited to this planar-based approach, but rather capture any three dimensional channel structure.
Capillary device which preferably is used as an identifying name for a flow device means preferably a device used to determine the volume flow through either the HSV device or the LSC device. As indicated by the wording capillary, the device comprises restricted flow passage(s) but is not restricted to a device producing capillary flow or effects. In general, a capillary is a flow device in which no shear thinning or thickening occur while shear thinning or thickening occur in the non-linear flow device. Similarly a non-linear flow device which preferably is used as an identifying name for a flow device is preferably a device in which shear thinning or thickening occur at the same flow situation which do not create a shear thinning or thickening in the capillary device.
Sidelet means preferably channel branch extending from the flow channel of the flow device and to a pressure sensor constituting a closed end wall of the sidelet. The length of the sidelet is selected so as to be sufficient to assure that substantially no shear is generated by the flow at the closed end wall of the sidelets. In many practical preferred embodiments of the invention, the ratio between the length, L, and the width, W, of the sidelet is typical W/L<0.5 such as W/L<0.25 preferably W/L<0.125 where W is defined as the square root of [cross sectional area of the opening of the sidelet into the flow channel multiplied by 4 and divided by Pi] and the length is defined as the volume of the sidelet divided by the cross sectional area of the opening of the sidelet into the flow channel.
As presented herein, the non-linear response device is in accordance with many preferred embodiments shaped with curved wall section. The curvature of these wall sections are selected so that the effects of curved wall section is to accelerate the fluid to increase the shear in the fluid typically up to a geometrical maxima typically being the maximum height of a bump and subsequently an additional acceleration of fluid. It is noted that “accelerate” is used in the general meaning as a change of local velocity, including situations such as: acceleration, deceleration, and transverse acceleration, where the latter results in a curved flow path. The curvature of the wall sections are preferably designed so that the dot-product between the gradient of the pressure and the velocity inside the channel is close to zero except at a region close to the geometrical maxima.
Shear is used as an abbreviation for shear-rate which in a two dimensional form can be written as (having velocity components u,v in an coordinate system with axis x, y):
It is noted, again, that the invention is not limited to 2 dimensional flow regimes.
Rheometry generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the rheological properties of materials, that is the quantitative and qualitative relationships between deformations and stresses and their derivatives.
A flow response by the linear effects means preferably that there exists a significant linear relation between variations in the action (which in this particular case is variations of the flow-rate Q) and the response being measured (which in this particular case is variations of the pressure difference, measured by the pressure sensors at two sidelets).
A flow response by the non-linear effects means preferably that there exists a significant non-linear relation between variations in the action (which in this particular case is variations of the flow-rate Q) and the response being measured (which in this particular case is variations of the pressure difference, measured by the pressure sensors at two sidelets).
A linear relation f(x) is described by a first-order polynomial f(x)=A+B·x, where A, B are real numbers.
A non-linear relation g(x) is a relation which cannot significantly be described by a linear relation. In most cases, a non-linear relation further involves second-order or higher-order polynomials: g(x)=A+B·x+C·x2+D·x3+ . . . , where A, B, C, D, . . . are real numbers.
The first, and second aspects of the present invention may each be combined with any of the other aspects. These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
The various aspects and embodiments according to the invention will now be described in more details with regard to the accompanying figures. The figures show ways of implementing the present invention and are not to be construed as being limiting to other possible embodiments falling within the scope of the invention.
The present invention resides inter alia in the finding that at least for fluids where the magnitude of internal properties of the fluid such as viscosity depends on the shear of the flow, a device can be designed which can be used to determine properties of the fluid in question. Examples on such devices are presented below.
Low Shear Viscosity DeviceReference is made to
The capillary device 2 has an flow channel 4 having a narrowing section 4a—in the form of a funnel—upstream of a contraction 4b, being a straight section, and an expanding section 4c downstream of the straight section 4b. Two sidelets 5a and 5b are connected to the narrowing respectively the expanding section 4a, 4c. The sidelets 5a and 5b are channels communicating the pressure in the fluid in the channel 4 to pressure transducers 6a and 6b respectively. The capillary device 1 is calibrated so that the volume flow Q through the capillary device 1 can be established from the pressure difference detected by the transducers 6a and 6b, that is the volume flow Q is determinable from ΔPQ.
A further embodiment of a capillary device 2 is shown schematically in
The non-linear response device 3 is located downstream of the capillary device 2 and receives the same amount of fluid as has passed through the capillary device 2. In the embodiment shown in
The device 1 may preferably also comprise a pump to pump (or suck) fluid through device. It is further noted that the channels of the device are closed channels in the sense that they constitute tubes. Furthermore, the capillary device 2 and the non-linear response device 3 are connected without any further elements than the channel leading fluid from the outlet of the capillary device 2 to the inlet of the non-linear response device 3. Often the capillary device 2 and the non-linear response device are formed in a single block of material.
Reference is made to
Before a fluid measuring device 1 according to the present invention is used for determining e.g. sugar concentration of a fluid, a characterization of the device 1 is carried out. The characterization comprises for a number of known and different sugar concentrations, that the volume flow through the non-linear response device 3 is determined by the capillary device 2 and the corresponding pressure difference over the non-linear response device 3 is recorded. Thus, a set of data is produced for each concentration:
Each such set of data is shown as vertical lines in the Q,Csugar plot of
(Q,Csugar)1 . . . m<->(ΔPQ,ΔPC)1 . . . m
has been plotted and their internal correspondence indicated by dots. While the data sets typically are ordered in pairs of data, it should be noted that a corresponding set of data may also include a set of data comprising corresponding values of Q, Csugar, ΔPQ and ΔPC.
Upon measuring, that is determination of a unknown sugar concentration in a fluid, the fluid is pumped through the capillary device 2 and through the non-linear response device 3. Corresponding values of ΔP′Q, ΔP′C are determined by the transducers and recorded (a subscript ′ is used to indicated measuring an unknown fluid) and the corresponding set of data Q, Csugar is identified whereby both the actual volume flow and the sugar concentration has been determined.
Often there is no exact match in the data sets produced during characterization and an interpolation is therefore carried out. One such interpolation could be based on the four closest set of data as indicated in
Furthermore, Q and ΔPQ are often linearly related due to the linear flow response in the linear response device, that is: Q is proportional to ΔPQ. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, only one of Q and ΔPQ is measured during establishment of the characterisation and the other determined from a functional relations ship between the two parameters. In these situations, the corresponding data sets
(Q,Csugar)1 . . . m<->(ΔPQ,ΔPC)1 . . . m
may degenerate into
(Csugar)1 . . . m<->(ΔPQ,ΔPC)1 . . . m
or
(Q,Csugar)1 . . . m<->(ΔPC)1 . . . m
which may be used as the characterization.
Although embodiments as above have proven to provide advantageous results in determining e.g. sugar concentration, other embodiments may be more effective in measuring on fluids. The above embodiment has a tendency to operate in the low shear viscosity range and in other applications of the invention, a device designed to and operating in high shear viscosity range has proven more effective to provide accurate measurements.
High Shear Viscosity DeviceAs a result of working with Non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity depends directly on the local shear. The shear, however, has to exceed a specific value before its effect on the fluid results in a change of the viscosity. This is illustrated in
The curve T represents the threshold in the shear dependence, such that below this, the viscosity stays constant, and this region in shear rate values will be called the “Low shear Newtonian plateau” (LSNP). Above this threshold, the effect of increasing shear either lets the viscosity decrease, where the fluid is then denoted: “shear-thinning”, or the viscosity increase, making the fluid be denoted: “shear-thickening”. As seen in
In order for a fluid measuring device to actively use the shear rate dependence of the viscosity, it has to be secured that the working conditions of the device, both during the final usage, and during the design phase, have to involve shear rates above the LSNP.
The lower right corner of the parameter space in
To prevent mixed effects to influence the fluid property measurements, the fluid measuring device has to utilize the non-linear fluid properties within the shear-thinning region, but avoid dependence on the inertia region, of high Re.
During the design phase of the fluid measuring device, this requirement of sufficiently high shearing was ensured, such that the resulting device actually performs rheological measurements, and in that way broadens the range of applicability covered by the invention.
To distinguish between the two device examples presented, the first device shown in
As the LSV device (
As also seen from
In the case of the HSV device, the slope dependence will be implemented directly into the design process by artificially varying the slope of the shear-thinning rate. Closely related to the design process for the LSV device, the HSV design process will first involve a topology optimization of the device to maximize the variation in the pressure difference between two “sidelets” 11a and 11b in
When expressed mathematically, and using the same solvent (in this case water), the slope of the reference sugar solution AS only depends on the sugar concentration CS in the shear-thinning region: AS(CS). Then for the fictitious fluid, the artificial slope Af is set to: Af=F(1-n)AS(CS), where the factor F is assumed to be within the unit interval, so as to reduce the shear-thinning effect. The index (1-n) in the factor refers to the notation of the slope for a standard Power-law fluid, modeled by the Ostwald-de Waele relationship.
From the resulting free-form optimization geometries, the essential active structure is extracted, and the final design is adjusted by a shape optimization process, arriving at the HSV design shown in
The channel structure of the device, showed in
As illustrated in
In use, the device of
Contrary to the LSV device (
To underline the contribution from these two walls 8a, 8b, which are located by series of symbols in
As a result, different fluids with different shear-thinning rates (slopes) alter the pressure distribution within the HSV device, which can then be measured by the changes in the pressure difference across the sidelets.
Measurement Procedure in Relation to the HSV DeviceSimilarly to the measurement procedure for the LSV device (
Collectively, these two measurements contain sufficient information to measure the slope in the shear-thinning region, even in cases of varying overall flowrates, that is, in situations where the overall flowrate through the device varies in an uncontrolled manner during the measurement.
The measurement procedure is illustrated in
To the left of
It should be stressed, that the above example of device functionality has been specifically chosen to characterize the rate of shear-thinning, as this fluid property is generally seen in many fluids and is very illustrative in order to present the functionality of the invention. The invention is not limited to only characterize such simple properties of fluids, as it can be designed to monitor variations of more specialized fluid properties, such that the device may fulfill a specific goal as part of a larger fluid handling facility.
A particular preferred embodiment of a device according to the present invention relates to a small handheld device. The device comprises a capillary device 2 and a non-linear response device 3 as outlined above. The device is formed as a pipette with the capillary and the non-linear response device integrated in the pipette. The pressure sensors are connected to the a processor either being an integrated part of the pipette or through wires to e.g. a computer. The integrated processor or the computer being equipped with software and a characterisation thereby enabling the processor or the computer to determine the fluid property aimed at. Once activated, the pipette will such fluid through the device and the processor or the computer will provide the magnitude of the fluid property in question. This embodiment furthermore illustrates the advantageous feature of the invention that the flow through the device needs not to be stationary; the flow through the pipette device varies over time but the device is able to provide the desired magnitude of the fluid property in question.
In a further embodiment, the device is integrated in fluid connection of either a lab equipment, such as a test facility, or a production facility in which a certain fluid property is to be monitored. Again, the pressure sensors are connected to processor means, such as a computer, with software.
Details of the Geometri of the Non-Linear Response Devices Shown in FIGS. 1 and 4The following table I and II provides details as to the embodiments of the non-linear flow device disclosed in
-
- X-coordinate Y-coordinate
- −1.5000000e−003 2.2500000e−003
- −1.5000000e−003 2.7500000e−003
- 0.0000000e+000 2.2500000e−003
- 0.0000000e+000 2.4823456e−003
- 0.0000000e+000 2.7500000e−003
- 1.0000000e−005 2.4823456e−003
- 7.5000000e−005 1.7500000e−003
- 7.5000000e−005 2.3323456e−003
- 2.0000000e−004 2.4505824e−003
- 2.1000000e−004 2.4605824e−003
- 2.2500000e−003 −7.5000000e−004
- 2.2500000e−003 0.0000000e+000
- 2.2500000e−003 4.5000000e−003
- 2.2500000e−003 5.7500000e−003
- 2.7500000e−003 −7.5000000e−004
- 2.7500000e−003 5.0000000e−004
- 2.7500000e−003 5.0000000e−003
- 2.7500000e−003 5.7500000e−003
- 4.2000000e−003 4.5000000e−003
- 4.5000000e−003 5.0000000e−004
- 5.0000000e−003 5.0000000e−004
- 5.0000000e−003 1.7500000e−003
- 5.0000000e−003 2.2500000e−003
- 5.0000000e−003 5.0000000e−003
- 6.5000000e−003 1.7500000e−003
- 6.5000000e−003 2.2500000e−003
The description of the geometry of the device of
In the resulting geometry, specific corners are rounded using a “Fillet procedure” (where a circle of given radii has to tangentially touch each of the curve-elements approaching the corner). In the present geometry, the radii of all fillets is constant, equal 3e-5 meter, and the specific corners are indicated by bolded circles in
curve2([0.0022500000000000003,0.0022500000000000003],[0,−7.5e−4],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0022500000000000003,0.00275],[−7.5e−4,−7.5e−4],[1,1]),
curve2([0.00275,0.00275],[−7.5e−4,0],[1,1]),
curve2([0.00275,0.00425],[0,0.00399999−7.5e−4],[1,1]),
curve2([0.00425,0.0050,0.0050],[0.00399999−7.5e−4,0.00175,0.0030],[1,0.7071067811865475,1]),
curve2([0.0050,0.0055],[0.0030,0.0030],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0055,0.0055],[0.0030,0.0035],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0055,0.0050],[0.0035,0.0035],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0050,0.0050,0.0032500000000000003],[0.0035,0.0050,0.0050],[1,0.7 071067811865475,1]),
curve2([0.0032500000000000003,0.0017],[0.0050,0.00448216],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0017,0.00275],[0.00448216,0.0050],[1,1]),
curve2([0.00275,0.00275],[0.0050,0.00575],[1,1]),
curve2([0.00275,0.0022500000000000003],[0.00575,0.00575],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0022500000000000003,0.0022500000000000003],[0.00575,0.0050],[1,1]), curve2([0.0022500000000000003,0.0020],[0.0050,0.00475195],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0020,0.0020],[0.00475195,0.0050],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0020,0],[0.0050,0.0050],[1,1]),
curve2([0,0],[0.0050,0.00275],[1,1]),
curve2([0,−5.0e−4],[0.00275,0.00275],[1,1]),
curve2([−5.0e−4,−5.0e−4],[0.00275,0.0022500000000000003],[1,1]),
curve2([−5.0e−4,0],[0.0022500000000000003,0.0022500000000000003],[1,1]),
curve2([0,0,0.0040],[0.0022500000000000003,−0.00100000,0.00399999],[1,0.7071067811865475,1]),
curve2([0.0040,0.0022500000000000003],[0.00399999,5.0e−4],[1,1]),
curve2([0.0022500000000000003,0.0022500000000000003],[5.0e−4,0],[1,1]) fillet of radii 0.3e-4 at corners indicated with bolded circle.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with the specified embodiments, it should not be construed as being in any way limited to the presented examples. The scope of the present invention is set out by the accompanying claim set. In the context of the claims, the terms “comprising” or “comprises” do not exclude other possible elements or steps. Also, the mentioning of references such as “a” or “an” etc. should not be construed as excluding a plurality. The use of reference signs in the claims with respect to elements indicated in the figures shall also not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Furthermore, individual features mentioned in different claims, may possibly be advantageously combined, and the mentioning of these features in different claims does not exclude that a combination of features is not possible and advantageous.
Claims
1. A fluid measuring device comprising a capillary device and a non-linear response device, wherein:
- the capillary device comprises a flow channel for determining the volume flow through the channel and two sidelets each comprising a pressure sensor arranged at a distal end of the sidelet, the sidelets being arranged in the capillary device to determine the pressure drop over at least a part of flow channel, wherein the geometry of the flow channel of the capillary device is adapted to provide a flow response by the linear effects in a fluid, with the least response from the non-linear effects in the fluid, and
- the non-linear response device comprises a flow channel directly connected to the flow channel of the capillary device, the flow channel of the non-linear response device being a curved channel and comprising sidelets each comprising a pressure sensor arranged at distal end of the sidelet, the sidelets being arranged to determine a pressure drop over at least a part of the flow channel, wherein the curved channel comprises: two opposite curved wall sections extending asymmetrically to each other at least through out a part of the flow channel, wherein one of the opposing curved wall sections defines a bump in the flow channel, so as to provide a fluid deflection into a flow pattern with curved stream lines from an inlet and to an outlet of the flow channel with increased shear in flow regions at the bump and an opening of one of the sidelets is arranged immediately downstream of maximum height of the bump.
2-34. (canceled)
35. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the curved wall section opposing the curved wall section defining a bump extends in a manner increasing or decreasing the cross sectional area of the flow channel downstream of the bump.
36. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the flow channel of the linear flow response device is a straight channel.
37. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein
- the curved wall section defining a bump extends from the inlet of the non-linear response device and to the top of the bump in a convex manner and in a convex manner from the top of the bump and to the outlet of the non-linear response device, and
- the opposing wall section extends from the inlet to the outlet of the non-linear response device in a concave manner.
38. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the sidelets of the non-linear response device are arranged on opposite sides of the flow channel.
39. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the capillary device is adapted to produce a symmetric flow.
40. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the volume of the flow channel of the non-linear response device is at least two times larger than the volume of the flow channel of the capillary device.
41. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the flow channels and the sidelets of the measuring device are square-shaped.
42. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the flow channels and sidelets of the measuring device are provided in a single block of material.
43. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the flow channels and sidelets of the measuring device are defined by wall elements made of plastic or metal.
44. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the flow channel of the capillary device comprises a narrowing section upstream and a expanding section downstream of a contraction with the sidelets being arranged upstream and downstream of the contraction.
45. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the geometrical dimensions of the flow channel of the capillary device, the flow channel of the non-linear response device and of the sidelets is in the micro meter range size.
46. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the flow channel of the non-linear response device comprises a constriction at an inlet of the flow channel, and wherein flow channel downstream of the constriction has a diffuser geometry with diverging sides, the diffuser geometry is terminated by a wall having an outlet, a sidelet is arranged at the constriction and a sidelet is arranged at the wall.
47. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the flow channel of the non-linear response device comprises a single connected transition channel reaching from an inlet to an outlet, and one of the sidelets is connected to the part of transition channel in vicinity of the inlet, and the other of the sidelets is connected to the transition channel in vicinity of outlet, but not in direct connection with the outlet.
48. The fluid measuring device according to claim 47, wherein substantial geometrical feature of the transition channel consists of two curved walls on opposite sides of the channel, which acts to deflect the fluid flow into a curved path.
49. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, further comprising a pump for pumping fluid through the capillary device and the non-linear response device.
50. The fluid measuring device according to claim 49, wherein the pump is a manually actuated pump.
51. The fluid measuring device according to claim 49, wherein the measuring device and the pump is formed as a handheld device in the form of a pipette.
52. The fluid measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the measuring device is integrated in lab equipment or a production facility.
53. A method of determining one or more properties of a fluid, the method comprising:
- providing a fluid measuring device according to claim 1, and
- characterizing an interaction between a given fluid and the flow channel of the fluid measuring device, wherein the characterization comprises a determination of: the values of a property of the fluid, the values of pressure differences between the sidelets of the non-linear response device, or the values of either pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device, flow rates through the device or both, wherein the method further comprises:
- feeding a non-Newtonian fluid through the device at a flow rate producing shear-thinning at least locally in the non-linear response device,
- determining the pressure difference between the sidelets of capillary device and of the non-linear response device, and
- deriving from the characterization the property of the fluid being fed through the fluid measuring device based on the determined pressure difference between the sidelets of the non-linear device together with the pressure difference between the sidelets of the capillary device.
54. The method according to claim 53, wherein the non-Newtonian fluid is a visco-elastic fluid.
55. The method according to claim 53, wherein the fluid is sugar dissolved in water and the property being determined is the sugar concentration.
56. The method according to claim 53, wherein the fluid is a paint and the property being determined is the rate of shear-thinning.
57. The method according to claim 53, wherein the fluid is an enamel and the property being determined is the rate of shear-thinning.
58. The method according to claim 53, wherein the fluid is an engine oil and the property being determined is the degradation of the oil.
59. The method according to claim 53, wherein the fluid is an engine fuel and the property being determined is the type of engine fuel
60. The method according to claim 53, further comprising determining the flow rate through the device based on the characterization and the determined pressure differences.
61. The method according to claim 53, further comprising obtaining a characterization by:
- feeding a non-Newtonian fluid at number of different known flow rates and with a number of different known properties of the fluid through the device,
- recording the pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device and the non-linear response device resulting therefrom thereby obtaining a characterization comprising corresponding data sets of:
- values of flow rates through the device and property of the fluid, and
- pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device and the non-linear response device for a number of different volume flow rates through the device and for a number of known and different properties of the fluid.
62. The method according to claim 53, wherein the number of different known flow rates is selected between 50 and 100 and the number of different known properties of the fluid is selected between 50 and 100, whereby the number of corresponding data sets is between 2.500 and 10.000.
63. The method according to claim 53, wherein the corresponding data sets are degenerated into corresponding data sets
- of property of the fluid corresponding to the pressure differences between the sidelets of the capillary device and the non-linear response device, or
- of values of the flow rate through the device and property of the fluid corresponding to the pressure differences between the sidelets the non-linear response device,
- by use of a functional relationship between the flow rate and the pressure between the sidelets of the capillary device.
64. The method according to claim 53, wherein the feeding flow rate of the non-Newtonian fluid through the device at a flow rate producing shear-thinning at least locally in the non-linear response device is constant during the determination of the one or more properties of the fluid.
65. The method according to claim 53, wherein the feeding flow rate of the non-Newtonian fluid through the device at a flow rate producing shear-thinning at least locally in the non-linear response device varies during the determination of the one or more fluid properties of the fluid.
66. The method according to claim 53, wherein the characterization is stored as a database in electronic storage medium.
67. The method according to claim 53, wherein execution of the method is assisted by use of a computer.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 22, 2012
Publication Date: May 22, 2014
Patent Grant number: 9599548
Applicant: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (Lyngby)
Inventor: Fridolin Okkels (Copenhagen S)
Application Number: 14/123,827
International Classification: G01N 11/08 (20060101); G01F 1/40 (20060101);