CONNECTION SURFACE FOR A STRUCTURAL UNIT
A connection surface that is disposed on at least a portion of a face of a structural unit comprises a first convex surface and a first concave surface arranged substantially along a first line. The shape of the first concave surface is complementary to the shape of the first convex surface. A second convex surface and a second concave surface are arranged substantially along a second line that is substantially parallel to the first line. The shape of the second concave surface is complementary to the shape of the second convex surface. The concave-convex order of the second line is reversed relative to the first line, such that the second convex surface corresponds with the first concave surface and the second concave surface corresponds with the first convex surface.
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This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/727,472, filed Nov. 16, 2012.
FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe subject disclosure relates to pavers, edgers, wall blocks, curbs, caps, precast wall panels, revetment mats, and other structural units, and in particular to connectors for structural units.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIt is well known to construct pavers, edgers, walls, curbs, caps, precast wall panels, revetment mats, and other structures with structural units. Such structural units can be manufactured from concrete, clay, brick, plastic, or various other materials.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAn embodiment of the invention provides a connection surface that is disposed on at least a portion of a face of a structural unit. The connection surface comprises a first convex surface and a first concave surface arranged substantially along a first line. The shape of the first concave surface is complementary to the shape of the first convex surface. A second convex surface and a second concave surface are arranged substantially along a second line that is substantially parallel to the first line. The shape of the second concave surface is complementary to the shape of the second convex surface. The concave-convex order of the second line is reversed relative to the first line, such that the second convex surface corresponds with the first concave surface and the second concave surface corresponds with the first convex surface.
Embodiments of the invention provide, among other things, a connection surface disposed on at least a portion of a face of a structural unit. Structural units, structures including structural units, and methods for connecting structural units are also provided herein. It will be understood that illustration and description of connection structures will be applicable to illustrate and describe connecting methods, and vice versa. “Structural unit” refers to any unit that can used to form part of a structure. A preferred structural unit is a concrete building unit, including but not limited to pavers, concrete masonry units, retaining wall blocks, patio stones, pavers, edgers, curbs, caps, precast wall panels, and revetment mats.
Turning now to the drawings,
As further shown in
Similarly,
Further, as with the first block 10, a concave-convex order of the second line in block 12 is reversed relative to the first line. Thus, along the first line, the first convex surface 50 is disposed on the left and the first concave surface 54 is disposed on the right, while along the second line, the second concave surface 52 is disposed on the left and the second convex surface 56 is disposed on the right. The second convex surface 56 corresponds with the first concave surface 54, and the second concave surface 52 corresponds with the first convex surface 50. The second block 12 in this example embodiment also has upper and lower flat surfaces 58, 59.
Referring again to
Additionally, in block 10, a second axis 72 extends (as shown, horizontally) between the first convex surface 44 and the second concave surface 46. The second concave surface 46 is substantially a reflection of the first convex surface 42 about the first axis 72. The second axis 72 also extends between the second convex surface 42 and the first concave surface 46. The first concave surface 46 is substantially a reflection of the second convex surface 42 about the second axis. Similar axes can be defined for block 12.
Similarly (but reversed in direction),
Together, the S-connections of the vertical halves 14, 18 may be referred to as a “double S-connection.” Further, because the S-connections of the vertical halves are reversed with respect to one another, lateral movement of the blocks 10, 12 with respect to one another is constrained as well. Thus, the double S-connection restrains both vertical and horizontal movement between the blocks 10, 12.
In the embodiment of
Further, in this embodiment, the mating block faces include upper flat surfaces 48, 58 that engage at 26 in
Because the convex/concave surfaces are reflections of one another about the vertical and horizontal axes, the orientation of the mating surface will be the same even when the block is inverted. Thus, for example in the embodiment of
Various embodiments of structural units may have one or more connection surfaces. Further, one or more connection surfaces may be disposed at any structural unit face (plane, curved, irregular, or other outer face of the structural unit), or in any portion or portions of a face, and in any orientation. For example, a structural unit may have ends, sides, top, bottom, or any other face with one or more connection surfaces. Such connection surfaces can occupy an entire face of a unit, or only a portion of the structural unit face. Further, double S-connection surfaces can be centered on a face, or can be off-center. All combinations of connection surfaces, connection surface features (e.g., connection surface features shown or described in any embodiment herein), connection surface locations on a structural unit face, and orientations are contemplated including but not limited by the several embodiments shown and described herein. Structural units can be connected end to end forward, turned, or flipped, or otherwise connected in any combination to form surface coverings, walls, edges and combinations thereof.
Connection surfaces can be provided on the face of the structural unit, such as but limited to by being formed, e.g., molded or otherwise formed, into one or more faces of the structural unit. For example,
Structural units can comprise, as non-limiting examples, pavers, concrete masonry units (CMU), retaining wall blocks, patio stones and edgers. Example structural units, including connection surfaces, may be manufactured in any manner of substantially any material such as, but not limited to, concrete (including wet cast and dry cast), clay, plastic, ceramic, glass or composite materials. Wet cast and dry cast concrete are preferred for building units, such as pavers, CMU, retaining wall blocks, patio stones and edgers, curbs, caps, precast wall panels, revetment mats, and other units.
The first and second convex and concave surfaces can be any of various three-dimensional shapes, including solid geometric shapes or irregular shapes. The convex and concave surfaces can include at least one partial geometric solid. In some embodiments, for instance, structural units can be configured to have a more natural appearance, and thus include imperfections, textures, slight mismatches, etc. The first concave surface, the first convex surface, the second concave surface, and/or the second convex surface can have a textured or non-textured outer surface. Example surfaces can have irregular rock-like surfaces. The shapes can also vary for particular applications, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art having reference to the present disclosure.
Rounded and/or irregular profiles provide a more natural, stone-like appearance. For example,
The S-profiles of lines S1, S2 are preferably symmetrical but reversed with respect to one another, as is the case with lines S3 and S4. However, it is not necessary that the profiles of S1, S2 be the same as S3, S4. Indeed, as one can observe from
Structural units can be of essentially any shape. Example shapes include rectangular, trapezoidal, cruciform, glides, hexagonal or other polygonal, other geometric shapes, and irregularly shaped units. Double S-connection surfaces can be advantageously employed to connect and interlock adjacent structural units in a wide variety of structures, including but not limited to interior and exterior walls, retaining walls, pre-cast wall panels, caps, columns and other vertical structures, as shown for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,394,521, 4,107,894, 6,557,818, 6,615,561 and 7,011,474; pavements, patios, walkways and other surface coverings as shown for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,128,357, 4,919,565 and 7,393,155; edgers and curbs, as shown for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,637,688; revetment mats, coast fortifications, and other protective structures, as shown for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,558,074 and 6,863,472. Double S-connection surfaces can be used to join different size or shape structural units in multi-unit systems, as shown for example in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0166517. All of the foregoing cited patents and publications are hereby incorporated by reference. Double S-connectors have particularly advantageous application in tessellated surface coverings comprising glides, flip glides, rotations, and other types of tessellations—both regular and irregular. Further, double S-connection surfaces can be utilized to join different types of structures, such as walls-to-pavers, and pavers-to-curbs, as shown in
Structural units may be respectively arranged in rows, courses, columns, orthogonally, setback, rotationally, serpentine, or other arrangements. In example wall embodiments, the structural units are arranged to provide at least a second course on top of a first course. One or more double S-connection surfaces can be provided on the top and bottom faces of the units to thereby restrain movement between units in the horizontal plane. The structural wall units may also include double S-connection surfaces on the ends or sides of the units to thereby restrain movement between units in a vertical plane. Structural wall units in the second course are preferably staggered from left to right with respect to the structural units in the first course. Examples of staggered arrangement include, but are not limited to, running bond, half bond, quarter bond, three-quarter bond, etc. For example,
A surface covering, mat or panel structure can include openings in various shapes, e.g., geometric or irregular. The openings can be formed within units or can be defined spaces or gaps between structural units. The openings can be left as an open space, filled with permeable materials such as sand, filled organic materials such as soil and plants, filled with cement, gout or other adhesives, filled with cushioning materials, or even filled with secondary units, which can in some embodiments have a different shape, material composition and/or surface treatment as compared to the primary structural units. Connection surfaces on the mating sides of the joined structural units provide an easy connection. Structural units combined in this way, with or without secondary elements or other materials in openings, can be arranged to define various patterns, providing aesthetic qualities. Individual structural units, or groups of combined structural units, alone or with secondary elements disposed within openings, could be assembled as mats or panels. Cabling can run between structural units, for instance as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,558,074.
The double S-connection surface of the invention has particular application to surface coverings units such as pavers and patio stones. The double S-connection surfaces 250 provide a double lock, restraining adjacent units from moving vertically with respect to one another in addition horizontal restraint that typically provided in conventional horizontal interlocking systems. This can prevent a individual units in a surface covering from tipping, sinking or being thrust upward due to an inconsistent foundation, erosion, frost heave, or other causes. Further, a pavement can be made permeable, e.g., water-permeable, if desired, or substantially impermeable to light, sand, soil, etc.
Structural units connected by double S-connection surfaces may be of the same type, or of different types.
The position of the connection surface on a face of a structural unit can be over the entire face, or a portion of a face. Further, where the connection surface is disposed on a portion of a face, the connection surface can be disposed at any location on the structural unit face. As one example,
Structural units can have more than one double S-connection on a single face.
While some example embodiments include double S-connection surfaces that are integrated, e.g., formed, into a face of a structural unit, other embodiment double S-connection surfaces can be alternatively or additionally provided by external elements that are disposed on the face and are attached, adhered or otherwise coupled to the face. External elements may include, as non-limiting examples, convex and concave surfaces formed in any suitable manner, such as by molding into an external face. The concave and convex surfaces of such connection surfaces can be configured similarly to any of the other concave and convex surfaces shown or described elsewhere herein.
External elements may also be used as a key, and connected to a receiving hole. For example,
Example connection surfaces can be configured to allow some movement in one direction providing a tighter restraint in another direction. For example,
Example connection surfaces, structural units, and structures can include any combination of features shown and/or described herein. The particular connection surface shown and described herein are merely examples, and those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many other configurations for connection surfaces are possible, and such additional configurations are intended to fall under the scope of the present invention.
Structures can be or include vertical, horizontal, flat, curved, complex or irregular, largely two-dimensional, and/or largely three-dimensional structures. Structures can include a plurality of structural units, including any of the structural units shown or described herein, including any combinations of structural units, and including any of the connection surfaces, including combinations of connection surfaces, shown or described herein. The structure may be a complete, stand-alone structure, or may be combined with other structural units to provide a larger structure. Example structures include, but are not limited to, walls (e.g., retaining walls, interior walls, exterior walls, sound walls, etc.), wall veneers, wall panels, column blocks highway panels, other panels, pavements, edges or combinations thereof.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it should be understood that other modifications, substitutions, and alternatives are apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications, substitutions, and alternatives can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be determined from the appended claims.
Various features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
Claims
1. A connection surface disposed on at least one face of a structural unit, the connection surface comprising:
- a first convex surface and a first concave surface, the first convex surface and first concave surface being arranged substantially along a first line, the shape of the first concave surface being complementary to the shape of the first convex surface; and
- a second convex surface and a second concave surface, the second convex surface and second concave surface being arranged substantially along a second line that is substantially parallel to the first line, the shape of the second concave surface being complementary to the shape of the second convex surface;
- wherein a concave-convex order of the second line is reversed relative to the first line such that the second convex surface corresponds to the first concave surface and the second concave surface corresponds to the first convex surface.
2. The connection surface of claim 1 wherein a first axis extends between the first convex surface and the first concave surface and the first concave surface is substantially a reflection of the first convex surface about the first axis; and wherein the first axis extends between the second convex surface and the second concave surface and the second concave surface is substantially a reflection of the second convex surface about the first axis.
3. The connection surface of claim 1 wherein the first concave surface is complementary to the shape of both the first and second convex surfaces and the second concave surface is also complementary to the shape of both the first and second convex surfaces.
4. The connection surface of claim 3,
- wherein a first axis extends between the first convex surface and the first concave surface and the first concave surface is substantially a reflection of the first convex surface about the first axis; and wherein the first axis extends between the second convex surface and the second concave surface and the second concave surface is substantially a reflection of the second convex surface about the first axis; and
- wherein a second axis, perpendicular to the first axis extends between the first convex surface and the second concave surface and the second concave surface is substantially a reflection of the first convex surface about the first axis; and wherein the second axis extends between the second convex surface and the first concave surface and the first concave surface is substantially a reflection of the second convex surface about the second axis.
5. The connection surface of claim 3, wherein the first convex surface and the second concave surface are arranged substantially along a third line; the first concave surface and the second convex surface are arranged substantially along a fourth line; the third and fourth lines being substantially parallel; and the third and fourth lines being substantially perpendicular to the first and second lines.
6. The connection surface of claim 1 wherein the first and second convex surfaces and first and second concave surfaces each comprise at least one partial geometric solid.
7. The connection surface of claim 1 wherein the first and second convex surfaces and first and second concave surfaces each comprise irregular rock-like surfaces.
8. The connection surface of claim 1 wherein the connection surface is an interior portion of the at least one face of the structural unit.
9. The connection surface of claim 1 wherein the first convex and first concave surfaces together define a first S profile, and wherein the second concave and second convex surfaces together define a second S profile that is symmetrical but reversed with respect to the first S profile.
10. The connection surface of claim 9 wherein the first convex and second concave surfaces together define a third S profile, and wherein the second concave and first convex surfaces together define a fourth S profile that is symmetrical but reversed with respect to the third S profile.
11. A structural unit comprising:
- a plurality of faces;
- at least one connection surface disposed on at least two of the plurality of surfaces;
- wherein each connection surface comprises:
- a first convex surface and a first concave surface, the first convex surface and first concave surface being arranged substantially along a first line, the shape of the first concave surface being complementary to the shape of the first convex surface; and
- a second convex surface and a second concave surface, the second convex surface and second concave surface being arranged substantially along a second line that is substantially parallel to the first line, the shape of the second concave surface being complementary to the shape of the second convex surface;
- wherein a concave-convex order of the second line is reversed relative to the first line such that the second convex surface corresponds to the first concave surface and the second concave surface corresponds to the first convex surface.
12. The structural unit of claim 11 wherein the unit has a first and opposite second face, each said face having a connection surface thereon.
13. The structural unit of claim 11 wherein
- the first convex and first concave surfaces together define a first S profile, and wherein the second concave and second convex surfaces together define a second S profile that is symmetrical but reversed with respect to the first S profile; and
- wherein the first convex and second concave surfaces together define a third S profile, and wherein the second concave and first convex surfaces together define a fourth S profile that is symmetrical but reversed with respect to the third S profile.
14. A structure comprising:
- a plurality of structural units including at least first and second structural units, each of the plurality of structural units comprising a plurality of faces including at least a first and second face, each of which having at least one connection surface;
- wherein each connection surface comprises:
- a first convex surface and a first concave surface, the first convex surface and first concave surface being arranged substantially along a first line, the shape of the first concave surface being complementary to the shape of the first convex surface; and
- a second convex surface and a second concave surface, the second convex surface and second concave surface being arranged substantially along a second line that is substantially parallel to the first line, the shape of the second concave surface being complementary to the shape of the second convex surface;
- wherein a concave-convex order of the second line is reversed relative to the first line such that the second convex surface corresponds to the first concave surface and the second concave surface corresponds to the first convex surface;
- wherein connection surfaces of the first and second structural units are coupled such that the first and second concave surfaces of the connection surface of the first structural unit are at least partially receive the first and second convex surfaces of the connection surface of the second structural unit, and such that the first and second convex surfaces of the connection surface of the second structural unit at least partially receive the first and second convex surfaces of the connection surface of the first structural unit.
15. The structure of claim 14 wherein a gap is defined between mating faces of the first and second structural units, and wherein the gap is at least partially filled with a resilient material.
Type: Application
Filed: Nov 15, 2013
Publication Date: May 22, 2014
Applicant: KEYSTONE RETAINING WALL SYSTEMS LLC (Minneapolis, MN)
Inventors: Thomas S. Riccobene (Albuquerque, NM), Robert A. MacDonald (Plymouth, MN)
Application Number: 14/081,976