SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CELL BALANCING AND CHARGING USING A SERIALLY COUPLED INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR
An apparatus for charging a plurality of series connected battery cells, includes a first and second input terminals for providing a charging voltage to the plurality of series connected battery cell. A transformer includes a primary side associated with the charging voltage and a secondary side includes a plurality of portions. Each of the plurality of portions is connected across at least one of the plurality of series connected battery cell. A switch in series between each of the plurality of portions of the secondary side and the at least one of the plurality of series connected battery cells increases an impedance between the portion of the secondary side and the associated one of the plurality of series connected battery cells in a first state and decreases the impedance between the portion of the secondary side and the associated one of the plurality of series connected battery cells in a second state.
The present application is a Continuation of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/650775, filed Dec. 31, 2009; which application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/180,618, filed May 22, 2009, now expired and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/244,643, filed Sep. 22, 2009, now expired; all of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
RELATED APPLICATION DATAThis application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.: ______ entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CELL BALANCING AND CHARGING USING A SERIALLY COUPLED INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR (Attorney Docket No.: 128621-006212), filed on Jun. 25, 2015, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
For a more complete understanding, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings in which:
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers are used herein to designate like elements throughout, the various views and embodiments of a system and method for cell balancing and charging are illustrated and described, and other possible embodiments are described. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, and in some instances the drawings have been exaggerated and/or simplified in places for illustrative purposes only. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the many possible applications and variations based on the following examples of possible embodiments.
Cell balancing and charging systems provide the ability to charge a series connection of battery cells using a single source. Systems using multiple lithium ion or super capacitor cells require balancing of the individual cells in order to maximize the energy available from the batteries and to prolong the life of the system. Resistive balancing systems for charging cells dissipate excess charge as heat are one common solution but these types of systems waste energy. Energy transfer systems which are based on a “nearest neighbor” inductive or capacitive energy transfer reduce the amount of wasted energy but are complex and generally provide less than satisfactory results when transferring charge over a distance of several cells. Thus, there is a need for a cell balancing and charging system that solves the dual problems of balancing the state of charge of cells within a stack of battery cells without dissipating the energy in an associated resistor and further providing efficient transfer of charge to any cell in the stack without a distance penalty. The common way of balancing cells within a multi cell battery is by discharging the highest cell through a pass element or alternatively by passing the charge from a pass element to an adjacent cell.
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to
Referring now to
Referring now to
A resonant tank circuit consisting of inductor 316 and capacitor 320 is connected between node 312 and node 322. The inductor 316 is connected between node 312 and node 318. The capacitor 320 is connected in series with the inductor 316 between node 318 and node 322. A primary side 324 of a transformer 325 is connected to node 322 and to the ground node 306. The secondary side of the transformer 325 includes a number of secondary portions 326, each of which are connected across the terminals of an associated battery cell 302. The polarity of adjacent secondary side portions 326 of the transformer are reversed from each other. A switching MOSFET 328 has its drain/source path connected between the secondary portion 326 of the transformer 325 and the negative terminal of the associated battery cell 302. The switch 328 would receive control signals from a control circuit (not shown) which also controls switching transistors 310 and 314.
During the charging cycle, the system of
As can be seen in
During the discharge cycle, the input to the primary side 324 of the transformer 325 will comprise the total series voltages of all of the battery cells 302. The energy is circulating from all of the battery cells 302 back to the lowest charged cells.
The main difference between previous solutions and the implementation described herein above with respect to
Referring now to
Referring now to
A primary side 924 of a transformer 925 is connected to node 922 and to the ground node 906. The secondary side of the transformer 925 includes a number of secondary portions 926, each of which are connected across the terminals of the associated battery cell 902. A switch 928 is connected between the secondary portion 926 of the secondary side 926 of the transformer 925 and the negative terminal of the associated battery cell 902. The switch 928 would receive control signals from a control circuit (not shown) which also controls switches 915 and 914. In addition to the switch 928 connected between the transformer secondary portion 926 and the battery cell 902, a capacitor 930 is connected in parallel with the switch 928. In this scheme, current may be directed to individual cells 902 through the selective use of the secondary side switches 928 allowing programmable charge balancing or charge redirection to deliberately produce an unbalanced condition.
Referring now also to
A resonant tank circuit consisting of inductor 1013 and capacitor 1021 is connected between node 1012 and node 1022. The inductor 1013 is connected between node 1012 and node 1018. The capacitor 1021 is connected in series with the inductor 1013 between node 1020 and node 1022. A primary side 1024 of a transformer 1025 is connected to node 1022 and to the ground node 1006. The secondary side of the transformer 1025 includes a number of secondary portions 1026, each of which are connected across the terminals of the associated battery cell stack 1004. A switch 1028 is connected between the secondary portion 1026 of the secondary side 1026 of the transformer 1025 and the negative terminal of the associated battery cell stack 1004. The switch 1028 would receive control signals from a circuit which also controls switches 1016 and 1014.
As mentioned previously, rather than a single cell, a series of cells 1004 are connected across each of the secondary portions 1026 of the secondary side of the transformer. Connected across these cells 1004 is the balancing circuit described previously with respect to
In an alternative embodiment of the circuit of
In yet a further embodiment illustrated in
Referring now to
A primary side 1224 of a first transformer 1225 is connected to node 1222 and to the ground node 1206. The secondary side of the transformer 1225 includes a number of secondary portions 1226, each of which are connected across the terminals of the associated battery cell 1202. A switch 1228 is connected between the secondary portion of the secondary side 1226 of the transformer 1225 and the negative terminal of the associated battery cell 1202. The switch 1228 would receive control signals from a control circuit (not shown) which also controls switches 1215 and 1214. In addition to the switch 1228 connected between the transformer secondary portion 1226 and the battery cell 1202, a capacitor 1230 is connected in parallel with the switch 1228. In this scheme, current may be directed to individual cells 1202 through the selective use of the secondary side switches 1228 allowing programmable charge balancing or charge redirection to deliberately produce an unbalanced condition.
In the second transformer 1223 of the stacked configuration, a primary side 1235 of the transformer 1223 is connected in series with the primary side 1224 of the first transformer 1225. Additionally, a further series of transformer secondaries 1236 are connected across additional battery cells 1202 in series with the transformer secondary portion 1226 of transformer 1225. As in the first portion of the circuit, a switch 1228 would receive control signals from a control circuit (not shown). In addition to the switch 1228 connected between the transformer secondary portion 1236 and the battery cell 1232, a capacitor 1230 is connected in parallel with the switch 1228. The stacked configuration is completely scalable. As many sections as needed may be added in series. Thus, rather than the two illustrated in
Thus, the main difference between previous solutions and the present disclosure is that the energy is taken from the entire cell stack and redistributed based upon the cells that need more energy than the other. The scheme permits very simple systems which automatically charge without the need of a sophisticated control mechanism. More sophisticated implementations are possible in which the balancing may be performed using complex algorithms in a manner that maintains the optimal performance with a variety of systems and over the entire system life.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that this system and method for cell balancing and charging provides an improved manner of charging/balancing a stack of battery cells. It should be understood that the drawings and detailed description herein are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive manner, and are not intended to be limiting to the particular forms and examples disclosed. On the contrary, included are any further modifications, changes, rearrangements, substitutions, alternatives, design choices, and embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope hereof, as defined by the following claims. Thus, it is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such further modifications, changes, rearrangements, substitutions, alternatives, design choices, and embodiments.
Claims
1. An apparatus, comprising:
- a reference node;
- a first transformer including a first primary winding having a first node coupled to the reference node and having a second node, and a first set of secondary windings each having first and second nodes configured to be coupled across a respective at least one of series-coupled battery cells;
- a series-resonant circuit having a first node coupled to the second node of the primary winding and having a second node; and
- a first set of electronic devices each having a first node coupled to one of the first and second nodes of a respective one of the secondary windings and having a second node configured to be coupled to a respective one of the battery cells.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the reference node includes a ground node.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the series-resonant circuit includes an inductor in series with a capacitor.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second node of the series-resonant circuit is coupled to the reference node.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, further including:
- an input node;
- wherein the input node and the reference node are configured to be coupled across the series-coupled battery cells;
- a first switch coupled between the input node and the second node of the series-resonant circuit; and
- a second switch coupled between the reference node and the second node of the series-resonant circuit.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each electronic device of the first set of electronic devices includes a respective switch.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each electronic device of the first set of electronic devices includes a respective diode.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising capacitors each coupled across a respective electronic device of the first set of electronic devices.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings is configured to have a same winding direction.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
- at least one secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings is configured to have a winding direction; and
- at least another secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings is configured to have an opposite winding direction.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and second nodes of each secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings are configured to be coupled across a respective group of multiple ones of the series-coupled battery cells.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
- a second transformer including a second primary winding in series with the first primary winding, and a second set of secondary windings each having first and second nodes configured to be coupled across a respective at least one of the series-coupled battery cells; and
- a second set of electronic devices each having a first node coupled to one of the first and second nodes of a respective secondary winding of the second set of secondary windings and having a second node configured to be coupled to a respective one of the battery cells.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings has approximately a same number of turns as each of the other secondary windings of the first set of secondary windings.
14. A system, comprising:
- a reference node;
- battery cells coupled in series to the reference node;
- a first transformer including a first primary winding having a first node coupled to the reference node and having a second node, and a first set of secondary windings each coupled to a respective at least one of the battery cells;
- a series-resonant circuit in series with the first primary winding; and
- a first set of electronic devices each coupled between a respective one of the first secondary windings and a respective one of the battery cells.
15. The system of claim 14 wherein the series-resonant circuit is serially coupled between the first primary winding and the reference node.
16. The system of claim 14, further including:
- an input node;
- wherein the battery cells are coupled in series between the reference node and the input node;
- a first transistor coupled between the input node and the series-resonant circuit; and
- a second transistor coupled between the reference node and the series-resonant circuit.
17. The system of claim 14 wherein each secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings is configured to have a same winding direction.
18. The system of claim 14 wherein:
- at least one secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings is configured to have a winding direction; and
- at least another secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings is configured to have an opposite winding direction.
19. The system of claim 14 wherein each secondary winding of the first set of secondary windings is coupled to a respective group of consecutive ones of the battery cells.
20. The system of claim 14, further comprising:
- a second transformer including a second primary winding in series with the first primary winding, and a second set of secondary windings each coupled to a respective at least one of the battery cells; and
- a second set of electronic devices each coupled between a respective one of the second secondary windings and a respective one of the battery cells.
21. The system of claim 14, further comprising a power supply coupled between the reference node and the second node of the primary winding.
22. A method, comprising:
- generating an approximately sinusoidal input current; and
- generating, in response to the input current, charge-balancing currents each flowing through a respective one of battery cells that are coupled together in series such that each charge-balancing current has a magnitude that is related to a voltage across the respective one of the battery cells.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a resonating of an inductor and a capacitor coupled in series.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a voltage across at least one of the battery cells.
25. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a current generated by at least one of the battery cells.
26. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the input current includes generating the input current in response to a current generated by a power supply.
27. The method of claim 22, further comprising:
- generating a combined voltage across the battery cells; and
- wherein generating the input current includes alternately coupling a primary winding of a transformer to the combined voltage and to a reference voltage.
28. The method of claim 22 wherein:
- generating the input current includes generating the input current through a first conductor; and
- generating the charge-balancing currents includes generating each of the charge-balancing currents through a respective second conductor that is magnetically coupled to the first conductor.
29. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the charge-balancing currents includes generating at least one of the charge-balancing currents flowing in only one direction.
30. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the charge-balancing currents includes:
- generating at least one of the charge-balancing currents flowing in only a direction; and
- generating at least another one of the charge-balancing currents flowing in only another direction.
31. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the charge-balancing currents includes generating at least one of the charge-balancing currents only while the input current is flowing in a direction.
32. The method of claim 22 wherein generating the charge-balancing currents includes:
- generating at least one of the charge-balancing currents only while the input current is flowing in a direction; and
- generating at least another one of the charge-balancing currents only while the input current is flowing in another direction.
33. An apparatus, comprising:
- an input circuit configured to generate an approximately sinusoidal input current; and
- an output circuit configured to generate, in response to the input current, charge-balancing currents each flowing through a respective one of battery cells that are coupled together in series such that each charge-balancing current has a magnitude that is related to a voltage across the respective one of the battery cells.
34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein:
- the output circuit includes a transformer having a primary winding and having secondary windings each configured to generate a respective one of the charge-balancing currents; and
- the input circuit is configured to drive the primary winding with the input current.
35. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein:
- the output circuit includes a transformer having a primary winding and having secondary windings each configured to generate a respective one of the charge-balancing currents; and
- the input circuit includes an inductor and a capacitor in series with the primary winding.
36. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein:
- the output circuit includes a transformer having a primary winding and having secondary windings each configured to generate a respective one of the charge-balancing currents; and
- the input circuit includes a resonant circuit in series with the primary winding and is configured to generate the input current by causing the resonant circuit to resonate.
37. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein:
- the output circuit includes a transformer having a primary winding, having secondary windings each configured to generate a respective one of the charge-balancing currents, and having switches each coupled to a respective one of the secondary windings; and
- the input circuit is configured to generate the input current in response to the closing of at least one of the switches.
38. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein:
- the input circuit is configured to generate the input current in response to a power-supply voltage; and
- the output circuit is configured to generate the charge-balancing currents such that the charge-balancing currents each charge a respective one of the battery cells.
39. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein:
- the output circuit includes a transformer having a primary winding and having secondary windings each configured to generate a respective one of the charge-balancing currents; and
- the input circuit is configured to generate the input current by alternately coupling the primary winding of the transformer to a voltage across the battery cells and to a reference voltage.
40. The apparatus of claim 33, further comprising:
- a first conductor;
- second conductors magnetically coupled to the first conductor;
- wherein the input circuit is configured to generate the input current through the first conductor; and
- wherein the output circuit is configured to generate each of the charge-balancing currents through a respective one of the second conductors.
41. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the output circuit is configured to generate at least one of the charge-balancing currents flowing in only one direction.
42. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the output circuit is configured:
- to generate at least one of the charge-balancing currents flowing in only a direction; and
- to generate at least another one of the charge-balancing currents flowing in only another direction.
43. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the output circuit is configured to generate at least one of the charge-balancing currents only while the input current is flowing in a direction.
44. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the output circuit is configured:
- to generate at least one of the charge-balancing currents only while the input current is flowing in a direction; and
- to generate at least another one of the charge-balancing currents only while the input current is flowing in another direction.
45. A system, comprising:
- battery cells coupled in series with one another;
- an input circuit configured to generate an approximately sinusoidal input current; and
- an output circuit configured to generate, in response to the input current, charge-balancing currents each flowing through a respective one of the battery cells such that each charge-balancing current has a magnitude that is related to a voltage across the respective one of the battery cells.
46. The system of claim 45 wherein:
- the output circuit includes a transformer having a primary winding and having secondary windings each configured to generate a respective one of the charge-balancing currents; and
- the input circuit is configured to drive the primary winding with the input current.
47. The system of claim 45 wherein:
- the output circuit includes a transformer having a primary winding and having secondary windings each configured to generate a respective one of the charge-balancing currents; and
- the input circuit includes a resonant circuit in series with the primary winding and is configured to generate the input current by causing the resonant circuit to resonate.
48. The system of claim 45, further comprising:
- a power supply;
- wherein the input circuit is configured to generate the input current in response to the power supply; and
- wherein the output circuit is configured to generate each of the charge-balancing currents to charge a respective one of the battery cells.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 25, 2015
Publication Date: Oct 15, 2015
Inventors: Zaki MOUSSAOUI (San Carlos, CA), Tony ALLEN (Los Gatos, CA)
Application Number: 14/750,702