COMPOSITION OF MATTER AND USE THEREOF
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a composition of matter having a matrix, a thickener, a strengthener, and a soluble medium. The matrix may be about 100 parts by weight of a low viscosity cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent. The thickener may be about 10-20 parts by weight of an additive comprising a clay. The strengthener may be about 5-10 parts by weight of a glass. The soluble medium may be about 20-30 parts by weight of a water-soluble fiber.
This application is a ‘bypass’ continuation of PCT Application Ser. No. PCT/US17/40611, filed on Jul. 3, 2017, which claims priority to: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/439,085, filed on Dec. 26, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/358,230, filed on Jul. 5, 2016. The disclosure of each application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENTNot applicable.
BACKGROUND Field of the DisclosureThis disclosure generally relates to systems and related tools used in oil and gas wellbores. Certain embodiments pertain to a composition of matter useable with systems, related tools, and parts thereof. Particular embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a breakable, dissolvable, disassociatable, and/or degradable material. Some embodiments include a material(s) having a composition of about 100 parts by weight of a resin system that includes an epoxy resin with an anhydride hardener; about 10-20 parts by weight of an additive that may be a clay-based constituent; about 20-30 parts by weight of a fiber; and about 5-10 parts by weight of a glass. The epoxy resin may be a low viscosity cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.
Background of the DisclosureAn oil or gas well includes a wellbore extending into a subterranean formation at some depth below a surface (e.g., Earth's surface), and is usually lined with a tubular, such as casing, to add strength to the well. Many commercially viable hydrocarbon sources are found in “tight” reservoirs, which means the target hydrocarbon product may not be easily extracted. The surrounding formation (e.g., shale) to these reservoirs typically has low permeability, and it is uneconomical to produce the hydrocarbons (i.e., gas, oil, etc.) in commercial quantities from this formation without the use of drilling accompanied with additional operations.
Fracing is common in the industry and includes the use of a plug set in the wellbore below or beyond the respective target zone, followed by pumping or injecting high pressure frac fluid into the zone. A frac plug and accompanying operation may be such as described or otherwise disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,955,605, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.
Still, downhole operations may include the use of any number of other devices, tools, etc. (or collectively in general a “tool” or “tools”) including drill bits, flow controllers, packers, plugs, sliding sleeves, related tubing, and more. Some tools may be characterized as having complex mechanical designs, and often require remote control or actuation from the surface via wirelines, hydraulic control lines, coil tubings, and so forth. Other methods of actuation include pressurization, which may occur by sliding a sleeve or dropping a ball in order to block or otherwise obstruct an orifice in the tool.
Downhole tools typically have multiple components constructed of steel, cast iron, aluminum, or other alloyed metals. Additionally, or alternatively, tool components may include composite or rubber materials.
It is naturally desirable to “flow back,” i.e., from the formation to the surface, the injected fluid, or the formation fluid(s); however, this is not possible until the previously set tool or its blockage is removed. Removal of tools (or blockage) usually requires a well-intervention service for retrieval or drill-through, which is time consuming, costly, and adds a potential risk of wellbore damage.
The more metal parts used in the tool, the longer the drill-through operation takes. Because metallic components are harder to drill, such an operation may require additional trips into and out of the wellbore to replace worn out drill bits.
In the interest of cost-saving, materials that react under certain downhole conditions have been the subject of significant research in view of the potential offered to the oilfield industry. For example, such an advanced material that has an ability to degrade by mere response to a change in its surrounding is desirable because no, or limited, intervention would be necessary for removal or actuation to occur.
Such a material, essentially self-actuated by changes in its surrounding (e.g., the presence a specific fluid, a change in temperature, and/or a change in pressure, etc.) may potentially replace costly and complicated designs and may be most advantageous in situations where accessibility is limited or even considered to be impossible, which is the case in a downhole (subterranean) environment.
It is highly desirable and economically advantageous to have controls that do not rely on lengthy and costly wirelines, hydraulic control lines, or coil tubings. Furthermore, in countless situations, a subterranean piece of equipment may need to be actuated only once, after which it may no longer present any usefulness, and may even become disadvantageous when for instance the equipment must be retrieved by risky and costly interventions.
In some instances, it may be advantageous to have a device (ball, tool, component, etc.) made of a material (of composition of matter) characterized by properties where the device is mechanically strong (hard) under some conditions (such as at the surface or at ambient conditions), but degrades, dissolves, breaks, etc. under specific conditions, such as in the presence of water-containing fluids like fresh water, seawater, formation fluid, additives, brines, acids and bases, or changes in pressure and/or temperature. Thus, after a predetermined amount of time, and after the desired operation(s) is complete, the formation fluid is ultimately allowed to flow toward the surface.
It would be advantageous to configure a device (or a related activation device, such as a frac ball, or other component(s)) to utilize materials that alleviate or reduce the need for an intervention service. This would save a considerable amount of time and expense. Therefore, there is a need in the art for tools, devices, components, etc. to be of a nature that does not involve or otherwise require a drill-through process. Environmental- or bio-friendly materials are further desirous.
The ability to save operational time (and those saving operational costs) leads to considerable competition in the marketplace. Achieving any ability to save time, or ultimately cost, leads to an immediate competitive advantage.
SUMMARYEmbodiments of the disclosure pertain to a composition of matter that may include in the range of: about 100 parts by weight of a resin system; about 10-20 parts by weight of a clay; about 20-30 parts by weight of a fiber; and about 5-10 parts by weight of a glass.
The resin system may include a low viscosity cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent.
The clay may include or be bentonite. The clay may include or be montmorillonite. The clay may be modified montmorillonite. The glass may include or be glass spheres. The composition may include at least one of organic hemp fiber, glass fiber, and combinations thereof. The composition may include a water-soluble material. In aspects, the water-soluble material may include or be one of a salt, a sugar, and combinations thereof.
The glass may include or be high-strength, hollow-glass spheres of an average diameter of 22 microns. The composition may include a water-soluble fiber. In aspects, the water-soluble fiber may include or be sodium polyacrylate.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a device that may have (or being made from a material that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein. The device may be selected from one of a downhole tool, a component of the downhole tool, and a frac ball. The device may be made from a cured composition.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a device for use in a downhole environment that may have (or being made from a material, including cured material, that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to an apparatus that may have (or being made from a material, including cured material, that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a downhole tool with one or more components that may have (or being made from a material, including cured material, that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a frac ball that may have (or being made from a material, including cured material, that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein.
The material may include a composition of an anhydride-based cure resin and a flexibilizer comprising clay.
The material may include a composition of an anhydride epoxy resin system and a thixotropic rheology modifier comprising clay.
The material may degrade at 0.24-17 g/hr at various temperatures.
The material may degrade within 24 hours of activation.
The clay may include a nano-clay and/or clay particles
The material may include polyglycolic acid.
Any number of devices, tools, and other components may be made of materials disclosed herein. The material may be or result in a cured material, whereby one or more of the original constituents undergo some amount of change
The material may include a sugar-based epoxy.
A downhole tool made of a material of the present disclosure.
A downhole tool configured with one or more components made of a material of the present disclosure, or a cured byproduct thereof.
A device made of a material of the present disclosure, or a cured byproduct thereof.
A frac ball made of a material of the present disclosure, or a cured byproduct thereof.
A composition as disclosed herein further including a sugar-based epoxy.
The material may include a resin. The resin may be an anhydride-cured epoxy resin material. It may be possible to use sodium polyacrylate fiber in conjunction therewith, although any fiber that has dissolvable properties associated with it may be used. Resins described herein may include a flexibilizer distributed therewith.
A flexibilizer may include clay(s), hygroscopic clay, nano-clay, bentonite, or any other material that is easily distributable within the resin and reduces brittleness of the resin. Carbon nano-tubes may also add strength but promote capillary water flow through the resin matrix.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a device that may have (or being made from a material that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein, or a cured byproduct thereof. The device may be selected from the group consisting of a downhole tool, a component of the downhole tool, and a frac ball.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a device for use in a downhole environment that may have (or being made from a material that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein, or a cured byproduct thereof.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to an apparatus that may have (or being made from a material that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein, or a cured byproduct thereof.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a downhole tool with one or more components that may have (or being made from a material that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein, or a cured byproduct thereof.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a frac ball that may have (or being made from a material that may have) any composition of matter disclosed herein, or a cured byproduct thereof.
These and other embodiments, features and advantages will be apparent in the following detailed description and drawings.
For a more detailed description of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Herein disclosed are novel compositions of matter useable with apparatuses, systems, and methods that pertain to downhole tools for wellbore operations, details of which are described herein.
Embodiments herein may pertain to a downhole tool suitable for use in a wellbore that may include a mandrel sleeve; and a sleeve insert disposed within the mandrel sleeve. The tool may have a first slip disposed about the mandrel sleeve. There may be a second slip disposed about the mandrel sleeve. The second slip may be proximate to a conical surface. There may be a lower sleeve engaged with the second slip.
The mandrel sleeve may include a set of threads.
At least one of the first slip and the second slip may have a one-piece configuration with at least partial connectivity around the entirety of a circular slip body. Either of the slips may be made of a composite material. Either of the slips may be made of metal. Either of the slips may be surface hardened.
The downhole tool may include a seal element. The tool may include a composite member disposed about the mandrel. The composite member may be in engagement with the seal element. The composite member may be made of a first material and comprises a first portion and a second portion. The first material may be a composite material, such as filament wound material. The first portion may be a deformable portion. The second portion may be a resilient portion.
The tool may include a seal element positioned on the mandrel sleeve and in between a first cone and a second cone. The first cone may be proximate to the first slip, and/or the second cone may be proximate to the second slip.
There may be a bearing plate disposed around the mandrel sleeve.
In aspects, the set of threads may be one of shear threads and rounded threads.
In aspects, the mandrel sleeve may be made of non-dissolvable composite material. In aspects, the sleeve insert may be made of dissolvable material. In other aspects, the sleeve insert may be configured to dissolve or have some other change in physical characteristic within 24 hours of setting the downhole tool. The sleeve insert may be made of, or otherwise include, an anhydride cure resin.
Embodiments herein pertain to a downhole tool for use in a wellbore that may include a mandrel sleeve having at least one set of threads; and a sleeve insert threadingly engaged with the mandrel sleeve. The tool may further include a first slip disposed about the mandrel, the first slip further comprising a circular slip body; a second slip disposed about the mandrel; a lower sleeve engaged with the second slip; a seal element; and a bearing plate.
Either of the slips may have a one-piece configuration with at least partial connectivity around the entirety of a respective circular slip body, and at least two grooves disposed therein.
In aspects, the sleeve insert may be made of, or otherwise include, a dissolvable resin. The sleeve insert may be made of, or otherwise include, a resin comprising a flexibilizer. The flexibilizer may be or otherwise include clay. The flexibilizer may be or otherwise include nanoclay. The flexibilizer may be or otherwise include clay particles. The sleeve insert may be made of or otherwise include bentonite.
In aspects, the sleeve insert may be made of, or otherwise include, a dissolvable resin. The sleeve insert may be made of, or otherwise include, a resin comprising a thixotropic rheology modifier. The thixotropic rheology modifier may be or otherwise include clay.
TermsComposition of matter: as used herein may refer to one or more ingredients or constituents that make up a material (or material of construction). For example, a material may have a composition of matter. Similarly, a device may be made of a material having a composition of matter, or a cured byproduct thereof.
Degradable Material: as used herein may refer to a composition of matter (including a cured byproduct thereof) having properties and/or characteristics that, while subject to change over time and/or under certain conditions, lead to a change in the integrity of the material. As one example, the material may initially be hard, rigid, and strong at ambient or surface conditions, but over time (such as within about 12-36 hours) and under certain conditions (such as wellbore conditions), the material softens.
Dissolvable Material: analogous to degradable material; as used herein may refer to a composition of matter (including a cured byproduct thereof) having properties and/or characteristics that, while subject to change over time and/or under certain conditions, lead to a change in the integrity of the material, including to the point of degrading, or partial or complete dissolution. As one example, the material may initially be hard, rigid, and strong at ambient or surface conditions, but over time (such as within about 12-36 hours) and under certain conditions (such as wellbore conditions), the material softens. As another example, the material may initially be hard, rigid, and strong at ambient or surface conditions, but over time (such as within about 12-36 hours) and under certain conditions (such as wellbore conditions), the material dissolves at least partially, and may dissolve completely.
Breakable Material: as used herein may refer to a composition of matter (including a cured byproduct thereof) having properties and/or characteristics that, while subject to change over time and/or under certain conditions, lead to brittleness. As one example, the material may be hard, rigid, and strong at ambient or surface conditions, but over time and under certain conditions, becomes brittle. The breakable material may experience breakage into multiple pieces, but not necessarily dissolution.
Disassociatable Material: as used herein may refer to a composition of matter (including a cured byproduct thereof) having properties and/or characteristics that, while subject to change over time and/or under certain conditions, lead to a change in the integrity of the material, including to the point of changing from a solid structure to a powdered material. As one example, the material may initially be hard, rigid, and strong at ambient or surface conditions, but over time (such as within about 12-36 hours) and under certain conditions (such as wellbore conditions), the material changes (disassociates) to a powder.
For some embodiments, the material of construction may include a composition of matter (including a cured byproduct thereof) designed or otherwise having the inherent characteristic to change integrity or other physical attribute when exposed to certain wellbore conditions, such as a change in time, temperature, water, heat, pressure, solution, combinations thereof, etc. Heat may be present due to the temperature increase attributed to the natural temperature gradient of the earth, and water may already be present in existing wellbore fluids. The change in integrity may occur in a predetermined time period, which may vary from several minutes to several weeks. In aspects, the time period may be about 12 to about 36 hours.
In some embodiments, the material may degrade to the point of ‘mush’ or disassociate to a powder, while in other embodiments, the material may dissolve or otherwise disintegrate and be carried away by fluid flowing in the wellbore. The temperature of the downhole fluid may affect the rate change in integrity. The material need not form a solution when it dissolves in the aqueous phase. For example, the material may dissolve, break, or otherwise disassociate into sufficiently small particles (i.e., a colloid), that may be removed by the fluid as it circulates in the well. In embodiments, the material may become degradable, but not dissolvable. In other embodiments, the material may become degradable, and subsequently dissolvable. In still other embodiments, the material may become breakable (or brittle), but not dissolvable. In yet other embodiments, the material may become breakable, and subsequently dissolvable. In still yet other embodiments, the material may disassociate.
Referring now to
In accordance with embodiments of the disclosure, the tool 202 may be configured as a plugging tool, which may be set within the tubular 208 in such a manner that the tool 202 forms a fluid-tight seal against the inner surface 207 of the tubular 208. In an embodiment, the downhole tool 202 may be configured as a bridge plug, whereby flow from one section of the wellbore 213 to another (e.g., above and below the tool 202) is controlled. In other embodiments, the downhole tool 202 may be configured as a frac plug, where flow into one section 213 of the wellbore 206 may be blocked and otherwise diverted into the surrounding formation or reservoir 210.
In yet other embodiments, the downhole tool 202 may also be configured as a ball-drop tool. In this aspect, a ball may be dropped into the wellbore 206 and flowed into the tool 202 and come to rest in a corresponding ball seat at the end of the mandrel 214. The seating of the ball may provide a seal within the tool 202 resulting in a plugged condition, whereby a pressure differential across the tool 202 may result. The ball seat may include a radius or curvature.
In other embodiments, the downhole tool 202 may be a ball-check plug, whereby the tool 202 is configured with a ball already in place when the tool 202 runs into the wellbore. The tool 202 may then act as a check valve, and provide one-way flow capability. Fluid may be directed from the wellbore 206 to the formation with any of these configurations.
Once the tool 202 reaches the set position within the tubular, the setting mechanism or workstring 212 may be detached from the tool 202 by various methods, resulting in the tool 202 left in the surrounding tubular and one or more sections of the wellbore isolated. In an embodiment, once the tool 202 is set, tension may be applied to the adapter 252 until the threaded connection between the adapter 252 and the mandrel 214 is broken. For example, the mating threads on the adapter 252 and the mandrel 214 (256 and 216, respectively as shown in
Accordingly, the adapter 252 may separate or detach from the mandrel 214, resulting in the workstring 212 being able to separate from the tool 202, which may be at a predetermined moment. The loads provided herein are non-limiting and are merely exemplary. The setting force may be determined by specifically designing the interacting surfaces of the tool and the respective tool surface angles. The tool 202 may also be configured with a predetermined failure point (not shown) configured to fail or break. For example, the failure point may break at a predetermined axial force greater than the force required to set the tool but less than the force required to part the body of the tool.
Operation of the downhole tool 202 may allow for fast run in of the tool 202 to isolate one or more sections of the wellbore 206, as well as quick and simple drill-through to destroy or remove the tool 202. Drill-through of the tool 202 may be facilitated by components and sub-components of tool 202 made of drillable material that is less damaging to a drill bit than those found in conventional plugs. In an embodiment, the downhole tool 202 and/or its components may be a drillable tool made from drillable composite material(s), such as glass fiber/epoxy, carbon fiber/epoxy, glass fiber/PEEK, carbon fiber/PEEK, etc. Other resins may include phenolic, polyamidic, etc. All mating surfaces of the downhole tool 202 may be configured with an angle, such that corresponding components may be placed under compression instead of shear.
Referring now to
The presence of the bore 250 or other flowpath through the mandrel 214 may indirectly be dictated by operating conditions. That is, in most instances the tool 202 may be large enough in diameter (e.g., 4-¾ inches) that the bore 250 may be correspondingly large enough (e.g., 1-¼ inches) so that debris and junk can pass or flow through the bore 250 without plugging concerns. However, with the use of a smaller diameter tool 202, the size of the bore 250 may need to be correspondingly smaller, which may result in the tool 202 being prone to plugging. Accordingly, the mandrel may be made solid to alleviate the potential of plugging within the tool 202.
With the presence of the bore 250, the mandrel 214 may have an inner bore surface 247, which may include one or more threaded surfaces formed thereon. As such, there may be a first set of threads 216 configured for coupling the mandrel 214 with corresponding threads 256 of a setting adapter 252.
The coupling of the threads, which may be shear threads, may facilitate detachable connection of the tool 202 and the setting adapter 252 and/or workstring (212,
The adapter 252 may include a stud 253 configured with the threads 256 thereon. In an embodiment, the stud 253 has external (male) threads 256 and the mandrel 214 has internal (female) threads; however, type or configuration of threads is not meant to be limited, and could be, for example, a vice versa female-male connection, respectively.
The downhole tool 202 may be run into wellbore (206,
The setting device(s) and components of the downhole tool 202 may be coupled with, and axially and/or longitudinally movable along mandrel 214. When the setting sequence begins, the mandrel 214 may be pulled into tension while the setting sleeve 254 remains stationary. The lower sleeve 260 may be pulled as well because of its attachment to the mandrel 214 by virtue of the coupling of threads 218 and threads 262. As shown in the embodiment of
As the lower sleeve 260 is pulled in the direction of Arrow A, the components disposed about mandrel 214 between the lower sleeve 260 and the setting sleeve 254 may begin to compress against one another. This force and resultant movement causes compression and expansion of seal element 222. The lower sleeve 260 may also have an angled sleeve end 263 in engagement with the slip 234, and as the lower sleeve 260 is pulled further in the direction of Arrow A, the end 263 compresses against the slip 234. As a result, slip(s) 234 may move along a tapered or angled surface 228 of a composite member 220, and eventually radially outward into engagement with the surrounding tubular (208,
Serrated outer surfaces or teeth 298 of the slip(s) 234 may be configured such that the surfaces 298 prevent the slip 234 (or tool) from moving (e.g., axially or longitudinally) within the surrounding tubular, whereas otherwise the tool 202 may inadvertently release or move from its position. Although slip 234 is illustrated with teeth 298, it is within the scope of the disclosure that slip 234 may be configured with other gripping features, such as buttons or inserts.
Initially, the seal element 222 may swell into contact with the tubular, followed by further tension in the tool 202 that may result in the seal element 222 and composite member 220 being compressed together, such that surface 289 acts on the interior surface 288. The ability to “flower,” unwind, and/or expand may allow the composite member 220 to extend completely into engagement with the inner surface of the surrounding tubular.
Additional tension or load may be applied to the tool 202 that results in movement of cone 236, which may be disposed around the mandrel 214 in a manner with at least one surface 237 angled (or sloped, tapered, etc.) inwardly of second slip 242. The second slip 242 may reside adjacent or proximate to collar or cone 236. As such, the seal element 222 forces the cone 236 against the slip 242, moving the slip 242 radially outwardly into contact or gripping engagement with the tubular. Accordingly, the one or more slips 234, 242 may be urged radially outward and into engagement with the tubular (208,
Because the sleeve 254 is held rigidly in place, the sleeve 254 may engage against a bearing plate 283 that may result in the transfer load through the rest of the tool 202. The setting sleeve 254 may have a sleeve end 255 that abuts against the bearing plate end 284. As tension increases through the tool 202, an end of the cone 236, such as second end 240, compresses against slip 242, which may be held in place by the bearing plate 283. As a result of cone 236 having freedom of movement and its conical surface 237, the cone 236 may move to the underside beneath the slip 242, forcing the slip 242 outward and into engagement with the surrounding tubular (208,
The second slip 242 may include one or more, gripping elements, such as buttons or inserts 278, which may be configured to provide additional grip with the tubular. The inserts 278 may have an edge or corner 279 suitable to provide additional bite into the tubular surface. In an embodiment, the inserts 278 may be mild steel, such as 1018 heat treated steel. The use of mild steel may result in reduced or eliminated casing damage from slip engagement and reduced drill string and equipment damage from abrasion.
In an embodiment, slip 242 may be a one-piece slip, whereby the slip 242 has at least partial connectivity across its entire circumference. Meaning, while the slip 242 itself may have one or more grooves (or notches, undulations, etc.) 244 configured therein, the slip 242 itself has no initial circumferential separation point. In an embodiment, the grooves 244 may be equidistantly spaced or disposed in the second slip 242. In other embodiments, the grooves 244 may have an alternatingly arranged configuration. That is, one groove 244A may be proximate to slip end 241, the next groove 244B may be proximate to an opposite slip end 243, and so forth.
The tool 202 may be configured with ball-plug, check-valve assembly that includes a ball seat 286. The assembly may be removably or integrally formed therein. In an embodiment, the bore 250 of the mandrel 214 may be configured with the ball seat 286 formed or removably disposed therein. In some embodiments, the ball seat 286 may be integrally formed within the bore 250 of the mandrel 214. In other embodiments, the ball seat 286 may be separately or optionally installed within the mandrel 214, as may be desired.
The ball seat 286 may be configured in a manner so that a ball 285 seats or rests therein, whereby the flowpath through the mandrel 214 may be closed off (e.g., flow through the bore 250 is restricted or controlled by the presence of the ball 285). For example, fluid flow from one direction may urge and hold the ball 285 against the seat 286, whereas fluid flow from the opposite direction may urge the ball 285 off or away from the seat 286. As such, the ball 285 and the check valve assembly may be used to prevent or otherwise control fluid flow through the tool 202. The ball 285 may be conventionally made of a composite material, phenolic resin, etc., whereby the ball 285 may be capable of holding maximum pressures experienced during downhole operations (e.g., fracing). By utilization of retainer pin 287, the ball 285 and ball seat 286 may be configured as a retained ball plug. As such, the ball 285 may be adapted to serve as a check valve by sealing pressure from one direction, but allowing fluids to pass in the opposite direction.
The tool 202 may be configured as a drop-ball plug, such that a drop ball may be flowed to a drop ball seat 259. The drop ball may be much larger diameter than the ball of the ball check. In an embodiment, end 248 may be configured with a drop ball seat surface 259 such that the drop ball may come to rest and seat at in the seat proximate end 248. As applicable, the drop ball (not shown here) may be lowered into the wellbore (206,
In other aspects, the tool 202 may be configured as a bridge plug, which once set in the wellbore, may prevent or allow flow in either direction (e.g., upwardly/downwardly, etc.) through tool 202. Accordingly, it should be apparent to one of skill in the art that the tool 202 of the present disclosure may be configurable as a frac plug, a drop ball plug, bridge plug, etc. simply by utilizing one of a plurality of adapters or other optional components. In any configuration, once the tool 202 is properly set, fluid pressure may be increased in the wellbore, such that further downhole operations, such as fracture in a target zone, may commence.
The tool 202 may include an anti-rotation assembly that includes an anti-rotation device or mechanism 282, which may be a spring, a mechanically spring-energized composite tubular member, and so forth. The device 282 may be configured and usable for the prevention of undesired or inadvertent movement or unwinding of the tool 202 components. As shown, the device 282 may reside in cavity 294 of the sleeve (or housing) 254. During assembly, the device 282 may be held in place with the use of a lock ring 296. In other aspects, pins may be used to hold the device 282 in place.
The anti-rotation mechanism may provide additional safety for the tool and operators in the sense that it may help prevent inoperability of tool in situations where the tool is inadvertently used in the wrong application. For example, if the tool is used in the wrong temperature application, components of the tool may be prone to melt, whereby the device 282 and lock ring 296 may aid in keeping the rest of the tool together. As such, the device 282 may prevent tool components from loosening and/or unscrewing, as well as prevent tool 202 unscrewing or falling off the workstring 212.
Drill-through of the tool 202 may be facilitated by the fact that the mandrel 214, the slips 234, 242, the cone(s) 236, the composite member 220, etc. may be made of drillable material that is less damaging to a drill bit than those found in conventional plugs. The drill bit will continue to move through the tool 202 until the downhole slip 234 and/or 242 are drilled sufficiently that such slip loses its engagement with the well bore. When that occurs, the remainder of the tools, which generally would include lower sleeve 260 and any portion of mandrel 214 within the lower sleeve 260 falls into the well. If additional tool(s) 202 exist in the well bore beneath the tool 202 that is being drilled through, then the falling away portion will rest atop the tool 202 located further in the well bore and will be drilled through in connection with the drill through operations related to the tool 202 located further in the well bore. Accordingly, the tool 202 may be sufficiently removed, which may result in opening the tubular 208.
Accordingly, components of tool 202 may be made of non-dissolvable materials (e.g., materials suitable for and are known to withstand downhole environments [including extreme pressure, temperature, fluid properties, etc.] for an extended period of time (predetermined or otherwise) as may be desired).
Just the same, one or more components of a tool of embodiments disclosed herein may be made of dissolvable materials (e.g., materials suitable for and are known to dissolve in downhole environments [including extreme pressure, temperature, fluid properties, etc.] after a brief or limited period of time (predetermined or otherwise) as may be desired). In an embodiment, a component made of a dissolvable material may begin to dissolve within about 3 to about 48 hours after setting of the downhole tool 202.
In other embodiments, components may be made of a material that may have brittle characteristics under certain conditions. In yet other embodiments, components may be made of a material that may have disassociatable characteristics under certain conditions.
One of skill in the art would appreciate that the material may be the same material and have the same composition, but that the physical characteristic of the material may change, and thus depend on variables such as curing procedures or downhole conditions.
The material (including a cured byproduct thereof) may be or include a resin. The resin may be an anhydride-cured epoxy material. It may be possible to use sodium polyacrylate fiber in conjunction therewith, although any fiber that has dissolvable properties associated with it
Some resins may be too brittle (or have too low Tg) for certain downhole conditions. Accordingly, resins described herein may include a flexibilizer distributed therewith. A flexibilizer may include clay(s), hygroscopic clay, nanoclay, bentonite, or any other material that is easily distributable within the resin and reduces brittleness of the resin. Carbon nano-tubes may also add strength but promote capillary water flow through the resin matrix.
Of note, smectic clay minerals, including montmorillonite and bentonite, are known to have dramatic shrink-swell capacity. Bentonite is known to have super high affinity for water, which may provide a synergistic effect. That is, bentonite may reduce the brittleness of the tool component, but at the same time induce an additional fracture stress to the tool component so that it dissolves more readily (as upon exposure to water, the volume of the bentonite within the tool component may expand up to about approximately 8× from its original state).
Embodiments herein provide for one or more components of a downhole tool (or other downhole devices) to be made of a material of construction that may include a composition of matter (including a cured byproduct thereof) designed or otherwise having the inherent characteristic to change integrity or other physical attribute when exposed to certain wellbore conditions, such as a change in time, temperature, water, heat, pressure, solution, combinations thereof, etc. Heat may be present due to the temperature increase attributed to the natural temperature gradient of the earth, and water may already be present in the existing wellbore fluids. The change in integrity may occur in a predetermined time period, which may vary from several minutes to several weeks.
In some embodiments, the material may degrade to the point of ‘mush,’ while in other embodiments, the material may dissolve or otherwise disintegrate and be carried away by fluid flowing in the wellbore. The material may disassociate in some embodiments. The temperature of the downhole fluid may affect the rate change in integrity. The material need not form a solution when it dissolves in the aqueous phase. For example, the material may dissolve, break, or otherwise disassociate into sufficiently small particles (i.e., a colloid), that may be removed by the fluid as it circulates in the well. In embodiments, the material may become degradable, but not dissolvable. In other embodiments, the material may become degradable, and subsequently dissolvable. In still other embodiments, the material may become breakable (or brittle), but not dissolvable. In yet other embodiments, the material may become breakable, and subsequently dissolvable.
In accordance with the disclosure, any unlimited number of devices, apparatuses, tools, etc. may utilize one or more components made of a material having a composition of matter according to embodiments herein.
One such device may be a “frac ball” or “drop ball”. As such, for some embodiments there may be a frac ball constructed of a material described herein. A downhole tool may also be configured with a “ball in place” (caged ball, etc.) that is similarly construct of a material described herein. In an operation utilizing one or more components made of a material of embodiments of the disclosure, the material may be differentiated in a manner that leads to different rates in physical change.
The frac ball of the present disclosure may be constructed of a suitable water-soluble material so that after a predetermined amount of time (presumably after the fracing is done), the frac ball may degrade or otherwise undergo physical change to provide an unobstructed flow path through a tool whereby production fluid may flow to surface.
Conventionally, downhole dissolvables fall into two groups: 1) a dissolving thermoplastic with a characteristic of hotter temperature, faster dissolve rate; and 2) dissolving metals, typically alloy-based often with other trace metals with a characteristic of being very expensive and cost prohibitive.
The examples to follow illustrate innovation around the prior art and conventional groups of dissolvables. For example, embodiments herein provide for use of constituents that in their own form do not dissolve, e.g., a clay material will ‘swell’ and/or somewhat solidify. Other constituents add differing performance characteristics. A soluble fiber(s), for example, may provide a ‘pathway’ (s) (in various, including random, direction) for fluid to flow therethrough and more readily attack other constituents. Thus, it has been discovered that a dissolving fiber is beneficial (over dissolving powder) because in forming the component or device, ‘pathways’ are formed. The pathways remain once the fiber dissolves, and allows fluid to much more readily move into surrounding contact with the other constituents. It has been further discovered that upon curing of the initial constituents, the material may be characterized as being dissolvable, disassociatable, degradable, and/or breakable, depending upon the composition, curing process, and/or depending upon the surrounding activation conditions
Percentages of constituents and length of fibers can be optimized to yield a desired physical characteristic known to occur in certain conditions. Care is needed to avoid temperature conditions that avoid ‘swelling’ the clay and closing of the pathways.
Accordingly, embodiments herein provide for a material that may include four primary constituents: 1) a matrix or adhesive; 2) a plasticizer or thickener; 3) strengthener; and 4) a soluble medium.
The matrix (or the adhesive) may be the resin or resin system. Among other things the matrix acts to combine and hold other constituents thereto. The resin may be an epoxy based resin system. In aspects, the resin system may be an epoxy resin with an anhydride hardener. The matrix may be an anhydride epoxy, or an epoxy resin hardened with an anhydride, like that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,379, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
The plasticizer (or thickener) is suitable to ‘thicken’ the resin. The resin may be that which has a low viscosity, whereby other constituents may not be able to properly distribute uniformly therein. The plasticizer helps in uniform distribution of constituents. The plasticizer may be clay-based, including montmorillonite or modified montmorillonite (such as CLAYTONE APA.
The strengthener may be suitable to increase mechanical properties of the material. In aspects, it may be desirable to want high compressive strength. An example strengthener includes glass bubbles. The glass does not increase tensile strength, but may increase plasticity—thus dramatically increasing compressive strength of, for example, a frac ball. Normally, a frac ball is brittle, as the compressive strength is not very high. Glass (e.g., glass microspheres) may be added. If not added, the resulting material may not have high compressive strength.
The soluble medium is suitable to provide pathways within the cured material. Once the material is subjected to its activation environment, the medium dissolves, and the surrounding fluid can easily and readily infiltrate and reach other constituents via the pathways.
The resultant cured material has a synergistic benefit of having a specific gravity of close to one, which of significance is substantially equivalent to most wellbore fluids (which are often predominantly water). Accordingly, the material may be naturally buoyant in the presence of frac fluid, whereby the material may be readily flowed back. This may be the case whether the material is in its original state, such as a solid frac ball, or the material has undergone a physical/chemical change (e.g., solid to dissolved). In some aspects, it may be preferable or desired to flow back a ball. In other aspects, it is undesirable to flow a ball back, and instead preferred to keep materials downhole. Embodiments herein provide for the ability to form a composition useable as a material for a device that can be customized for a specific customer need (e.g., material that is readily flowed back; or material that is not readily flowed back).
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a composition of matter prior to curing that may include in the range of: about 100 parts by weight of an epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent; about 10-20 parts by weight of a clay; about 20-30 parts by weight of a fiber; and about 5-10 parts by weight of a glass.
Embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a composition of matter prior to curing that may be: a. 100 parts by weight of an epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent; b. about 10-20 parts by weight of a clay; c. about 20-30 parts by weight of a fiber; and d. about 5-10 parts by weight of a glass.
One of skill in the art would appreciate subjecting a material having a composition of matter in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure to a curing process. The physical properties of the resultant cured material may dependent in a manner of significance to the selected constituents and/or curing process. The curing process may include two aspects, first pertaining to a curing device, such as an oven, and secondly pertaining to what happens to the material in the oven, with the latter being dependent on the form. Because of the insulating properties of the material, there may be ‘soak’ (i.e., a held temperature) for a period of time to ensure the core reaches desired temp.
The constituents may be mixed together in a powered mixer of suitable HP and volume. The mixed material may then be transferred into a mold suitable for the curing process. The mold may be the shape of the desired cured-material device. For example, the mold may be spherical in shape to produce a spherical ball. Just the same, the mold may produce a resultant product that may then be subjected to a finishing process such as grinding or machining in order to produce the desired cured-material device.
The curing process may include operating a curing device to start within an initial curing temperature in the range of about 70° F. to about 100° F. The material may then be placed therein, and the device closed in a manner to maintain heat. The curing device may then be heated a ramp up rate of about 0.2-2° F./min to a temperature in the range of about 120° F. to about 200° F. The device may be held at a temperature of 120° F. to about 200° F. for a predetermined amount of soak time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes.
The curing device may then be heated a ramp up rate of about 0.2-2° F./min to a temperature in the range of about 160° F. to about 250° F. The curing device may then be heated a ramp up rate of about 1-4° F./min to a temperature in the range of about 250° F. to about 350° F. The device may be held at a temperature of 250° F. to about 350° F. for a predetermined amount of soak time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes.
The curing device may then be ramped down at a rate of about 0.2-2° F./min to a temperature in the range of about 70° F. to about 100° F.
The forgoing curing process operation may yield a material that experiences a starting material temperature in the range of about 70° F. to about 100° F. The material experiences a temperature ramp up 12-120° F./hr to a temperature in the range of about 300° F. to about 400° F. The material may have a higher material temperature than the curing device as a result of a thermal reaction from the activity of the selected constituents. The device may be operated to hold the material at a material temperature of about 300° F. to about 400° F. for a predetermined amount of time in the range of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. The material may then have its temperature ramped down at a rate of 12-120° F./hr to a temperature in the range of about 70° F. to about 100° F.
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION—COMPOSITION—EXAMPLE 1The composition prior to curing of Example 1 may include a base epoxy system that comprises an epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent (100 parts by wt.). The base resin system may be desirably prone to break down in high temp/high pressure water.
The composition may include about 10 to about 20 parts modified montmorillonite clay.
The composition may include about 5-10 parts by weight high-strength (8 ksi collapse), glass spheres. The spheres may be hollow. The spheres may have a diameter of about 1 to about 1000 microns. The spheres may have an average diameter of about 15 to about 25 microns.
The composition may include a water-soluble fiber, such as sodium polyacrylate.
The material of the present disclosure may include a composition of matter that includes one or more of an epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent; a clay; a water-soluble fiber; and a glass.
Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure pertain to the composition having a clay comprises modified montmorillonite, and glass that includes high-strength, hollow-glass microspheres.
In aspects, the clay may include or be modified montmorillonite; and/or the glass may include or be high-strength hollow glass microspheres. The composition may include a water-soluble material. In aspects, the water-soluble material may include or be sodium polyacrylate.
The resin system may be an anhydride-cured epoxy material.
The composition is subjected to curing in order to yield a finalized (i.e., cured) product. A device of the disclosure may be formed during the curing process, or subsequently thereafter. The composition may be cured with a curing process of the present disclosure.
COMPOSITION—EXAMPLE 2The composition prior to curing of Example 2 may include a base resin system that comprises an epoxy with an anhydride-based curing agent (˜100 parts by wt.). The base resin system may be desirably prone to break down in high temp/high pressure water.
The composition may include about 0 to about 30 parts of a clay-based material. The composition may include about 25 to about 30 parts by weight desiccated bentonite (swelling clay). The composition may include about 5 to about 10 parts Montmorillonite (non-swelling/water-conducting) clay.
The composition may include about 0 to about 10 parts by weight of a glass material. In aspects, the glass material may be glass microspheres, typically being between 1 and 1000 micrometers in diameter. In aspects, the glass material may be a low-pressure (˜800 psi collapse) hollow glass nanospheres.
The composition may include an organic fiber (such as hemp or comparable) or glass fiber.
The composition may include a small or trace amount (by weight) of a water-soluble material, such as salt or sugar (or both). The presence of the water-soluble material may contribute to the material being ‘mushy’ (in contrast to brittle) under certain conditions.
The material of the present disclosure may include a composition of matter that includes one or more of an epoxy with an anhydride-based hardener; a swelling clay; a non-swelling clay; and a glass.
Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure pertain to the composition that may have swelling clay that includes bentonite, non-swelling clay that includes montmorillonite, and glass that includes glass spheres.
In aspects, the swelling clay may include or be bentonite; the non-swelling clay may include or be montmorillonite; and/or the glass may include or be low pressure hollow glass nanospheres. The composition may include at least one of organic hemp fiber, glass fiber, and combinations thereof. The composition may include a water-soluble material. In aspects, the water-soluble material may include or be one of a salt, a sugar, and combinations thereof.
The resin system may be made from or include polyglycolic acid (PGA). The resin system may be an anhydride-cured epoxy material. The resin system may be cast or molded pure resin or may be reinforced with short chopped glass, carbon or natural fiber hemp, canvas or silk. It may be possible to use PGA fiber in conjunction therewith, although any resin that may have dissolvable properties associated therewith may be used. Some resins may be too brittle (or have too low Tg) for certain downhole conditions. Accordingly, resins described herein may include a flexibilizer distributed therewith.
A flexibilizer may include clay(s), hygroscopic clay, nanoclay, bentonite, or any other material that is easily distributable within the resin and reduces brittleness of the resin. Carbon nano-tubes may also add strength but promote capillary water flow through the resin matrix. The composition is subjected to curing in order to yield a finalized product. A device of the disclosure may be formed during the curing process, or subsequently thereafter. The composition may be cured with a curing process of the present disclosure.
EXAMPLE 3The composition of Example 3 prior to curing may include about 100 parts by weight base resin system that comprises an epoxy with a curing agent (or ‘hardener’). The base resin may be desirably prone to break down in a high temp and/or high pressure aqueous environment. The epoxy may be a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with a low viscosity and a high glass transition temperature. The epoxy may be characterized by having high adhesability with fibers. As an example, the epoxy may be 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane-carboxylate.
The hardener may be an anhydride, i.e., anhydride-based. For example, the curing agent may be a methyl carboxylic, such as methyl-5-norborene-2, 3-dicarboxylic anhydride. The hardener may include, and be pre-catalyzed with, an accelerator. The accelerator may be imidazole-based.
The accelerator may help in saving or reducing the curing time.
The ratio of epoxy to curing agent may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5. In more particular aspects, the ratio may be about 0.9 to about 1.0.
Processing conditions of the base resin system may include multiple stages of curing.
The composition may include an additive comprising a clay. The additive may be a solid in granular or powder form. The additive may be about 0 to about 30 parts by weight of the composition of a montmorillonite-based clay. In aspects, the clay may be about 0 to about 20 parts by weight of the composition. The additive may be an organophilic clay.
An example of a suitable clay additive may be CLAYTONE® APA by BYK Additives, Inc.
The composition may include a glass, such as glass bubbles or spheres (including microspheres and/or nanospheres). The glass may be about 0 to about 20 parts by weight of the composition. In aspects, the glass may be about 5 to about 15 parts by weight of the composition.
An example of a suitable glass may be 3M Glass Bubbles 342XHS by 3M.
The composition may include a fiber. The fiber may be organic. The fiber may be a water-soluble fiber. The fiber may be in the range of about 0 to about 30 parts by weight of the composition. In aspects, the fiber may be in the range of about 15 to about 25 parts by weight.
The fiber may be made of a sodium polyacrylate-based material. The fiber may resemble a thread or string shape. In aspects, the fiber may have a fiber length in the range of about 0.1 mm to about 2 mm. The fiber length may be in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm. The fiber length may be in the range of substantially 0 mm to about 6 mm.
The fiber may be a soluble fiber like EVANESCE™ water soluble fiber from Technical Absorbents Ltd.
The composition is subjected to curing in order to yield a finalized product. A device of the disclosure may be formed during the curing process, or subsequently thereafter. The composition may be cured with a curing process of the present disclosure.
EXAMPLE 4The composition of Example 4 may be characterized as a material that includes a polyester and aluminosilicate clay.
The composition may include an ester-based component, a base resin, and an additive characterized by the ability to become acidic in an aqueous environment.
The additive may be Halloysite like that provided by Applied Materials, which may be in the form of a nano-tube. The nano-tube may be made by rolling a sheet of aluminosilicate clay. The additive may become acidic in aqueous environments and suitable to attack plastic, especially thermoplastics having ester groups, like polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The additive may increase the strength of the material. The additive may be suitable for aggressively attacking polyester in aqueous environments.
Halloysite may be characterized as an aluminosilicate mineral with the same chemistry as kaolinite but instead of the flatsheets typical of kaolinite, the sheets having been rolled up into tubes by a natural hydrothermal process.
The composition may include a modified Halloysite/PLLA (poly (L-lactic acid)/glass fiber.
The composition is subjected to curing in order to yield a finalized product. A device of the disclosure may be formed during the curing process, or subsequently thereafter. The composition may be cured with a curing process of the present disclosure.
Referring now to
On occasion, it may be necessary or otherwise desired to produce a fluid from the formation while leaving a set plug in place. However, an inner diameter (ID) of a bore (e.g., 250,
On the other hand, the presence of the oversized ID 2131 of bore 2151, and thus a larger cross-sectional area as compared to bore 2150, provides effective and efficient production capability through the tool 2102 without the need to resort to drilling of the tool. However, a reduced wall thickness 2127 of mandrel sleeve 2114 may be problematic to the characteristics of the tool 2102, especially during the setting sequence. Accordingly, a sleeve insert (or liner, reinforcing member, etc.) 2153 may be used to provide an effective wall thickness of the mandrel 2114 during the run-in and setting sequence comparable to other embodiments disclosed herein.
Referring briefly to
Once the tool 2102 reaches the set position within the tubular, the setting mechanism or workstring 2112 may be detached from the tool 2102 by various methods, resulting in the tool 2102 left in the surrounding tubular and one or more sections of the wellbore isolated. In an embodiment, once the tool 2102 is set, tension may be applied to the adapter 2152 until the threaded connection between the adapter 2152 and the mandrel 2114 (or insert 2153) is broken. For example, the mating threads on the adapter 2152 and the insert 2153 (2156 and 2116,
In an embodiment, the downhole tool 2102 and/or its components may be a drillable tool made from drillable composite material(s), such as glass fiber/epoxy, carbon fiber/epoxy, glass fiber/PEEK, carbon fiber/PEEK, etc. Other resins may include phenolic, polyamide, etc. One or more mating surfaces of the downhole tool 2102 may be configured with an angle, such that corresponding components may be placed under compression instead of shear.
In accordance with the disclosure, components of tool 2102 may be made of non-dissolvable materials (e.g., materials suitable for and are known to withstand downhole environments [including extreme pressure, temperature, fluid properties, etc.] for an extended period of time (predetermined or otherwise) as may be desired).
In accordance with the disclosure, components of tool 2102 may be made of dissolvable materials (e.g., materials suitable for and are known to dissolve in downhole environments [including extreme pressure, temperature, fluid properties, etc.] after a brief or limited period of time (predetermined or otherwise) as may be desired). In an embodiment, a component made of a dissolvable material may begin to dissolve within about 3 to about 48 hours after setting of the downhole tool. In aspects, the insert 2153 may be made of a composition of material described herein. The insert 2153 may be made of a material that is adequate to provide durability and strength to the tool 2102 for a sufficient amount of time that includes run-in, setting and frac, but then begins to change (i.e., degrade, dissolve, etc.). shortly thereafter.
The outer sleeve 2114 may be machined from metal, including such as aluminum or dissolvable aluminum alloy. Alternatively, the sleeve 2114 may be formed from a material (or its cured byproduct) having a clay, glass bubble, water-soluble fiber material further mixed with a dissolving resin.
The downhole tool 2102 may include the mandrel sleeve 2114 that extends through the tool (or tool body) 2102. The mandrel sleeve 2114 may include a flowpath or bore 2151 formed therein (e.g., an axial bore). The bore 2151 may extend partially or for a short distance through the mandrel 2114, or the bore 2151 may extend through the entire mandrel sleeve 2114, with an opening at its proximate end 2148 and oppositely at its distal end 2146.
The presence of the bore or other flowpath through the mandrel sleeve 2114 may indirectly be dictated by operating conditions. That is, in most instances the tool 2102 may be large enough in diameter (e.g., in a range of about 4-5 inches) that the bore 2151 may be correspondingly large enough (e.g., 3 inches) so that fluid may be produced therethrough. The tool OD should probably not exceed 5.5 inches for standard operation. The small ID should be around 1″. The dissolved ID is preferably 3″.
With the presence of the bore 2151, the mandrel sleeve 2114 may have an inner bore surface (2147,
The setting device(s) and components of the downhole tool 2102 may be as described and disclosed with other embodiments herein. The tool 2102 may include a lower sleeve 2160 engaged with the mandrel sleeve 2114. The mandrel sleeve 2114 and the lower sleeve 2160 may be threadingly engaged via mated threaded connection 2118. Accordingly, during setting, as the lower sleeve 2160 is pulled, the components disposed about the mandrel sleeve 2114 between the lower sleeve 2160 and the setting sleeve 2154 may begin to compress against one another. This force and resultant movement causes compression and expansion of seal element 2122. Slip(s) 234 may move or otherwise be urged eventually radially outward into engagement with the surrounding tubular 2108.
Serrated outer surfaces or teeth 2198 of the slip(s) 2134 may be configured such that the surfaces 298 prevent the slip 2134 (or tool) from moving (e.g., axially or longitudinally) within the surrounding tubular, whereas otherwise the tool 2102 may inadvertently release or move from its position. Although slip 2134 is illustrated with teeth 2198, it is within the scope of the disclosure that slip 2134 may be configured with other gripping features, such as buttons or inserts.
Because the sleeve 2154 is held rigidly in place, the sleeve 2154 may engage against a bearing plate 2183 that may result in the transfer load through the rest of the tool 2102. The setting sleeve 2154 may have a sleeve end 2155 that abuts against the bearing plate end 284.
The second slip 2134a may include one or more, gripping elements, which may be configured to provide additional grip with the tubular 2108.
A ball seat 2186 may be configured in a manner so that a ball 2185 seats or rests therein, whereby the flowpath through the mandrel sleeve 2114 (or sleeve insert 2153) may be closed off (e.g., flow through the bore 2150 is restricted or controlled by the presence of the ball 2185). For example, fluid flow from one direction may urge and hold the ball 2185 against the seat 2186. Ball 2185 may be made of a material of composition of embodiments disclosed herein.
It should be apparent to one of skill in the art that the tool 2102 of the present disclosure may be configurable as a frac plug, a drop ball plug, bridge plug, etc. simply by utilizing one of a plurality of adapters or other optional components. In any configuration, once the tool 2102 is properly set, fluid pressure may be increased in the wellbore, such that further downhole operations, such as fracture in a target zone, may commence.
The tool 2102 may include an anti-rotation assembly that includes an anti-rotation device or mechanism 2182, which may be a spring, a mechanically spring-energized composite tubular member, and so forth. The device 2182 may be configured and usable for the prevention of undesired or inadvertent movement or unwinding of the tool 2102 components. As shown, the device 2182 may reside in cavity 2194 of the sleeve (or housing) 2154. During assembly, the device 2182 may be held in place with the use of a lock ring 2196. In other aspects, pins may be used to hold the device 2182 in place.
The anti-rotation mechanism may provide additional safety for the tool and operators in the sense it may help prevent inoperability of tool in situations where the tool is inadvertently used in the wrong application. As such, the device 2182 may prevent tool components from loosening and/or unscrewing, as well as prevent tool 2102 unscrewing or falling off the workstring 2112.
Drill-through of the tool 2102 may be facilitated by the fact that the mandrel sleeve 2114 and other components, etc. may be made of drillable material that is less damaging to a drill bit than those found in conventional plugs. The drill bit will continue to move through the tool 2102 until the slips are drilled sufficiently that such slip loses its engagement with the well bore. Remaining components may fall into the well or onto another tool positioned therebelow. Accordingly, the tool 2102 may be sufficiently removed, which may result in opening the tubular 208. Components, such as the slip 2134 may be prefilled or prefitted with a reactant that aids in destruction of the slip and other tool components once the reactant is exposed to the downhole environment. The reactant may be, for example, anionic, salt-based, caustic, sulfur, sodium polyacrylate, or other suitable material that becomes highly reactive upon wetness or exposure to an aqueous fluid.
AdvantagesThe composition(s) of matter disclosed or claimed herein are not limited in utility to downhole conditions or operations (and related tools, devices, etc.), but instead may find utility in many applications in which initial hardness (strength) or durability, and subsequent degradability, dissolvability, breakage, dissociation, etc., is desired.
Yet other advantages may be recognized during post-frac, where downhole fluids can flow without intervention of a drilling rig to remove the tool. In certain embodiments, the component or device degrades or undergoes other physical change, reducing hydraulic restriction and allows valuable fluids to be recovered and/or flow back frac water and potentially start oil/gas production. Faster is better. Advantageously this can be done with just a hose and tank truck.
While example embodiments of the disclosure have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and teachings of the disclosure. These embodiments are exemplary only and not limiting. Many variations and modifications of the disclosure disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the disclosure. Where numerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such express ranges or limitations should be understood to include iterative ranges or limitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly stated ranges or limitations. The use of the term “optionally” with respect to any element of a claim is intended to mean that the subject element is required, or alternatively, is not required. Both alternatives are intended to be within the scope of the claim. Use of broader terms such as comprises, includes, having, etc. should be understood to provide support for narrower terms such as consisting of, consisting essentially of, comprised substantially of, and the like.
Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above but is only limited by the claims which follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. Each and every claim is incorporated into the specification as an embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the claims are a further description and are an addition to the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure. The inclusion or discussion of a reference is not an admission that it is prior art to the present disclosure, especially any reference that may have a publication date after the priority date of this application. The disclosures of all patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference, to the extent they provide background knowledge; or exemplary, procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein.
Claims
1. A composition of matter comprising:
- an epoxy system comprising an epoxy resin and a hardener;
- an additive comprising a clay;
- a soluble medium; and
- a glass.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the soluble medium comprises a plurality of soluble fibers, wherein the clay comprises modified montmorillonite, wherein the glass comprises high-strength, hollow glass microspheres with an average diameter of about 20 to about 25 microns, and wherein the hardener comprises an anhydride.
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the plurality of soluble fibers comprises sodium polyacrylate fibers, and the length is in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the epoxy system comprises about 100 parts by weight, wherein the epoxy resin comprises a low viscosity cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, wherein the hardener comprises an anhydride curing agent, wherein the additive comprises about 10-20 parts by weight, wherein the soluble medium comprises about 20-30 parts by weight, and further comprises a plurality of water-soluble fibers, wherein the glass comprises about 5-10 parts by weight, and wherein the glass comprises hollow glass spheres.
5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the clay comprises modified montmorillonite, wherein the hollow glass microspheres comprise an average diameter of about 20 to about 25 microns, wherein the plurality of soluble fibers comprises sodium polyacrylate fibers, and the length is in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm.
6. A composition of matter comprising:
- 100 parts by weight of a low viscosity cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent;
- 10-20 parts by weight of an additive comprising a clay;
- 20-30 parts by weight of a plurality of water-soluble fibers; and
- 5-10 parts by weight of a glass.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the clay comprises montmorillonite, wherein the glass comprises hollow-glass microspheres, and wherein the plurality of soluble fibers comprise a fiber length of less than 6 mm
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the plurality of soluble fibers comprises sodium polyacrylate fibers.
8. The composition of claim 5, wherein the clay comprises montmorillonite, wherein the glass comprises high-strength, hollow glass microspheres with an average diameter of about 20 to about 25 microns, wherein the plurality of soluble fibers comprises sodium polyacrylate fibers, and a length of each of the plurality of soluble fibers is in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm.
9. A method of curing a composition, the method comprising:
- heating an oven to an inner oven temperature in the range of about 70° F. to about 100° F.;
- placing the composition into the oven;
- heating the oven with a ramp up about 0.2-2° F./min to a next inner oven temperature in a first predetermined range of about 120° F. to about 200° F.;
- holding the oven in the first predetermined range for a first predetermined amount of soak time of about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes;
- heating the oven with a ramp up about 0.2-2° F./min to a second inner oven temperature in a second predetermined range of about 160° F. to about 250° F.;
- heating the oven with a ramp up about 1-4° F./min to a third inner oven temperature in a third predetermined range of about 250° F. to about 350° F.;
- holding the oven in the third predetermined range for about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes; and
- cooling the oven with a ramp down at a rate of about 0.2-2° F./min to a temperature in the range of about 70° F. to about 100° F.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the composition comprises:
- an epoxy system comprising an epoxy resin and a hardener;
- an additive comprising a clay;
- a soluble medium; and
- a glass.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the method comprises:
- 100 parts by weight of a low viscosity cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent;
- about 10-20 parts by weight of an additive comprising clay;
- about 20-30 parts by weight of a water-soluble fiber; and
- about 5-10 parts by weight of a glass.
12. A composition of matter comprising:
- 100 parts by weight of a low viscosity cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with an anhydride curing agent;
- about 10-20 parts by weight of an additive comprising a clay;
- about 20-30 parts by weight of a water-soluble fiber; and
- about 5-10 parts by weight of a glass.
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the water-soluble fiber comprises sodium polyacrylate fibers having a fiber length in the range of about 0.5 to about 6 mm.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the glass comprises high-strength, hollow-glass spheres of an average diameter of 22 microns.
15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the clay comprises montmorillonite, wherein the glass comprises hollow-glass microspheres, and wherein the water-soluble fiber comprises sodium polyacrylate fibers having a fiber length in the range of about 0.5 to about 6 mm.
16. The composition of claim 12, wherein the clay comprises montmorillonite, wherein the glass comprises high-strength, hollow glass microspheres with an average diameter of about 20 to about 25 microns, wherein the water-soluble fiber comprises sodium polyacrylate fibers, and a length of each of the plurality of soluble fibers is in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 20, 2018
Publication Date: May 24, 2018
Inventors: Liguo Li (Houston, TX), Yanan Hou (Houston, TX), David Hughes (Houston, TX), Evan Lloyd Davies (Houston, TX), Duke Vanlue (Tomball, TX)
Application Number: 15/876,120
