Array of Sub-Aperture Refractive Elements for Steering a Light Beam
The present subject matter includes apparatus and techniques that can be used to reduce losses in systems that perform steering of a light beam. Such steering can be performed in a non-mechanical manner, such as using an electrically-controlled optical structure (e.g., an electro-optical structure). For example, a waveguide can be used to adjust an angle of a light beam (e.g., steer the light beam). The waveguide can include a core, a cladding including an electro-optic material, and electrodes defining an arrangement that, when selectively energized, adjusts an index of refraction of the electro-optic material. In particular, electrode arrangements as described herein can be used to reduce losses, such as losses that would occur due to diffraction.
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for steering a light beam.
BACKGROUNDCertain non-mechanical beam steering systems include an array of refractive elements that can dynamically adjust an angle of a light beam. As the light beam undergoes refraction, the light beam can be compressed, which can cause diffraction of the light beam.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSUREIn certain systems, a light beam can suffer from diffractive effects, such as due to spatial variations in an amplitude or phase of a wavefront of the light beam. Such diffractive effects can lead to reduced power in a desired portion of the light beam. The inventors have recognized, among other things, the need for a beam steering system having reduced diffractive effects, such as to reduce diffractive losses. Further features of the disclosure are provided in the appended claims, which features may optionally be combined with each other in any permutation or combination, unless expressly indicated otherwise elsewhere in this document.
In an aspect, the disclosure can feature an apparatus including an arrangement of sub-aperture refractive tapered projections for adjusting an angle of a light beam with reduced diffractive losses. The apparatus can include a first row of the projections, such as to receive light at a first base interconnecting the projections in the first row, and such as to provide refracted light toward a direction of distal peaks of the projections of the first row. The apparatus can also include a second row of the projections, such as to receive light from a direction of distal peaks of the projections of the second row, which can be arranged facing corresponding projections of the first row, the second row can provide further refracted light in a direction of a second base interconnecting the projections in the second row. The facing corresponding projections can respectively include facing corresponding slanted first faces forming an obtuse angle with respect to each other, and slanted with respect to their respective first and second bases, and facing corresponding perpendicular second faces, aligned with respect to each other, and perpendicular to their respective first and second bases. An individual one of the sub-projections in the first row can be capable of refractively adjusting an angle of a corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam and decreasing a size of the corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam, and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row can be capable of receiving a sub-aperture portion of the light beam from a corresponding individual one of the sub-aperture refractive elements in the first row, further adjusting an angle of the received corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam and counteracting a decrease in the size of the corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam, such as that caused by the individual one of the sub-aperture refractive elements in the first row. An individual one of the projections in the first row can include a first refractive surface having a first orientation and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row can include a second refractive surface having a second orientation, wherein the first refractive surface and the second refractive surface can have the same shape and the first orientation can be opposite to the second orientation. The first row of the projections and the second row of the projections can include at least one projection having a triangular shaped cross section or a wedge shaped cross section. A refractive index and arrangement are such that an individual one of the projections in the first row can be capable of adjusting an angle of the light beam by an angle in the range of zero to two degrees. An individual one of the projections in the first row can be shaped such that a difference in an optical path length between an adjacent portion of the individual one of the projections and an adjacent portion of a neighboring projection can be an integer number of wavelengths of the light beam. The apparatus can also include successive first and second rows of projections, wherein the distal peaks of a successive first row face the distal peaks of a corresponding successive second row. The apparatus can also include a waveguide core shaped to guide the light beam along a length of a waveguide, a cladding including an electro-optic material capable of an interaction with a portion of the light beam, and at least one electrode shaped and arranged to adjust an angle of the light beam in an in-plane direction by adjusting an index of refraction of the electro-optic material. The apparatus can also include a row of compensation electrodes shaped and arranged to provide an adjustable phase shift between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the guided light beam to reduce phase discontinuities in adjacent sub-aperture portions of the light beam.
In an aspect, the disclosure can feature a waveguide for adjusting an angle of a light beam in an in-plane direction. The waveguide can include a waveguide core shaped, such as to guide a light beam along a length of the waveguide. The waveguide can also include a cladding including an electro-optic material capable of an interaction with a portion of the light beam. The waveguide can also include electrodes shaped and arranged, such as to adjust an angle of the light beam in an in-plane direction by adjusting an index of refraction of the electro-optic material, wherein the arrangement of electrodes can include a first row of projections interconnected by a first base and capable of adjusting an angle of corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam and decreasing a size of the corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam by adjusting an index of refraction of the corresponding electro-optic material, and a second row of projections interconnected by a second base and capable of further adjusting an angle of corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam and counteracting a decrease in the size of the corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam caused by the first row of projections by adjusting an index of refraction of the corresponding electro-optic material. An individual one of the projections in the first row can include a first cross sectional shape having a first orientation and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row can include a second cross sectional shape having a second orientation, wherein the first cross sectional shape and the second cross sectional shape can be the same and the first orientation can be opposite to the second orientation. An individual one of projections in the first row and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row can have a triangular shaped cross section or a wedge shaped cross section. An individual one of the projections in the first row can be capable of adjusting an angle of the light beam by an angle in the range of zero to two degrees. An individual one of the projections in the first row can be shaped such that a difference in an optical path length between an adjacent portion of a corresponding region of the electro-optic material and a corresponding portion of electro-optic material corresponding to a neighboring projection can be an integer number of wavelengths of the light beam when a full steering voltage or zero voltage is applied to the first row of projections, such as to provide a uniform output wavefront. The arrangement of electrodes can include a row of phase compensation electrodes shaped, such as to provide an adjustable phase shift between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the guided light beam, such as to reduce phase discontinuities in adjacent portions of the light beam at intermediate steering voltages.
In an aspect, the disclosure can feature a method of using an arrangement of sub-aperture refractive tapered projections for adjusting an angle of a light beam, such as with reduced diffractive losses. The method can include receiving light at a first base interconnecting projections in a first row, and providing refracted light toward a direction of distal peaks of the projections of the first row. The method can also include receiving light from a direction of distal peaks of the projections of a second row, which are arranged facing corresponding projections of the first row and, using the second row, providing further refracted light in a direction of a second base interconnecting the projections in the second row. The method can also include providing a first electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the first row by adjusting an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in a cladding of a waveguide and a second electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the second row by adjusting an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in the cladding of the waveguide The method can also include applying a full steering voltage to the first electrode, such as to cause corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam to decrease in size to provide a separation between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the light beam, and applying an intermediate steering voltage to the second electrode, such as to counteract the decrease in the size of the corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam to reduce the separation between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the light beam. The method can also include providing a first electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the first row and a second electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the second row, the first electrode and the second electrode can have the same cross-sectional shape and an opposite orientation. The method can also include providing a first electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the first row and a second electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the second row, wherein the projections in the first row and the projections in the second row can have a triangular shaped cross section or a wedge shaped cross section. The method can also include applying a voltage to the first electrode, such as to adjust an angle of the light beam by an angle in the range of zero to two degrees. The method can also include providing a first electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the first row by decreasing an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in a cladding of a waveguide and a second electrode shaped, such as to provide the base and projections in the second row by decreasing an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in the cladding of the waveguide
The present disclosure will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
As illustrated in
To further adjust an angle of the light beam, a steering voltage V2 can be applied to the second row of electrodes 542 to cause a corresponding second row of refractive shapes to form in the cladding. The second row of refractive shapes can further adjust an angle of the light beam and can additionally increase a size of each sub-aperture portion of the light beam. The steering voltage V1 can be held at the maximum value during the application of steering voltage V2. The adjustment in the angle of the light beam can increase as the value of the steering voltage V2 increases from zero through a range of intermediate steering values, and at full steering, the steering voltage V2 can have a maximum value corresponding to a maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the second row of electrodes. A value of the maximum voltage can be 100 V and a corresponding maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the second row of electrodes can be 1 degree. In an example, the maximum voltage can be 100 V and a corresponding maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the first row of electrodes can be in a range from 0 to 10 degrees. A maximum value of the steering voltage V2 can correspond to an adjusted angle of the light beam, such that each sub-aperture portion of the light beam can be incident upon a corresponding refractive shape in the third row of refractive shapes. At voltages beyond the maximum value of the steering voltage V2, each sub-aperture portion of the light beam can be incident upon more than one refractive shape in the third row of refractive shapes, such as can lead to losses in the light beam.
As illustrated in
To further adjust an angle of the light beam, a steering voltage V3 can be applied to the third row of electrodes 543 to cause a corresponding third row of refractive shapes to form in the cladding. The third row of refractive shapes can further adjust an angle of the light beam and can additionally decrease a size of each sub-aperture portion of the light beam. The steering voltage V1 and the steering voltage V2 can be held at their respective maximum values during the application of the steering voltage V3. The adjustment in the angle of the light beam can increase as the value of the steering voltage V3 increases from zero through a range of intermediate steering values, and at full steering, the steering voltage V3 can have a maximum value corresponding to a maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the third row of electrodes. A value of the maximum voltage can be 100 V and a corresponding maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the third row of electrodes can be 1 degree. In an example, the maximum voltage can be 100 V and a corresponding maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the first row of electrodes can be in a range from 0 to 10 degrees. A maximum value of the steering voltage V3 can correspond to an adjusted angle of the light beam, such that each sub-aperture portion of the light beam can be incident upon a corresponding refractive shape in the fourth row of refractive shapes. At voltages beyond the maximum value of the steering voltage V3, each sub-aperture portion of the light beam can be incident upon more than one refractive shape in the fourth row of refractive shapes, such as can lead to losses in the light beam.
As illustrated in
To further adjust an angle of the light beam, a steering voltage V4 can be applied to the fourth row of electrodes 544 to cause a corresponding fourth row of refractive shapes to form in the cladding. The fourth row of refractive shapes can further adjust an angle of the light beam and can additionally increase a size of each sub-aperture portion of the light beam. The steering voltage V1, the steering voltage V2, and the steering voltage V3 can be held at their respective maximum values during the application of the steering voltage V4. The adjustment in the angle of the light beam can increase as the value of the steering V4 increases from zero through a range of intermediate steering values, and at full steering, the steering voltage V4 can have a maximum value corresponding to a maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the fourth row of electrodes. A value of the maximum voltage can be 100 V and a corresponding maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the fourth row of electrodes can be 1 degree. In an example, the maximum voltage can be 100 V and a corresponding maximum adjustment in the angle of the light beam caused by the first row of electrodes can be in a range from 0 to 10 degrees.
As illustrated in
Claims
1. An apparatus comprising an arrangement of sub-aperture refractive tapered projections for adjusting an angle of a light beam with reduced diffractive losses, the apparatus comprising:
- a first row of the projections, configured to receive light at a first base interconnecting the projections in the first row, and provide refracted light toward a direction of distal peaks of the projections of the first row, wherein an individual one of the sub-projections in the first row includes a planar surface that is configured to refractively adjust an angle of a corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam and decrease a size of the corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam; and
- a second row of the projections, configured to receive light from a direction of distal peaks of the projections of the second row, which are arranged facing corresponding projections of the first row, the second row configured to provide further refracted light in a direction of a second base interconnecting the projections in the second row, wherein a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row includes a planar surface that is configured to receive a sub-aperture portion of the light beam from a corresponding individual one of the sub-aperture refractive elements in the first row, further adjust an angle of the received corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam, and counteract a decrease in the size of the corresponding sub-aperture portion of the light beam caused by the individual one of the sub-aperture refractive elements in the first row.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the facing corresponding projections respectively include:
- facing corresponding slanted first faces forming an obtuse angle with respect to each other, and slanted with respect to their respective first and second bases; and
- facing corresponding perpendicular second faces, aligned with respect to each other, and perpendicular to their respective first and second bases.
3. (canceled)
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an individual one of the projections in the first row includes a first refractive surface having a first orientation and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row include a second refractive surface having a second orientation, wherein the first refractive surface and the second refractive surface have the same shape and the first orientation is opposite to the second orientation.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an individual one of the projections in the first row is shaped such that a difference in an optical path length between an adjacent portion of the individual one of the projections and an adjacent portion of a neighboring projection is an integer number of wavelengths of the light beam.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising successive first and second rows of projections, wherein the distal peaks of a successive first row face the distal peaks of a corresponding successive second row.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising:
- a waveguide core shaped to guide the light beam along a length of a waveguide;
- a cladding including an electro-optic material capable of an interaction with a portion of the light beam; and
- at least one electrode shaped and arranged to adjust an angle of the light beam in an in-plane direction by adjusting an index of refraction of the electro-optic material.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, comprising a row of compensation electrodes shaped and arranged to provide an adjustable phase shift between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the guided light beam to reduce phase discontinuities in adjacent sub-aperture portions of the light beam.
9. A waveguide for adjusting an angle of a light beam in an in-plane direction, the waveguide comprising:
- a waveguide core shaped to guide a light beam along a length of the waveguide;
- a cladding including an electro-optic material capable of an interaction with a portion of the light beam;
- electrodes shaped and arranged to adjust an angle of the light beam in an in-plane direction by adjusting an index of refraction of the electro-optic material, wherein the arrangement of electrodes includes:
- a first row of projections interconnected by a first base and including a planar surface configured to adjust an angle of corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam and decrease a size of the corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam by adjusting an index of refraction of the corresponding electro-optic material; and
- a second row of projections interconnected by a second base and including a planar surface configured to further adjust an angle of corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam and counteract a decrease in the size of the corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam caused by the first row of projections by adjusting an index of refraction of the corresponding electro-optic material.
10. The waveguide of claim 9, wherein an individual one of the projections in the first row includes a first shape having a first orientation and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row includes a second shape having a second orientation, wherein the first shape and the second shape are the same and the first orientation is opposite to the second orientation.
11. The waveguide of claim 9, wherein an individual one of projections in the first row and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row have a triangular shape.
12. The waveguide of claim 9, wherein an individual one of the projections in the first row is capable of adjusting an angle of the light beam by an angle in the range of zero to two degrees.
13. The waveguide of claim 9, wherein an individual one of the projections in the first row is shaped such that a difference in an optical path length between an adjacent portion of a corresponding region of the electro-optic material and a corresponding portion of electro-optic material corresponding to a neighboring projection is an integer number of wavelengths of the light beam when a full steering voltage or zero voltage is applied to the first row of projections to provide a uniform output wavefront.
14. The waveguide of claim 9, wherein the arrangement of electrodes includes a row of phase compensation electrodes shaped to provide an adjustable phase shift between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the guided light beam to reduce phase discontinuities in adjacent portions of the light beam at intermediate steering voltages.
15. A method of using an arrangement of sub-aperture refractive tapered projections for adjusting an angle of a light beam with reduced diffractive losses, the method comprising:
- receiving light at a first base interconnecting projections in a first row, and providing via planar surfaces, refracted light toward a direction of distal peaks of the projections of the first row;
- receiving light from a direction of distal peaks of the projections of a second row, which are arranged facing corresponding projections of the first row and, using the second row, providing via planar surfaces, further refracted light in a direction of a second base interconnecting the projections in the second row;
- providing a first electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the first row by adjusting an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in a cladding of a waveguide and a second electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the second row by adjusting an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in the cladding of the waveguide; and
- applying a full steering voltage to the first electrode to cause corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam to decrease in size to provide a separation between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the light beam, and applying an intermediate steering or full steering voltage to the second electrode to counteract the decrease in the size of the corresponding sub-aperture portions of the light beam to reduce the separation between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the light beam.
16.-17. (canceled)
18. The method of claim 15, comprising providing a first electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the first row and a second electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the second row, the first electrode and the second electrode having the same shape and an opposite orientation.
19. The method of claim 15, comprising providing a first electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the first row and a second electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the second row, wherein the projections in the first row and the projections in the second row have a triangular shape.
20. The method of claim 15 comprising providing a first electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the first row by decreasing an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in a cladding of a waveguide and a second electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the second row by decreasing an index of refraction of a corresponding portion of electro-optic material in the cladding of the waveguide.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second row of projections is tilted with respect to the first row of projections to accommodate light refracted by the first row of projections.
22. The method of claim 15 wherein an individual one of the projections in the first row is shaped such that a difference in an optical path length between an adjacent portion of a corresponding region of the electro-optic material and a corresponding portion of electro-optic material corresponding to a neighboring projection is an integer number of wavelengths of the light beam when a full steering voltage or zero voltage is applied to the first electrode to provide a uniform output wavefront.
23. The method of claim 15 comprising providing a row of phase compensation electrodes shaped to provide an adjustable phase shift between adjacent sub-aperture portions of the guided light beam to reduce phase discontinuities in adjacent portions of the light beam at intermediate steering voltages.
24. The waveguide of claim 9 comprising successive first and second rows of projections, wherein the distal peaks of a successive first row face the distal peaks of a corresponding successive second row.
25. The waveguide of claim 9 wherein an individual one of projections in the first row and a corresponding individual one of the projections in the second row have a wedge shape.
26. The method of claim 15 comprising providing a first electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the first row and a second electrode shaped to provide the base and projections in the second row, wherein the projections in the first row and the projections in the second row have a wedge shape.
Type: Application
Filed: Apr 5, 2017
Publication Date: Oct 11, 2018
Patent Grant number: 10120261
Inventors: Michael Ziemkiewicz (Norwood, MA), Scott R. Davis (Denver, CO), Michael H. Anderson (Lyons, CO), Tyler Adam Dunn (North Reading, MA)
Application Number: 15/479,999