Power and/or Alarming Security System for Electrical Appliances
The present disclosure relates generally to security systems and, more particularly, to a power and/or alarming security system for electrical appliances. In an example embodiment, an apparatus comprises a socket and a circuit. The socket can be configured for detachable electrical connection with an electrical appliance. The circuit can be configured to (1) provide power to a connected electrical appliance through the socket, and (2) calibrate an alarm limit for a security function for the socket based on a plurality of electrical characteristics of the connected electrical appliance that are measured via the socket, wherein the electrical characteristics comprise an admittance characteristic and a current draw characteristic of the connected electrical appliance. Furthermore, the circuit can calibrate the alarm limit for the socket according to a plurality of calibration phases.
This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/117,304, filed Aug. 30, 2018, and entitled “Power and/or Alarming Security System for Electrical Appliances”, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, which claims priority to (1) U.S. provisional patent application 62/651,598, filed Apr. 2, 2018, and entitled “Power and/or Alarming Security System for Electrical Appliances”, and (2) U.S. provisional patent application 62/553,770, filed Sep. 1, 2017, and entitled “Power and/or Alarming Security System for Electrical Appliances”, the entire disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
INTRODUCTIONIn many environments, such as retail store environments, it is desirable to reduce the risk of theft with respect to electrical appliances. For example, in many retail stores, electrical appliances are on display to customers in a manner that allows a customer to hold and operate such appliances as this can help customers make purchase decisions about the electrical appliances. However, many conventional loss prevention systems in the art for electrical appliances can be obstructive with respect to the degree of customer interactions that are permitted with the displayed electrical appliances. To provide loss prevention security while still permitting a high degree of customer interaction, the inventors disclose how security functions for the electrical appliances can be integrated into a power strip for the electrical appliance. Such a “smart” or “intelligent” power strip can be designed to not only provide power to a connected electrical appliance but also trigger an alarm if the electrical appliance is disconnected from the power strip. Such an intelligent power strip can include one or more sockets through which an electrical appliance is connected. The power strip can monitor electrical characteristics of the connected electrical appliance through the socket and make decisions based on these monitored electrical characteristics as to whether an alarm should be triggered.
However, there are a variety of technical challenges with respect to how to design such a power strip so that the risk of false alarms is reduced while still providing adequate security. For example, it is desirable to allow customers to operate a connected electrical appliance so that the customer can make a purchase decision. Such operation may cause wide variances in the electrical characteristics of the connected electrical appliance (e.g., the current drawn through the socket may vary based on the nature of use and whether the electrical appliance has been turned on or off by a user). As an example, if the connected electrical appliance is a lamp, it is desirable for the power strip to not trigger an alarm in response to a customer action of turning the lamp on and off. Instead, the alarm should be triggered in response to a person disconnecting the lamp from the power strip. The inventors disclose a variety of solutions for distinguishing between such actions through the monitored electrical characteristics.
Furthermore, different electrical appliances can have vastly different electrical characteristics when connected to a power strip (e.g., lamps versus TVs versus vacuum cleaners, etc.). Further still, it is desirable for the power strip to provide security functions for not only electrical appliances that receive and operate from AC power but also for electrical appliances that receive and operate from DC power. There are additional technical challenges in designing an intelligent power strip that is able to accommodate and work with such a wide array of different types of electrical appliances, and the inventors disclose a variety of solutions to this problem as well.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be described hereinafter to those having ordinary skill in the art.
Reference is made in the following detailed description to accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, wherein like numerals may designate like parts throughout that are corresponding and/or analogous. It will be appreciated that the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale, such as for simplicity and/or clarity of illustration. For example, dimensions of some aspects may be exaggerated relative to others. Further, it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTSReferences throughout this specification to one implementation, an implementation, one embodiment, an embodiment and/or the like means that a particular feature, structure, and/or characteristic described in connection with a particular implementation and/or embodiment is included in at least one implementation and/or embodiment of the disclosure. Thus, appearances of such phrases, for example, in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily intended to refer to the same implementation or to any one particular implementation described. Furthermore, it is to be understood that particular features, structures, and/or characteristics described are capable of being combined in various ways in one or more implementations and, therefore, are within intended claim scope. In general, these and other issues vary with context. Therefore, particular context of description and/or usage provides helpful guidance regarding inferences to be drawn.
As will be described in greater detail below, in an implementation, a power and/or alarming security system (e.g., a power strip, etc.) for electrical appliances may be utilized to facilitate and/or support loss prevention that may provide power to and/or secure multiple electrical appliances.
The example power strip 100 of
The power strip 100 of
Processor 120 may be in communication with an interface 130 through which credentials for authorized users are received (to facilitate control decisions such as arming, disarming, and/or calibrating the power strip 100). Examples of techniques that can be used for whitelisting authorized users and authenticating authorized users are described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,892,604 and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2017/0300721, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Processor 120 may also be in communication with a piezo element 132 such as a speaker that can enunciate an alarm if the processor determines that an alarm security condition is present. Processor 120 may also be in communication with one or more status indicators (e.g, LEDs) that provide a visual indication of an operational status for the power strip (e.g., armed, disarmed, alarming, etc.).
The processor 120 may also be in communication with an expansion port 136 via an isolation circuit 138. The expansion port 136 can provide connectivity for the power strip 100 with a number of peripheral devices, examples of which are discussed below.
It should be understood that the power strip 100 shown by
In order to control the security function of the power strip 100 in example embodiments, two basic phases of operation occur. A first phase comprises a calibration phase, and a second phase may comprise a monitoring phase. During the calibration phase, for example, the system may characterize the device attached to each socket to determine the general current and/or admittance characteristics of the device so that an appropriate alarm threshold can be determined for each device. After each device has been characterized and the alarm criteria and/or thresholds have been determined, the monitoring phase is entered. In the monitoring phase, the same circuits are used to continuously or regularly monitor each socket 102 for changes and/or trigger an alarm if the limits set in the calibration phase are exceeded.
In an example embodiment, the power strip 100 (which may described as a “Sell Plug” or “Secure Plug”) uses two distinctly different types of measurements that it performs in both the calibration and/or monitoring phases of operation. These different measurements may be current measurement and/or admittance measurement. The admittance measurement may be to determine the length of the cable used by the device to connect with socket 102 and the type of load represented by the device connected to that cable. The current measurement may be used to determine the real part of the current drawn by the device. By looking at and/or examining how these two parameters vary under multiple specified conditions during the calibration phase, the type of device connected to socket 102 can be determined. Once the type of device has been determined, the alarm criteria may be set accordingly to thereby customize the alarm criteria to the device that is connected to socket 102.
In some embodiments, the sensor circuit 110 may measure admittance by generating stimulation signals at a plurality of different frequencies (e.g., 12 different frequencies, although a different number of frequencies may be used if desired by a practitioner), and/or by recording the response from the socket 102 at each of these twelve frequencies. This stimulation signal may comprise differential analog signals that may be generated by a digital signal processor (DSP) such as FPGA 114. When applied to the bases of transistors Q4 and/or Q5 (as seen in
As noted, in an example embodiments, the admittance can be measured at 12 different frequencies. Two frequencies per octave can be used. These frequencies can be integer divides of the 100 MHz clock. The divide ratios may comprise 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, and/or 64. This provides frequency coverage between 1.5 MHz and 50 MHz. All frequencies are run sequentially through each socket. The total time to measure all frequencies on each socket is approximately 6 ms. The stimulus and/or response are both controlled by the DSP FPGA 114 so that the phase of the response relative to the stimulus is also known. Both the amplitude and phase of the response are used by the FPGA 114 to determine the admittance at a given frequency.
In example embodiments, the sensor circuit 110 can also be used to measure the current. The current can measured across a sense resistor R24 which is in series with the neutral line of the socket. Resistors R25 and/or R26 set the gain to amplifier U1 which multiplies the result up to the appropriate input level for the ADC with the help of transistor amplifiers Q1 and/or Q3.
The current measurement circuit can be triggered by the FPGA 114 at a known phase with the AC line. The FPGA 114 makes a series of measurements at precise times for 100 ms. These measurements capture both the magnitude and the phase of the current so that reactive and/or resistive loads can be differentiated. The raw measurements are corrected for known phase delays in the circuit to present an accurate representation of the magnitude and/or phase of the current drawn by the device connected to the socket 102.
In some embodiments, the FPGA 114 is responsible for generating stimulus to the sensor circuit 110 and/or processing the response received back from the sensor circuits 110. The FPGA 114 is advantageous as a compute resource for processing the signals from sensor circuits 110 because the FPGA 114 provides faster performance relative to a conventional microcontroller or the like while providing more flexibility than an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) because the FPGA can be re-configured in the field post-manufacture, thereby allowing practitioners to upgrade and/or modify the processing logic implemented by the FPGA 114 over time. The faster performance can be advantageous in reducing the time needed to process signals used as part of the calibration and monitoring processes, which can minimize undesirable delays in these processes. Functions can be implemented on the FPGA 114 in synthesizable RTL (register-transfer level) code.
In example embodiments, admittance testing can performed with the measurement processor 112. To perform admittance testing, the measurement processor 112 generates each of the twelve measurement frequencies via integer divide of the 100 MHz DSP clock. The measurement processor 112 also generates a pseudo noise (PN) sequence. This is a series of ones and/or zeros generated by a linear feedback shift register. Each frequency is then modulated by this PN sequence to spread the spectrum of the injected signal to prevent it from radiating in violation of emission standards. This modulated PN sequence may then be sent to the sensor circuits 110.
In example embodiments for current measurements, the measurement processor 112 can generate five measurement triggers over 100 milliseconds. These triggers can span 6 cycles at 60 Hz or 5 cycles at 50 Hz, although other cycle or frequency breakdowns are possible. These triggers can be generated at precise phase shifts from the line power that is delivered to each of the sockets 102. The resulting measurements represent the current at those precise phase delays relative to the mains power. The measurement processor 112 then computes the average magnitude and/or relative phase of the measured current to the mains voltage.
Current measurements may be performed in response to a signal trigger request from the processor 120. The processor 120 requests a current measurement from the FPGA 114. The FPGA 114 arms and waits for the next cycle of the mains power to trigger it. Once it receives the trigger, the FPGA 114 makes its five measurements, averages the results, and/or provides a complex current value representing magnitude and/or phase back to the processor 120 on completion.
As noted, processor 120 can control user interfaces such as piezo element 132 and status indicators 134. However, the processor 120 may also perform additional roles in the system. For example, the processor can control the calibration process and the monitoring process for alarm generation. The sensor circuits 110 and FPGA 114 can provide real time data on the status of the loads on each socket 102, while the processor 120 can in turn perform calibration and limit checking based on that data.
Calibration:
In example embodiments, the power strip 100 can be capable of providing security functions for a number of different types of electrical appliances/devices that may present a wide range of different loads to the sockets 102. A particular challenge is for the power strip to provide an effective security function when the socket 102 is connected to an in-line power supply or power transformer such as USB chargers or power bricks. These loads present specific challenges in that they can be disconnected at more than one point (e.g., at the power strip, at the power supply, or at the device). It is desirable for any disconnect at any of these points to generate an alarm. For example, it is desirable for the power strip 100 to trigger an alarm if a thief disconnects an electronic device from a power brick while leaving the power brick connected to the socket 102. The calibration process described herein can be employed to learn and/or detect the current and/or admittance characteristics of whatever devices are connected to sockets 102, where these characteristics may be unique for each device or class of devices.
To support a wide range of devices, a two stage calibration process can be employed in an example embodiment. This calibration process can gather data on the current and/or admittance characteristics of the connected device through socket 102 under different conditions, and the calibration process uses these characteristics to set the alarm thresholds for each device.
At step 500, the system measures admittance and current draw characteristic data through the socket for a first calibration phase (Phase 1). To perform these measurements, a plurality of stimulation signals as discussed above can be applied to the socket to trigger a response from whatever may be connected to the socket. The responses to the stimulation signals can be processed to obtain the Phase 1 admittance characteristic and current draw characteristic measurements. These measurements can be repeated a plurality of times (e.g., 10 times), and the measurements can be averaged together to aggregate the measurements to single admittance characteristic and current draw characteristic values (e.g., Yavg1 and Iavg1). As noted above, these measurements need not be precise computations of admittance and current in terms of Siemens and Amperes. For example, the measured admittance characteristic need only be indicative of the resistive and reactive portions of a load (or the conductance and susceptance portions of the load) presented to the socket by whatever is connected to the socket. If desired by a practitioner, different weights (W) can be applied to different measurements as part of the averaging process. Such a vector of weights (W) can be stored in and retrieved from memory as needed. Sensor circuit 110 and DSP 114 can be used to support these operations. The Phase 1 measurements can be used by the system to help define the alarm limit(s) that will be used to test for alarm events.
At step 502, the system measures admittance and current draw characteristic data through the socket for a second calibration phase (Phase 2). To perform these measurements, the system can once again apply the stimulation signals to the socket to trigger a response from whatever may be connected to the socket. The responses to these stimulation signals can be processed to obtain the Phase 2 admittance characteristic and current draw characteristic measurements. Once again, these measurements can be repeated a plurality of times (e.g., 10 times), and the measurements can be averaged together to aggregate the measurements to single admittance characteristic and current draw characteristic values (e.g., Yavg2 and Iavg2). Also, as noted, different weights (W) from a stored weights vector can be applied to different measurements as part of the averaging process. Sensor circuit 110 and DSP 114 can be used to support these operations. The Phase 2 measurements can be used by the system, in combination with the Phase 1 measurements to help categorize the device connected to the socket.
At step 504, the system categorizes the device connected to the socket 102 based on the Phase 1 measurements and the Phase 2 measurements. Based on this categorization, the system can then set one or more alarm limits for the socket accordingly (step 506).
As noted above, the system preferably supports security functions for different types of devices connected to socket 102.
One type of device that can be connected to the socket is a device that includes a cable such as a power cord that plugs into socket 102. Such devices typically operate from AC power. In some instances, the cable may be detachable from the device, but not necessarily. Examples of such cabled devices include most types of television sets, vacuum cleaners, lamps, etc. Such cabled devices typically have a power switch or the like that allows power to be turned off for the device. It is preferred that cabled devices be switched to be in an unpowered state during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the calibration process so that the calibrated power strip 100 can be insensitive to variations in characteristics such as current draw that may be experienced by a powered device. One complicating factor that the system can account for with cabled devices is that some cabled devices exhibit different current draw characteristics when in an unpowered state. If the device includes circuitry that allows it to operate in a standby mode while unpowered, the device may still draw current even when turned off. Television sets are a type of cabled device that typically include standby mode circuitry (as are devices such as Blu-Ray players and DVD players). However, for devices that lack such circuitry for a standby mode, there would be no current draw when turned off. As discussed below, the system can be designed to use the Phase 1 and Phase 2 measurements to distinguish between these categories of devices and then tailor the alarm limits accordingly.
Another type of device that can be connected to the socket is a device that connects to the socket through an external power transformer such as a power brick. Such devices typically operate from DC power, and the external transformer operates to convert AC power from socket 102 to a DC power for use by the device. For ease of reference, such external power transformers will be referred to as power bricks. Power bricks are typically detachably connectable to the devices they power. Examples of such power bricked devices include most types of laptop computers, tablet computers, smart phones, etc. Power bricks represent a particular challenge from a security perspective because it is desirable for the system to detect both a situation where the power brick and device are together removed from the socket 102 and a situation where the device is removed from the power brick but the power brick remains connected to the socket 102. Furthermore, different types of power bricks exhibit different electrical characteristics that pose further challenges for the security function of the socket. For example, a first type of power brick (which can be referred to as a regular power brick) will draw some current when connected to socket 102 even if the regular power brick is not connected to a device; while a second type of power brick (which can be referred to as a lite power brick) will not draw any appreciable current when connected to socket when no device is connected to the lite power brick. USB chargers for smart phones are often examples of lite power bricks. As discussed below, the system can be designed to use the Phase 1 and Phase 2 measurements to distinguish between these power bricked categories of devices and then tailor the alarm limits accordingly.
During calibration, it is preferred that the devices remained unpowered (e.g., the power switches turned off) for both Phase 1 and Phase 2 calibration. For power bricked devices, the Phase 1 calibration occurs when the power brick is connected to the socket but the device is not connected to the power brick, and the Phase 2 calibration occurs when the power brick is connected to the socket and the (turned off) device is connected to the power brick.
For example, an admittance floor value (Y0) can be used to represent the admittance of an empty socket. This Y0 value can be stored by the system and used as a threshold to test for an empty socket condition. Hence, the system can perform a comparison between the Phase 1 measured admittance characteristic value (e.g., Yavg1) and the admittance floor value (Y0) (step 550). If Yavg1 is greater than Y0, this would indicate that something is connected to the socket (and the process flow can proceed to step 554). Otherwise, the system will conclude that the socket is empty, and the process flow can transition to step 552 where the socket is categorized as being empty (in which case no alarm limit would be set). As an example, the comparison that is performed at step 550 can compare the square of the absolute value of Yavg1 to the square of the absolute value of Y0.
A current floor value (I0) can be used to represent no current draw through the socket (where some measurement noise tolerance may be factored in). As such, I0 can be conceptually zero plus some tolerance margin to account for measurement noise. This I0 value can be stored by the system and used as a threshold to help further categorize a connected device. At step 554, the system compares the Phase 1 measured current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg1) with the current floor value (I0). If a cabled and non-bricked device that lacks an active standby mode is connected to the socket, the value of Iavg1 should not be greater than I0. Also, if a lite power brick is connected to the socket, the current draw by the lite power brick will be negligible and should also fall below I0. Hence, the condition where Iavg1 is not greater than I0 could also indicate the presence of a lite power brick. By contrast, a regular power brick or a cabled device with an active standby mode both would exhibit an Iavg1 that is greater than I0. Hence, with reference to
At step 556, the system is choosing between candidates of a regular power brick and a cabled device with an active standby mode. To distinguish between the two at step 556, the system compares the Phase 2 measured current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg2) with the Phase 1 measured current characteristic (e.g., IAvg1). If a regular power brick is connected to the socket, the Phase 2 measurements will be made when the device is connected to the regular power brick. This device connection will increase the current draw for Phase 2 relative to Phase 1. Hence, an increase in current draw for Phase 2 relative to Phase 1 at step 556 would indicate the presence of a regular power brick. In this case, the process flow can transition to step 558 where the socket is characterized as being connected to a regular power brick. By contrast, if a cabled device with an active standby mode is connected to the socket, the Phase 2 current draw should be the same as the Phase 1 current draw. Hence, if the current draw for Phase 2 does not increase relative to that of Phase 1, this would indicate the presence of a cabled device with an active standby mode. In this case, the process flow can transition to step 560 where the socket is characterized as being connected to a cabled device with an active standby mode. It should be understood that the comparison at step 556 could factor in some measurement noise by requiring a distinguishing difference in the Phase 2 current draw to be greater than a defined threshold in order to conclude that the Phase 2 current draw qualifies as an increase from the Phase 1 current draw.
At step 562, the system is choosing between candidates of a lite power brick and a cabled device without an active standby mode. To distinguish between the two at step 562, the system compares the Phase 2 measured current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg2) with the Phase 1 measured current characteristic (e.g., Iavg1). If a lite power brick is connected to the socket, the Phase 2 measurements will be made when the device is connected to the lite power brick. This device connection will increase the current draw for Phase 2 relative to Phase 1. Hence, an increase in current draw for Phase 2 relative to Phase 1 at step 562 would indicate the presence of a lite power brick. In this case, the process flow can transition to step 564 where the socket is characterized as being connected to a lite power brick. By contrast, if a cabled device without an active standby mode is connected to the socket, the Phase 2 current draw should be the same as the Phase 1 current draw. Hence, if the current draw for Phase 2 does not increase relative to that of Phase 1, this would indicate the presence of a cabled device without an active standby mode. In this case, the process flow can transition to step 566 where the socket is characterized as being connected to a cabled device without an active standby mode. It should be understood that the comparison at step 562, similarly to the comparison step at 556, could factor in some measurement noise by requiring a distinguishing difference in the Phase 2 current draw to be greater than a defined threshold in order to conclude that the Phase 2 current draw qualifies as an increase from the Phase 1 current draw.
After the socket has been categorized, the system can customize one or more alarm limits accordingly.
At step 570, the system sets alarm limits for a socket categorized as being connected to a regular power brick. In this scenario, for an example embodiment, the system can employ either or both of first and second alarm limits that are based on admittance and current draw characteristics.
A first alarm limit defined at step 570 can test for whether the measured admittance characteristic (Y) for the socket has dropped below the Phase 1 admittance characteristic value (e.g., Yavg1). If so, this indicates that the power brick has been removed from the socket, and an alarm should be triggered. Any of a number of metrics can be used to test for this condition. For example, this first alarm limit condition can include a measurement noise tolerance if desired by a practitioner where the decrease in admittance needs to exceed a defined threshold (Ylim or Ylimit). In such an example, the system can trigger an alarm if the square of the difference between Y and Yavg1 exceeds Ylim. In another example, the first alarm limit can check whether Y is less than Yavg1 (e.g., the system can trigger an alarm if the square of Y is less than the square of Yavg1).
A second alarm limit defined at step 570 can test for whether the measured current characteristic (I) is less than a value above the measured Phase 1 current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg1) but below the measured Phase 2 current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg2). Given that the connection of a device to the regular power brick will cause an increase in the current draw relative to Iavg1, this test can identify situations where the device has been disconnected from the regular power brick but the power brick remains connected to the socket. That is because Iavg2 (where the device is connected) is greater than Iavg1 (where the regular power brick was connected by the device was not), Iavg1 can be used as a test for indicating disconnection of the device independently of disconnection of the regular power brick. In an example, this second alarm limit can test whether the newly measured current characteristic value (I) is less than 110% of the Phase 1 current characteristic value (Iavg1). If I is less than 110% of Iavg2, an alarm would trigger because this would indicate that either (1) both the regular power brick and device were disconnected from the socket (in which case the current draw would drop to zero) or (2) only the device was disconnected from the regular power brick while the regular power brick remained connected to the socket (in which case the current draw would drop to around Iavg1). While 110% is used as the scalar for Iavg1 in this example alarm limit, it should be understood that other scalars could be used (e.g., 105%, 115%, etc.).
At step 572, the system sets alarm limits for a socket categorized as being connected to a cabled device with an active standby mode that would draw current even when the device's power switch is turned off. In this scenario, for an example embodiment, the system can employ either or both of first and second alarm limits that are based on admittance and current draw characteristics.
A first alarm limit defined at step 572 can be the same alarm limit as described above for the first alarm limit at step 570. That is, the first alarm limit for step 572 can test for whether the measured admittance characteristic (Y) for the socket has dropped below the Phase 1 admittance characteristic value (e.g., Yavg1). If so, this indicates that the cabled device has been removed from the socket, and an alarm should be triggered. As described above, any of a number of metrics can be used to test for this condition.
A second alarm limit defined at step 572 can test for whether the measured current characteristic (I) is less than a value slightly below the measured Phase 1 current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg1). Given that the standby mode will draw largely the same current for both the Phase 1 and Phase 2 calibration measurements, the system can set the alarm limit to be a value slightly below the Phase 1 current draw characteristic value (e.g., Iavg1), such as 90% of Iavg1. Thus, if the cabled device is removed from the socket, the newly measured current draw characteristic value (I) will fall below 90% of Iavg1, and the system can trigger an alarm. Similarly, if the cable is cut or detached from the device, this would also cause I to fall below 90% of Iavg1, and the system can trigger an alarm. While 90% is used as the scalar for Iavg1 in this example alarm limit, it should be understood that other scalars could be used (e.g., 85%, 95%, etc.).
At step 574, the system sets alarm limits for a socket categorized as being connected to a lite power brick. In this scenario, for an example embodiment, the system can employ either or both of first and second alarm limits that are based on admittance and current draw characteristics.
A first alarm limit defined at step 574 can be the same alarm limit as described above for the first alarm limit at steps 570 and 572. That is, the first alarm limit for step 574 can test for whether the measured admittance characteristic (Y) for the socket has dropped below the Phase 1 admittance characteristic value (e.g., Yavg1). If so, this indicates that the lite power brick has been removed from the socket, and an alarm should be triggered. As described above, any of a number of metrics can be used to test for this condition.
A second alarm limit defined at step 574 can test for whether the measured current characteristic (I) is less than or equal to the current floor (I0). Given that the lite power brick will not draw any appreciable current when a device is not connected to the lite power brick (but will when the device is connected to the power brick), this second alarm limit can be used to test for the situation where the device has been removed from the lite power brick but the lite power brick remains connected to the socket. In this scenario, the newly measured I will drop to be the same as or less than I0, and the system should trigger an alarm.
At step 576, the system sets alarm limits for a socket categorized as being connected to a cabled device without an active standby mode. In this scenario, for an example embodiment, the system can employ an alarm limit that is based on the admittance characteristic. The alarm limit defined at step 576 can be the same alarm limit as described above for the first alarm limit at steps 570, 572, and 574. That is, the first alarm limit for step 576 can test for whether the measured admittance characteristic (Y) for the socket has dropped below the Phase 1 admittance characteristic value (e.g., Yavg1). If so, this indicates that the cabled device has been removed from the socket, and an alarm should be triggered. As described above, any of a number of metrics can be used to test for this condition.
In setting these alarm limits, it should be understood that a practitioner may choose to vary the tolerance thresholds and other conditions based on the determined categorization for the socket. For example, the value for Ylim used in the admittance-based alarm limits can be different values depending on the categorization. Thus, the Ylim used for a cabled device can be a different Ylim than is used for a regular power brick or a lite power brick. Similarly, different Ylim values could be used for regular power bricks versus lite power bricks. Similarly, the value for I0 used for a lite power brick could be different than the I0 used during calibration at step 554.
Further still, different categorization process flows could be used if desired by a practitioner. For example, the system process flow could perform the set of condition checks needed for categorization and then apply Boolean logic to the results to reach conclusions about categorization. Example logic tables for such operations are below:
Further still, some practitioners may not find it necessary to categorize on the same categories used by
Accordingly, the calibration and categorization techniques described herein permits the system to categorize devices connected to sockets 102 into different types of devices/loads, and where the alarm thresholds can be customized to the particular categorized type of device/load connected to a socket 102 while supporting the use of in-line power transformers and the like. In example embodiments, once the system has been calibrated, the alarm limits for each socket 102 can be stored in NVRAM (non-volatile random-access memory) of the power strip 100 so the system can be power cycled without repeating the calibration process.
The process flow can begin when a user plugs an electrical appliance (which can be referred to as a SKU) into a socket 102. If the SKU is a cabled device, the SKU is preferably switched to be in an unpowered state during the calibration process so that the calibrated power strip 100 can be insensitive to variations in characteristics such as current draw that may be experienced by a powered device. Also, if the subject SKU connects to socket 102 via an in-line power transformer such as a charger or a power brick, this step can include detaching the device from the in-line power transformer such that only the in-line power transformer is connected to socket 102.
The calibration process then begins, which can be triggered by user input (e.g., a user using a security fob or the like with interface 130 such as an RFID sensor to be authenticated as an authorized user). As part of the first calibration phase 700, the power strip 100 can measure the admittance (Y) and current draw (I) characteristics through the subject socket 102 a plurality of times (e.g., 10 times), and these measurements can be averaged together. As shown by
The process flow can then perform Tests A and B as noted in the table above. These tests can be performed by processor 120. Test A can resolve whether the socket 102 is empty. In the example of
For Phase 2 calibration 702, the user can plug a SKU into a power brick connected to the socket 102 (if applicable). Then, the measurement and averaging steps are repeated. The processor 120 can then perform Test C, where the outcome of Test C helps categorize as between a cabled device with an active standby mode and a regular power brick. The alarm limits can then be set in response to these categorizations. It is worth noting that
At step 802, stimulation signals are applied to the socket 102. As noted above, this step can involve the strip 100 applying multiple admittance and current draw stimulation signals to the socket 102 to trigger various electrical responses from whatever is connected to the socket 102. At step 804, the electrical responses to these stimulation signals are measured by sensor circuit 110 and DSP 114 in order to obtain the Phase 1 admittance characteristic value (e.g., Yavg1) and the Phase 1 current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg1). At this point, the power strip 100 can signal a completion of the Phase 1 calibration to the user (step 806). For example, one or more status indicators 134 can be activated to signal completion of Phase 1 of calibration.
At this point, if a power brick is connected to the socket 102, the user will connect the device that is to be secured to the connected power brick (step 808). Then, at step 810, Phase 2 calibration is initiated. This can be accomplished in any of a number of ways. For example, the user can use an authorized security fob to be authenticated and initiate the Phase 2 calibration process. As another example, a Phase 2 calibration command could be wirelessly transmitted to the strip 100 via a remote computer system in response to a request from an authorized user via a user interface. As yet another example, the Phase 2 calibration can be automatically initiated upon an arming request from an authorized user.
At this point, stimulation signals are again applied to the socket 102 (step 812). These can be the same stimulation signals that were applied at step 802. At step 814, the electrical responses to these stimulation signals are measured by sensor circuit 110 and DSP 114 in order to obtain the Phase 2 admittance characteristic value (e.g., Yavg2) and the Phase 2 current characteristic value (e.g., Iavg2).
Then, at step 504, the system attempts to categorize the device connected to the socket based on the measurements from steps 804 and 814 as discussed above. If categorization is successful, then the appropriate alarm limit(s) for the socket 102 can be defined at step 506 based on the measurements and categorization. If the categorization fails for some reason, then the process flow can return to step 800. Status indicator(s) 134 can be used to signal whether the calibration and categorization were successful.
Monitoring:
Once the calibrated alarm limits are set, the system can be armed and it can then continuously monitor the sockets 102 that had devices present at the time they were calibrated. An audible and/or visible alarm may be generated if the alarm conditions set for that socket 102 are met. The power strip 100 can be configured to generate alarms on socket fault, system over current, or loss of main power. Each alarm condition can be a unique signature (e.g., a different sound via piezo element 132 or a different visual indicator via status indicators 134). The power strip 100 can also be controllable to switch between an armed state where monitoring to test for security conditions is performed and a disarmed state where devices can be disconnected from sockets 102 without triggering an alarm. As noted above, interface 130, which may take the form of an RFID sensor, can be used to receive user credentials for authentication to control such arming/disarming operations (as well as silencing alarms if necessary). User authentication via interface 130 can also be used to initiate a calibration sequence in the event the security strip is re-merchandised (e.g. new or different appliances are added to sockets 102).
The calibration process of
Also, if a user wants to change a SKU that is connected to a socket 102, a remerchandising work flow can be followed. To remerchandise a strip 100, a user can disarm the strip 100 by swiping his or her security fob near the interface 130 while the strip 100 is in an armed state. Upon authentication of the user, the status indicator 134 can transition to a new color (e.g., flashing white) to show the strip 100 as being in a disarmed state. If a device is disconnected from a calibrated socket 102 when the strip 100 is disarmed, the system can forget the settings for that socket 102 in an example embodiment. Also, in an example embodiment, once disarmed, the user can hold the security fob near interface 130 for a defined duration (e.g., 5 seconds) to put the strip 100 into the whitelist/not calibrated state. If the strip 100 is configured to detect removals of a SKU when in the disarmed state, the calibration process can be limited to any sockets 102 that have newly added SKUs. For any sockets 102 with unchanged SKUs, the strip 100 can store a profile of the alarm thresholds for that SKU and re-apply them when the strip 102 is re-calibrated without necessarily having to go through the full calibration flow for such sockets 102.
When the strip 100 is in an armed state, it can repeatedly check the electrical characteristics of the calibrated sockets to determine whether an alarm condition is present. To do so, the strip can apply the stimulation signals discussed above to each calibrated socket 102, and then measure the electrical responses to these stimulation signals to get the newly measured admittance and current draw characteristic values using the same techniques discussed above for the calibration process. These measured values can be referred to as Y and I values. These Y and I values can then be compared against the defined alarm limits for each socket (e.g., see the alarm limits defined at steps 570, 572, 574, and 576 of
Thus, the table below can show the situations where various categories of devices will trigger alarms.
It should be understood that these alarm tests are examples, and alternative metrics can be used to test for the respective conditions. For example, the admittance-based alarm tests can include a measurement noise tolerance if desired by a practitioner where the decrease in admittance needs to exceed a defined threshold (Ylim or Ylimit). In such an example, the system can trigger an alarm if the square of the difference between Y and Yavg1 exceeds Ylim. These Ylim values could then vary based on device categorization if desired by a practitioner.
As noted above, if the processor 120 concludes that any of the sockets 102 of the strip 100 are in an alarm condition, signals can be provided to piezo element 132 and/or status indicators 134 to signal the alarm condition to users. Similarly, if the strip 100 supports wireless communications, an alarm notification message can be wirelessly transmitted to a remote computer system. Furthermore, the alarm signals and notifications can be socket-specific if desired by a practitioner.
If the strip 100 is in an alarming state, a swipe of a security fob by a whitelisted user can silence the alarm on the strip 100 (e.g., silence piezo element 132), but the status indicator 134 may continue to flash to signify the alarm state (e.g., flashing red and white). If the strip 100 is in a silent alarm mode, the strip 100 can be configured to maintain the security of unaffected sockets 102 such that the detection of a subsequent security event at an unaffected socket 102 will trigger an audible alarm to provide a notification that another socket 102 has been compromised. After the strip 100 goes into a silent alarm mode, a subsequent swipe of the security fob by a whitelisted user can trigger an attempt to re-arm the strip. As part of this re-arming, if the affected socket 102 that was compromised has been re-connected with the same SKU, then the strip 100 can be configured to self-heal and automatically re-arm. If the compromised socket 102 is still registering the same fault condition, then the strip 100 can remain in the silent alarm mode with the status indicator 134 flashing red and white.
The strip 100 can also provide a process flow for overcurrent situations. This process flow can provide an overcurrent breaker with a status indicator that indicates a condition via a state such as flashing blue and an audible signal such as an alert tone of sounds (such as 10 double beeps, followed by a brief off period, followed by 10 double beeps, etc.) that continues for a specified duration (e.g., 10 minutes). During an overcurrent situation, the strip 100 can power the audible signal and status indicators from an internal battery (e.g., battery 140). In this overcurrent mode, a user can silence the alarm with a swipe of a security fob near interface 130, but this action would not clear the overcurrent condition. While in this overcurrent mode, the sockets 102 can remain secured such that the unplugging of a SKU would trigger an alarm. To do so, socket power can be shut off, but the sensor circuits 110 and monitoring circuitry could remain connected to the wall power (or powered from battery 140 if necessary). Once the overcurrent situation is cleared, the strip 100 can return to mains power and operate as normal. The battery 140 can be used to drive the strip 100 in an alarm state for a duration of time deemed necessary for allowing an overcurrent situation to be cleared without an undue risk of battery drainage that would leave the strip 100 in an unsecured state. Calibration values of sockets 102 can be stored in non-volatile RAM so that they can be recovered in the event of brief power losses. Furthermore, in the event of mains power loss for an armed strip 100, the loss of mains power can trigger the alarm state (run from battery 140).
Additional Example Features:
The top cover of the power strip may also have a user interaction location identified on the top cover. The user interaction location in some embodiments may an RFID icon or the like notifying a user where the internal circuitry for an RFID reader is located. A user using an acceptable RFID device (i.e. badge, card, fob, or the like) may place the RFID device in proximity to the user access location to facilitate actions of the power strip. As noted above, these actions may include arming or disarming actions of the attached electronic appliances so that a user may freely attach and remove electronic appliances from the power strip. A status indicator such as an LED may also be located near a second longitudinal end of the power strip. The LED provides the user a visual status of the power strip. In some embodiments, the LED may emit a colored illumination based on the status of the power strip. These statuses may include but are not limited to indications or the power strip being armed, the power strip being disarmed, or the power strip acting in an alarming mode.
In the view of
Viewing the bottom cover of the power strip (see
The first longitudinal end of the power strip may contain a power cord exit. The power cord exit may house a power cord attachable to an outside socket to provide main power to the power strip. The second longitudinal end of the power strip may have an encapsulating design.
Also seen in
A raised ledge around the power strip may circumnavigate the second longitudinal end providing a slight recessed area where the expansion module may be positioned to be flush against the second longitudinal end. The second longitudinal end of the power strip may also contain a contact pad. This contact pad may include a plurality of contacts so that the power strip may connect with the expansion module in some embodiments. The plurality of contacts within the contact pad may be spring contacts which connect to corresponding contacts of the expansion module. To facilitate positioning and secure attachment of the expansion module to the power strip, a plurality of magnets may be located within the interior of the power strip and face the second longitudinal end. When the expansion module is inserted into the recess, the plurality of magnets attach to corresponding magnets in the expansion module to secure connection of the expansion module as well as securing contact of the power strip contact pad to the corresponding contacts of the expansion module.
A front side of the expansion module may contain a plurality of front input ports. These front input ports are used so that outside components can connect to the expansion module to help control and execute the alarming features of both electrical appliances attached to the expansion module and electronic appliances attached to the power strip. The front input ports may each, in some embodiments, have raised notches internal to the port to facilitate the attachment of specific external devices. The internal raised notches ensure that only proper electronic components are attached to the expansion module which may communicate with the power strip based on the connective circuitry between the expansion module and the power strip.
One front input may provide a connection to a remote interface such as an RFID reader (see RFID port in
Another front input of the expansion module may be an alarming port (e.g., see piezo port in
A back side of the expansion module may contain a plurality of daisy chain ports as well as a power port. The power port may connect a direct current to the expansion module to power components, including those connected by the daisy chain ports, such as those connected to the RFID port and/or alarming port of the expansion module. The expansion module contains its own separate power port so that electrical interference between the power strip and the expansion module can be minimized by removing the need to transmit power through the contacts of both the power strip and expansion module. The power port in one embodiment is envisioned to apply direct current into the expansion module, but alternating current power may be providing with rectifying circuitry within the expansion module if desired. In example embodiments, a power brick with an adapter can be connected to the main power and supplied to the power port.
The plurality of daisy chain ports allow for additional electronic appliances and even additional power strips to connect to the expansion module. In this manner, the original power strip may contain the functional alarming conditions for all of the attached electronic appliances, including additional power strips, through the expansion module. The daisy chain ports may be RJ11 connectors.
Viewing the bottom cover of the expansion module as shown by
On the other side of the remote access unit plug, a second cord can be present which connects the plug to the remote access unit. The cord may vary in length based on the intended use and conditions of the retail environment. The remote access unit can terminate in components such as an RFID reader and alarming unit such as noted above in connection with the expansion module of
As viewed in
The remote access unit portion of
The remote access unit portion shown by
The remote access unit may also provide connectivity to an outside remote server. In this regard, the remote access unit may have a network interface such as a wireless transceiver to allow the remote access unit to communicate with both a remote server and/or to the electronic appliances attached to the power strip. In example embodiments, the remote access unit can determine the particular type of electronic appliance connected to each socket of the power strip. The remote access unit may then report through wireless signal transmission back to the remote server the location of each attached electronic appliance in the overall retail store. If an alarming event was to occur, the remote access unit may communicate the alarming state of both the power strip and the attached electronic appliance to the remote server. In such instances, store personnel or security personnel can easily identify the security issue and act accordingly to remedy potential theft situations.
Also, while the example embodiment discussed above describe the powered and alarming system for connection to one or more electrical appliances as being implemented in a power strip, it should be understood that this technology could also be implemented in other types of units.
For example, the socket 102 and associated circuitry can be included as part of a wall outlet or the like to form a “smart” or “intelligent” wall outlet that provides a security function for appliances connected to the socket. An example is shown by
As another example, the secured socket 102 can be different socket types such as USB-A sockets, USB-C sockets, RJ-45 sockets, power over Ethernet (PoE) sockets, and others. The calibration and monitoring circuitry discussed herein can be connected to any such socket types to provide a security function for the subject socket.
Thus, a power and/or alarming security system for electrical appliances may provide many benefits. For example, such a system may include multiple alarm points, such as for power plug removal, power brick removal, power adapter plug removal, or the like. A power and/or alarming security system for electrical appliances may also provide, for example, for an easier installation and/or setup, simpler and/or clutter-free solution, merchandising flexibility (e.g., using OEM power cables, etc.), reduced cost solution per position, etc. In some embodiments, an intelligent system may also provide, for example, smart security smart device recognition, self-healing, etc., may detect a number of types of power loss, relatively quickly disarm and/or manage via RFID key system, or the like. Of course, these are merely example benefits of the power and/or alarming security system and other advantages may be realized.
While the invention has been described above in relation to its example embodiments, various modifications may be made thereto that still fall within the invention's scope. Such modifications to the invention will be recognizable upon review of the teachings herein.
Claims
1. An apparatus comprising:
- a socket configured for detachable electrical connection with a power brick, the power brick configured for detachable electrical connection with an electrical appliance; and
- a circuit configured to (1) provide power through the socket, and (2) calibrate a security threshold of the socket according to a plurality of calibration phases, (3) monitor, through the socket, an electrical characteristic of a connected power brick and an electrical appliance connected to the power brick, (4) compare the monitored electrical characteristic with the calibrated threshold to determine whether a security condition exists, and (5) generate a signal indicative of the security condition in response to a determination that the security condition exists;
- wherein the calibration phases comprise (1) a first calibration phase where stimulation signals are applied to the socket and electrical characteristic responses are measured from the socket when the power brick is connected to the socket but an electrical appliance is not connected to the power brick, and (2) a second calibration phase where stimulation signals are applied to the socket and electrical characteristic responses are measured from the socket when the power brick is connected to the socket and the electrical appliance is connected to the power brick.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the wherein the monitored electrical characteristic comprises an admittance characteristic of the connected power brick and the electrical appliance connected to the power brick.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the wherein the monitored electrical characteristic comprises a current draw characteristic of the connected power brick and the electrical appliance connected to the power brick.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the wherein the monitored electrical characteristic comprises a current draw characteristic of the connected power brick and the electrical appliance connected to the power brick.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the stimulation signals include a plurality of stimulation signals of different frequencies.
6. The apparatus of any of claim 1 wherein the circuit comprises a processor configured to perform the compare and generate operations.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the circuit comprises a current and admittance sensor circuit configured to sense an admittance and a current draw of the connected power brick and the electrical appliance connected to the power brick to support the calibrate and monitor operations.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the circuit is further configured to (1) categorize between a plurality of different types of power bricks as part of the calibration, and (2) customize the security threshold based on the categorized power brick type.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the power brick types include a USB charger.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the socket comprises a plurality of sockets, each socket connected to the circuit.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the circuit is further configured to perform the calibrate operations on a per-socket basis such that security thresholds for the sockets are independently customized.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the calibrated security threshold is insensitive to whether the connected electrical appliance is powered.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the calibrated security threshold is sensitive to whether the electrical appliance is connected to the power brick.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the socket is configured to receive power from an external AC power source.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the socket and the circuit are part of a power strip.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the socket and the circuit are part of a wall outlet.
17. A method comprising:
- connecting a power brick to a socket, wherein the power brick is not connected to an electrical appliance;
- while the power brick is connected to the socket and the electrical appliance is not connected to the power brick, (1) applying a plurality of stimulation signals to the power brick through the socket, and (2) measuring a plurality of electrical characteristics of the power brick in response to the stimulation signals;
- connecting the electrical appliance to the power brick;
- while the power brick is connected to the socket and the electrical appliance is connected to the power brick, (1) applying a plurality of stimulation signals to the power brick and electronic device through the socket, and (2) measuring a plurality of electrical characteristics of the power brick and electronic device in response to the stimulation signals;
- defining a security threshold based on (1) the measured electrical characteristics of the power brick in response to the stimulation signals and (2) the measured electrical characteristics of the power brick and electronic device in response to the stimulation signals; and
- testing a security status of the socket based on the defined security threshold.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
- in response to the testing, detecting a disconnection between the electrical appliance and the power brick even if the power brick remains connected to the socket.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
- in response to the testing, detecting a disconnection between the power brick and the socket.
20. An apparatus comprising:
- a socket configured for detachable electrical connection with an electrical appliance; and
- a circuit configured to (1) provide power to a connected electrical appliance through the socket, (2) determine a categorization type of the connected electrical appliance based on measurements of a plurality of electrical characteristics of the connected electrical appliance, and (3) control a security function for the socket based on the determined categorization type.
Type: Application
Filed: Jul 22, 2019
Publication Date: Nov 14, 2019
Inventors: Steven R. Payne (Hillsboro, OR), Kenneth A. Boehlke (Portland, OR), Kimberly Porter Miyake (Portland, OR), Wade Carter Wheeler (Portland, OR)
Application Number: 16/518,128
