SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTHENTICATING ONLINE USERS IN REGULATED ENVIRONMENTS
An authentication platform for authenticating an online user in a transaction without use of strong consumer authentication (SCA) includes receiving an authentication request message for a transaction involving a regulated market includes authentication data and a transaction value, extracting the authentication data from the authentication request message, generating risk-based authentication (RBA) result data, determining that a risk of fraud in the transaction satisfies a risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by evaluating the risk score relative to the risk threshold, determining that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity, the transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction value below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions satisfying the risk threshold, and transmitting an authentication response message authenticating the transaction without strong consumer authentication having been performed based on satisfying the risk threshold and being below the transaction limit.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/688,528, filed Jun. 22, 2018, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTHENTICATING ONLINE USERS,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/688,529, filed Jun. 22, 2018, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTHENTICATING ONLINE USERS WITH AN ACCESS CONTROL SERVER,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/688,546, filed Jun. 22, 2018, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTHENTICATING ONLINE USERS IN REGULATED ENVIRONMENTS,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/688,532, filed Jun. 22, 2018, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTHENTICATING ONLINE USERS,” the entire contents and disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
BACKGROUNDThe present application relates generally to authenticating online users over an electronic network, and more particularly, to authenticating online users using risk-based authentication in regulated environments.
Transactions conducted over electronic payment networks are growing exponentially. For card-not-present transactions (e.g., transactions in which the consumer does not actually provide a payment card to the merchant), fraud is markedly higher. Accordingly, for such transactions, authentication procedures are often implemented to verify that the alleged cardholder is, in fact, the actual or legitimate cardholder.
In at least some known authentication systems, the bank that issued the payment card for the transaction (referred to as the issuer) contracts with an access control server (ACS) for authentication services. Specifically, the ACS analyzes at least some of the data associated with the transaction, determines whether or not it is likely that the alleged cardholder is, in fact, the actual or legitimate cardholder, and reports that determination to the issuer.
Some authentication systems may also implement strong consumer authentication (SCA) (or just “strong authentication”) for certain transactions. For example, an issuing bank may insist on authenticating consumers during online transactions (e.g., with a username and password, or by SMS text message). Such tools may help issuers verify identity and authenticate cardholders, but they may also increase friction with the cardholders, which sometimes leads to transactions being abandoned. This can result in losses to the merchant and to the underlying payment card network. Further, some SCA methods such as passwords may be less trustworthy than others, which may lead to increased risk in transactions.
In some markets, regulators may require SCA on digital transactions. For example, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank, requires that all digital transactions are authenticated using SCA. While these regulations have reduced fraud in India, they create considerable friction during the check-out experience. Cardholders get frustrated with having to provide a password or being timed out of the transaction, and merchants are dissatisfied when cardholders abandon transactions due to their frustrations.
Accordingly, it is desirable to have a computer-implemented authentication platform that is capable of providing a network in which some transactions can be authenticated without SCA.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONIn one aspect, an authentication platform for authenticating an online user in a transaction without use of strong consumer authentication (SCA) is provided. The authentication platform includes a memory device and at least one processor coupled to the memory device. The authentication platform receives an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity. The authentication request message includes authentication data and a transaction value. The authentication platform also extracts the authentication data from the authentication request message. The authentication platform further generates, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data that includes a risk score for the transaction. The authentication platform also determines that a risk of fraud in the transaction satisfies a risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by evaluating the risk score relative to the risk threshold. The authentication platform further determines that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity. The transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction value below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions satisfying the risk threshold. The authentication platform also transmits an authentication response message authenticating the transaction without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud satisfying the risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction amount being below the transaction limit.
In another aspect, a computer-implemented method for authenticating an online user in a transaction without use of strong consumer authentication (SCA) is provided. The method is implemented on a computing device comprising a memory device coupled to at least one processor. The method includes receiving an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity. The authentication request message includes authentication data and a transaction value. The method also includes extracting the authentication data from the authentication request message. The method further includes generating, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data that includes a risk score for the transaction. The method also includes determining that a risk of fraud in the transaction satisfies a risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by evaluating the risk score relative to the risk threshold. The method further includes determining that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity. The transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction value below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions satisfying the risk threshold. The method also includes transmitting an authentication response message authenticating the transaction without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud satisfying the risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction amount being below the transaction limit.
In a further aspect, at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon for authenticating an online user in a transaction without use of strong consumer authentication (SCA) is provided. When executed by at least one processor, the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to receive an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity. The authentication request message includes authentication data and a transaction value. The computer-executable instructions also cause the processor to extract the authentication data from the authentication request message. The computer-executable instructions also cause the processor to generate, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data that includes a risk score for the transaction. The computer-executable instructions also cause the processor to determine that a risk of fraud in the transaction satisfies a risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by evaluating the risk score relative to the risk threshold. The computer-executable instructions also cause the processor to determine that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity. The transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction value below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions satisfying the risk threshold. The computer-executable instructions also cause the processor to transmit an authentication response message authenticating the transaction without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud satisfying the risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction amount being below the transaction limit.
Although specific features of various embodiments may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. Any feature of any drawing may be referenced and/or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe systems and methods described herein are directed to “conditional” strong consumer authentication of online users in regulated markets. A risk-based authentication enabled (RBA-enabled) directory server stores an authentication profile which includes rules for performing and routing authentication requests. The RBA-enabled directory server receives an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity. The authentication request message includes authentication data and a transaction value. The RBA-enabled directory server extracts the authentication data from the authentication request message. The RBA-enabled directory server generates risk-based authentication result data based on the extracted authentication data, including a risk score for the transaction. Further, the RBA-enabled directory server determines that a risk of fraud in the transaction is below a regulated risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by comparing the risk score to the regulated risk threshold. The RBA-enabled directory server also determines that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity. The transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions below the regulated risk threshold. The RBA-enabled directory server transmits an authentication response message authenticating the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud being below the regulated risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction value being below the transaction limit without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction.
As noted above, in at least some known authentication systems, a bank that issued a payment card for a transaction (referred to as the issuer) contracts with an ACS for authentication services. Specifically, the ACS analyzes at least some of the data associated with the transaction, determines whether or not it is likely that the alleged cardholder is, in fact, the actual or legitimate cardholder, and reports that determination to the issuer. In some markets, regulators may mandate strong consumer authentication on certain types of transactions, such as card-not-present (CNP) transactions. Such regulation is directed at reducing online fraud, but often at the expense of customer and merchant satisfaction. For example, forcing customers to provide password or pin information or respond to a text message for 100% of transactions within that market increases friction in online purchasing environments, leading to increased rates of abandonment due to the customers' frustrations.
Accordingly, to address these limitations of known authentication systems, the systems and methods described herein allow a more discretionary approach to the use of SCA in regulated markets. In example embodiments described herein, the RBA-enabled directory server allows low-risk, low-value transactions to avoid SCA step-up challenges to the consumer, while forcing SCA for transactions above a particular transaction value (e.g., above 2,000 rupees), or for transactions that are above a particular risk threshold (e.g., “medium” or “high” risk transactions).
More specifically, in an example embodiment, the RBA-enabled directory server allows regulators to set both a transaction value threshold and a risk threshold for when SCA may be avoided. Some regulators may agree that, for certain low-risk, low-value transactions, the increased friction that SCA adds to the transaction process may not be worth the marginal reduction in fraud in those situations. For example, the occurrence of fraud in low-value transactions may be relatively small and, with the value of those transactions being low, the amount of loss due to low-value transactions may also be relatively small. Further, if transactions can be evaluated for risk by a risk-based decision engine, those transactions with a low level of risk may represent only a small fraction of fraud, thereby further marginalizing their contribution to overall fraud. As such, regulators may configure the RBA-enabled directory server to avoid SCA when the transaction value is low and when the risk that the transaction is fraudulent is determined to be low.
In some embodiments, the RBA-enabled directory server provides a graphical user interface (GUI) to the regulators that provides an insight into fraud within their regulated market, and may allow the regulators to directly configure operational aspects of the RBA-enabled directory server, such as changing threshold values used in the conditional SCA process for their market. The GUI may allow the regulators to evaluate current performance of existing thresholds, displaying and comparing fraud data on transactions above or below the configured thresholds, such as the basis points of fraud lost during a particular period of time. The GUI may also allow regulators to evaluate potential threshold values, providing an estimate of fraud levels based on a set of prospective threshold values. As such, regulators may use such simulations to determine how they may set or change threshold values for their market.
As described herein, RBA refers to performing authentication on transactions using a rich, comprehensive data set that is generally not available to an issuer or ACS. For example, as described herein, RBA may include performing authentication using the 3DS 2 Protocol (for example versions 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol). The 3DS Protocols are owned and updated by EMVCo. Further, as described herein, RBA may be performed by an authentication platform that is operated by a payment processing network. Thus, for authentication purposes, the authentication platform is capable of leveraging large volumes of historical transaction data for all transactions previously processed by the payment processing network (as compared to the relatively small number of transactions processed by a particular ACS).
Specifically, in the systems and methods described herein, the authentication system uses the 3DS 2 Protocol (or subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) for authentication, and performs RBA on transactions to determine when the transaction may avoid SCA and when SCA is mandated based on the regulator-configured threshold value and risk value. An RBA-enabled directory server is communicatively coupled to a RBA engine (which may be collectively referred to as an authentication platform). The RBA-enabled directory server and the RBA engine facilitate evaluating transactions to determine when SCA is mandated, as described herein. The RBA-enabled directory server and the RBA engine may be operated, for example, by an interchange network (e.g., a payment processing network).
The RBA-enabled directory server receives an authentication request (AReq) message from a 3DS server. The RBA-enabled directory server may evaluate the transaction to determine with which market(s) the transaction is associated (e.g., based on merchant, merchant bank, issuing bank, consumer, and so forth). If the transaction is associated with a regulated market that is configured for “conditional SCA” as described herein, then the RBA-enabled directory server compares the transaction value with the configured transaction value threshold set by the regulators of the associated market. If the transaction value is below the transaction value threshold, then the RBA engine evaluates the risk of the transaction using transaction data and other data available to the RBA-enabled directory server.
In the example embodiment, the RBA result data generated by the RBA engine includes a risk score, a risk analysis, and at least one reason code. The risk score is a score representing a determined riskiness of the transaction, with lower scores indicating lower risk and higher scores indicating higher risk. In other words, the risk score represents a likelihood that the suspect cardholder (e.g., the person attempting to perform a transaction) is the legitimate cardholder having the privileges to use the payment card to perform a payment transaction. For example, the risk score may be represented by a number from 0-999 and/or by a risk threshold category from 0-19. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that any suitable risk score may be used.
The risk analysis is a description of a level of risk corresponding to the risk score (e.g., low risk, medium risk, or high risk). Further the reason codes include one or more factors that influenced the risk score. In some embodiments, the reason codes are generated using reason code categories and anchors, as described herein. In some embodiments, the reason codes are affected by rules and/or a combination of the rules and the model. The RBA engine transmits the RBA result data to the RBA-enabled directory server.
In some scenarios, the RBA-enabled directory server embeds the RBA result data into the AReq message to generate an enhanced or enriched AReq message to be sent to the ACS for the transaction. For example, in some embodiments, the RBA result data is appended to the AReq message as an extensible markup language (XML) extension of the AReq message. For example, the extension may have the following format:
where “score” is the risk score, “decision” is the risk analysis, and “reasonCode1” and “reasonCode2” are the reason codes. In the exemplary embodiment, the reason codes are transmitted as a single letter each. In other embodiments, the reason codes may be represented in different methods. In some embodiments, reasonCode2 is transmitted by the merchant to provide the merchant's assessment of the transaction. Alternatively, the RBA result data may be embedded into the AReq message to generate an enhanced or enriched AReq message using any suitable process.
The enhanced AReq message may then be transmitted from the RBA-enabled directory server to the ACS. The ACS then analyzes the RBA result data in the enhanced AReq message to make an authentication decision. That is, in the example embodiment, the ACS may determine to fully authenticate the transaction, deny authentication for the transaction, or perform additional authentication (e.g., by issuing a step-up challenge to the cardholder) for the transaction, based on at least one of a risk score, the risk analysis, and the reason codes. Accordingly, the ACS may not perform the RBA analysis, but is still able to leverage the results of that analysis to make an authentication decision (e.g., by using the results in their own fraud analysis platform), generally resulting in more approvals with less fraud. Thus, the RBA-enabled directory server and the RBA engine may perform the RBA analysis on behalf of the ACS. In some embodiments, the ACS receives authentication data from a plurality of sources. Further, the RBA-enabled directory server determines whether the transaction requires SCA as mandated by regulators of an associated market.
In the example embodiment, the authentication platform compares the RBA result data to a stored authentication profile. The authentication profile contains a plurality of rules for the processing of authentication requests. In some embodiments, the authentication profile is provided by an issuer computing device associated with an issuer bank. Examples of the rules include, but are not limited to, how to proceed when the ACS is unavailable, information to include in the RBA, issuer-provided risk level thresholds for the risk score and risk levels, decision making risk thresholds, and specialized rules (such as all cross-border transactions are to be submitted to the ACS). In some embodiments, the authentication profile may include regulator-imposed threshold values for risk categories or transaction threshold values for particular markets that define when SCA is mandated. The authentication profile is stored at the RBA platform, and can be accessed whenever a risk score is determined.
In the example embodiment, the authentication platform also compares the RBA result data to the authentication profile to determine the risk level associated with the transaction associated with the authentication request. In some embodiments, the authentication platform compares the risk score to one or more thresholds in the authentication profile to determine the risk level associated with the transaction. In other embodiments, the authentication platform compares the risk analysis, the reason codes, and/or any other combination of data from the RBA result data and potentially some or all of the authentication data to the authentication profile to determine the risk level associated with this transaction. For example, a risk score of 900 or less may be considered low risk, a risk score between 900 and 980 may be considered medium risk, and a risk score above 980 may be considered high risk. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable risk score thresholds and any number of risk levels may be used.
In the example embodiment, the authentication platform determines if the risk level is high risk. In the example embodiment, in the case of a high risk transaction, the authentication platform may deny the transaction. The authentication platform may transmit an authentication response (ARes) message including the denial to the 3DS server. The 3DS server may transmit the ARes message including the denial to the merchant, where the merchant determines whether or not to proceed with the authorization process. In these embodiments, where the merchant begins the authorization process after having received a denial, the transaction is considered to be merchant only authentication, where the merchant assumes the risk for the transaction.
The authentication platform determines if the transaction is medium risk or low risk. If the transaction is low risk, the authentication platform may approve the transaction and transmit an authentication response (ARes) message including the approval to the 3DS server, where at least one of the 3DS server and the merchant may initiate the authorization process. In some embodiments, if the transaction is subject to a regulated market, the transaction may be authorized without SCA if the transaction is below the transaction value threshold for that market, or the transaction may be mandated to be subject to SCA if the transaction value is above the threshold for that market. If the transaction is medium risk, the authentication platform may issue a step-up challenge to the cardholder. If the transaction is subject to a regulated market, SCA may be mandated in that market. Based on the results of the step-up challenge, the authentication platform may approve or deny the transaction. In some embodiments, if the transaction is medium risk, the authentication platform transmits the RBA result data to the ACS, so that the ACS will perform the step-up challenge. In other embodiments, the authentication platform may take different steps at different risk levels and have additional or fewer risk levels to analyze based on the authentication profile.
The 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) provides a number of benefits to cardholders, issuers, and merchants. It reduces risk of unauthorized transactions through an approach that incorporates a rich, comprehensive set of data to make authentication decisions. For cardholders, it provides a simple, secure, and familiar online authentication experience, regardless of payment channel or device. For issuers, it allows for “frictionless” authentication, in which an explicit cardholder step-up authentication is not required or performed. This enables more intelligent risk assessment decisions and the ability to selectively challenge the cardholder as needed. This also improves cardholder experience and overall cardholder loyalty to issuers. For merchants, the 3DS 2 Protocol decreases fraud on all authenticated transactions, and increases revenue potential from reduced friction and reduced cart abandonment (i.e., cardholders deciding not to complete a transaction after they have already selected one or more items to be purchased), especially for mobile payment channels. This also improves cardholder experience and overall cardholder loyalty to merchants. The 3DS 2 Protocol and RBA may support additional payment channels, such as, but not limited to, card-on-file, wallet, mobile, in-app, and Internet of Things (IoT).
Using 3DS 2 Protocol (or subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol), payment networks see 100% of all authentication requests globally on all cards on their brands. No other party, including issuers and ACS providers, is able to provide this global visibility. This global visibility may be leveraged to provide a consistent, standards-based risk analysis of transactions on behalf of issuers, enabling a market-wide risk-based authentication approach.
As compared to previous authentication methods (e.g., 3DS 1.0), the 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) allows for approximately ten times the amount of transaction data to be gathered, analyzed, and utilized to prevent fraud. The additional data included in the 3DS Protocol increases data exchange between merchants and issuers, and improves risk-based authentication (RBA) decisioning. RBA allows issuers to examine every authentication request through transaction risk analysis, while focusing fraud prevention efforts on transactions that prevent the most risk. Further, RBA utilizes both behavioral and transactional inputs in conjunction with a risk engine to determine riskiness of a transaction. The RBA method of cardholder authentication dynamically calculates a risk assessment for any given e-commerce transaction in real time. The assessment can then be used to authenticate the cardholder in a frictionless manner.
The RBA methodology includes three components that work together to provide authentication of cardholders. First, the underlying data model is used to provide a basis for the authentication. The underlying data model may include 3DS data, which may include cardholder data, behavioral data, location data, merchant data, and device data. The underlying data model may also include interchange network data, such as, but not limited to, past risk scores, authentication approvals, authorization history, chargeback data, and fraud data.
The RBA methodology may use in the underlying data model in one or more measurement methodologies. The measurement methodologies may include short term velocities and ratios, including measuring behavior consistency and changes, such as frequency, amount spent, time, location, and device. The measurement methodologies may also include long term velocities and ratios, which include measurement of behavior and anomaly detection. The measurement methodologies may further include continuous measurement across the payment network.
The RBA methodology may then use the underlying data model and the measurement methodology in a rules engine. The rules engine may include thresholds for interpreting measurement results, rules for combining results of measurements, and rules for combining other data with models and measurements.
Transactions deemed safe or low risk are silently authenticated (i.e., so-called “frictionless” authentication), while higher risk transactions are subjected to step-up authentication. When a low risk transaction is silently authenticated, so much data has already been gathered that further authentication adds little to no value. Accordingly, RBA effectively replaces the need for an explicit interaction with the cardholder for every transaction, but transactions are still fully authenticated, with liability resting with the issuer. Thus, more transactions are completed with minimal cardholder disruption, aiding e-commerce growth.
An example of a safe (or low-risk) transaction may include, where the cardholder has a positive transaction history, is performing the transaction with a known device with a positive association with the cardholder, the cardholder is in a typical geolocation, the device is using a typical IP address, the transaction fits within a typical behavioral and transaction pattern, and the shipping address has been used with the payment account number (PAN) and is the same as the last transaction. The cardholder buys a present to be delivered to his house. An example of a medium risk transaction may include, where the cardholder has a positive transaction history, is using an unknown device with no known association with the cardholder, the device is at a non-typical geolocation and IP address, but is typical behavioral, cardholder, and transaction pattern. For example, the cardholder is on travel and purchases Internet Access at a hotel. An example of a high risk transaction may include, where there are anomalous velocities detected with the cardholder in network, is using an unknown device with no known association with the cardholder, the device is at a non-typical geolocation and IP address, and there is anomalous behavior patterns detected. The cardholder purchases over $600 of clothing in Texas right after the cardholder purchased lunch in St. Louis.
One goal of RBA is to minimize the number of transactions that require active (i.e., step-up) authentication, while keeping fraud to a minimum and improving consumer friction points during the transaction process. The goal of RBA is to silently eliminate unnecessary friction on low risk transactions. Approximately 90% of transactions are deemed low risk and would then be authenticated without any action and would proceed to the Authorization process. This greatly decreases the amount of processing and message traffic necessary to authenticate transactions. 5-8% of transactions would be considered medium risk and the cardholder would be asked to authenticate themselves, such as through a step-up challenge. Then 1-2% of transactions would be deemed high risk and would fail authentication. With RBA, the information gathered enables transaction scoring and classification into low, medium, and high risk, allowing the issuer and ACS to take appropriate action.
The 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) enables a market-wide level risk analysis of all transactions that reach directory server 510. Each transaction can be scored and/or flagged based on the global data available using the 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol). Additionally, the payment processor operating the directory server 510 has the ability to see cardholder activity across the digital and physical domains, and can utilize this expanded view to improve scoring. In contrast, traditional authentication service providers may only address the digital domain. For example, a payment processor could indicate if a particular device is associated with fraud, and flag that device for issuers in future transactions. The issuer may then reject transactions involving that device or prompt for additional authentication (e.g., through two-factor authentication).
The following Table 1 lists a number of the data elements that are used in the 3DS 2 Protocol for authentication. For example, at least some of these data elements may be included in the authentication data included in the AReq sent to directory server 510. The eighteen data elements that are also part of the 3DS 1.0 Protocol are bolded in Table 1. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the number of rich data elements could grow beyond those listed below (e.g., in future versions of the 3DS Protocol), and could include over one hundred and seventy data elements. Further, an app-based transaction (e.g., carried out using a mobile computing device) could provide even more data elements than browser-based transactions. In addition, a transaction performed using an Android device could have over one hundred and thirty additional elements. The authentication data may also be divided by category, such as: transaction data (amount, currency, date, and time), device data (IP address, device info, and channel data), cardholder data (account number and shipping address), and merchant data (name, category, and country).
In the example embodiment, transactions are categorized “merchant only” or “fully authenticated.” “Fully authenticated” transactions are generally considered to be low risk transactions that have been authenticated. “Merchant only” transactions are more risky transactions. In some embodiments, “merchant only” transactions have been authenticated. In the example embodiment, one or more indicators in the authentication response indicate whether a transaction is “merchant only” or “fully authenticated.” One or more indicators may also indicate whether or not authentication was attempted on the transaction. This information is used by the merchant to determine whether or not to begin the authorization process for the transaction. In some embodiments, this information is also stored in a database and is referred to by at least one of the interchange network and the issuer processor during the authorization process.
In some further embodiments, the authentication platform determines whether the authentication request message complies with the 3DS 2 Protocol or subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol. If the authentication request message does not comply with the appropriate 3DS Protocols, the authentication platform bypasses determining if the ACS is available. In this situation, the authentication platform transmits an authentication response message indicating that the transaction is considered merchant only and that no authentication was attempted.
In some embodiments, the authentication platform determines a risk level based on the RBA result data. If the risk level is low, the authentication platform embeds an indicator in the authentication response message indicating that the transaction is “fully authenticated.” If the risk level is not low, the authentication platform embeds one or more indicators in the authentication response message indicating that the transaction is a merchant only transaction and that authentication was attempted.
In the example embodiment, the authentication platform performs the authentication process on the transaction, including RBA. This analysis is based on a machine learning model where, over time, the authentication platform is capable of improving its ability to determine the risk level associated with transactions. The authentication platform analyzes transactions that are authenticated by the ACS and compares these transactions with historical data to generate a risk model for each issuer. By comparing the data points in each transaction, the risk model will indicate the amount of risk associated with each transaction based on the authentication data in the corresponding authentication requests. This allows the authentication platform to analyze transactions when the ACS is unavailable and perform authentication on these transactions to provide a response to the authentication request. Accordingly, the authentication platform may determine that a received authorization request is substantially similar to a previous transaction that the ACS scored at low risk. Thus allowing the authentication platform to determine that the received transaction is low risk with a degree of certainty.
At least one of the technical problems addressed by this system includes: (i) high network load based at least in part on step-up challenging most or all card-not-present transactions which results in network delays and reduced bandwidth; (ii) allowing fraudulent transactions to be successfully processed if there is no step-up challenge of a card-not-present transaction; (iii) consumer inconvenience during card-not-present transactions based at least in part on having to answer an additional authentication challenge during a transaction; (iv) abandonment of transactions by consumers when faced with a step-up challenge, thus leading to lost sales for merchants and lost processing fees for the other network parties based on those abandoned transactions; (v) unavailability of customizable fraud-related services to merchants and/or merchant acquirers; (vi) increased risk with merchant liability for fraudulent transactions; (vii) digital wallet-related fraud; (viii) issuers having limited access to some data that may be used to fraud-score transactions; (ix) reducing the network load by reducing network traffic to and from the ACS; (x) increasing the speed of the authentication process by reducing the number of steps required; (xi) reducing the processing load of the ACS by pre-filtering authentication requests to prevent redundant or unnecessary processing; (xii) improved transaction approval rates.
A technical effect of the systems and processes described herein is achieved by performing at least one of the following steps: (i) receive an authentication request message for a transaction, the authentication request message including authentication data; (ii) extract the authentication data from the authentication request message; (iii) determine if the ACS is available to process the transaction; (iv) if the ACS is unavailable, the at least one processor programmed to: (a) generate, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data including a risk score and at least one reason code that indicates at least one factor that influenced the generated risk score; (b) compare the authentication data to at least one long term variable and at least one short term variable, wherein the at least one long term variable includes historical authentication data and historical authorization data; and (c) transmit an authentication response message based on the RBA result data; (v) determine that the online user is not associated with the ACS based on the extracted authentication data; (vi) generate an authentication decision based on the RBA result data; (vii) determine a risk level based on the RBA result data; (viii) embed an indicator in the authentication response message indicating that the transaction is fully authenticated if the risk level is low; (ix) embed one or more indicators in the authentication response message indicating that the transaction is a merchant only transaction and that authentication was attempted if the risk level is not low; (x) determine whether the authentication request message complies with the 3DS 2 Protocol or subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol; and (xi) bypass determining if the ACS is available if the authentication request message does not comply.
In some embodiment, a further technical effect is achieved by performing at least one of the following steps: (i) transmit the authentication request message to the ACS; (ii) wait a predetermined period of time for a response from the ACS; (iii) determine that the ACS is unavailable if no response is received after the predetermined period of time; and (iv) receive a response from the ACS, wherein the response indicates at least one of the online user is not enrolled with the ACS, the ACS is currently unavailable, and the ACS was unable to authenticate the online user.
In some embodiments, an additional technical effect is achieved by performing at least one of the following steps: (i) receive an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity, the authentication request message including authentication data and a transaction value; (ii) extract the authentication data from the authentication request message; (iii) generate, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data including a risk score for the transaction; (iv) determine that a risk of fraud in the transaction is below a regulated risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by comparing the risk score to the regulated risk threshold; (v) determine that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity, the transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions below the regulated risk threshold; and (vi) transmit an authentication response message authenticating the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud being below the regulated risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction value being below the transaction limit without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction.
As will be appreciated, based on the description herein the technical improvement in the authentication system as described herein is a computer-based solution to a technical deficiency or problem that is itself rooted in computer technology (e.g., the problem itself derives from the use of computer technology). More specifically, fraud is significant problem for transactions conducted over an electronic payment network, especially for card-not-present transactions. Advanced fraud detection methodologies (e.g., RBA) exist, but at least some ACSs are unable to execute those methodologies and furthermore communication with ACSs increases network traffic and processing load, and in addition the ACS may be unavailable. Accordingly, to address this problem, the systems and methods described herein address this technical problem by using an RBA-enabled directory server and RBA engine to perform RBA and filter the results to determine which authentications need to be forwarded to an ACS and to forward the results of the RBA to the ACS to enable the ACS to make an authentication decision.
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the disclosure refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements. Also, the following detailed description does not limit the claims.
Described herein are computer systems such as authentication computer systems. As described herein, all such computer systems include a processor and a memory. However, any processor in a computer device referred to herein may also refer to one or more processors wherein the processor may be in one computing device or a plurality of computing devices acting in parallel. Additionally, any memory in a computer device referred to herein may also refer to one or more memories wherein the memories may be in one computing device or a plurality of computing devices acting in parallel.
As used herein, a processor may include any programmable system including systems using micro-controllers, reduced instruction set circuits (RISC), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), logic circuits, and any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described herein. The above examples are example only, and are thus not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term “processor.”
As used herein, the term “database” may refer to either a body of data, a relational database management system (RDBMS), or to both. As used herein, a database may include any collection of data including hierarchical databases, relational databases, flat file databases, object-relational databases, object oriented databases, and any other structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. The above examples are example only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term database. Examples of RDBMS's include, but are not limited to including, Oracle® Database, MySQL, IBM® DB2, Microsoft® SQL Server, Sybase®, and PostgreSQL. However, any database may be used that enables the systems and methods described herein. (Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, Calif.; IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.; Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash.; and Sybase is a registered trademark of Sybase, Dublin, Calif.)
In one embodiment, a computer program is provided, and the program is embodied on a computer readable medium. In an example embodiment, the system is executed on a single computer system, without requiring a connection to a sever computer. In a further embodiment, the system is being run in a Windows® environment (Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash.). In yet another embodiment, the system is run on a mainframe environment and a UNIX® server environment (UNIX is a registered trademark of X/Open Company Limited located in Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom). In a further embodiment, the system is run on an iOS® environment (iOS is a registered trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc. located in San Jose, Calif.). In yet a further embodiment, the system is run on a Mac OS® environment (Mac OS is a registered trademark of Apple Inc. located in Cupertino, Calif.). In still yet a further embodiment, the system is run on Android® OS (Android is a registered trademark of Google, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif.). In another embodiment, the system is run on Linux® OS (Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds of Boston, Mass.). The application is flexible and designed to run in various different environments without compromising any major functionality. In some embodiments, the system includes multiple components distributed among a plurality of computing devices. One or more components may be in the form of computer-executable instructions embodied in a computer-readable medium.
As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “example embodiment” or “one embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.
As used herein, the terms “software” and “firmware” are interchangeable, and include any computer program stored in memory for execution by a processor, including RAM memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, and non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) memory. The above memory types are example only, and are thus not limiting as to the types of memory usable for storage of a computer program.
As used herein, the terms “payment device,” “transaction card,” “financial transaction card,” and “payment card” refer to any suitable transaction card, such as a credit card, a debit card, a prepaid card, a charge card, a membership card, a promotional card, a frequent flyer card, an identification card, a prepaid card, a gift card, and/or any other device that may hold payment account information, such as mobile phones, Smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable computing devices, key fobs, and/or any other computing devices capable of providing account information. Moreover, these terms may refer to payments made directly from or using bank accounts, stored valued accounts, mobile wallets, etc., and accordingly are not limited to physical devices but rather refer generally to payment credentials. Each type of payment device can be used as a method of payment for performing a transaction. In addition, consumer card account behavior can include but is not limited to purchases, management activities (e.g., balance checking), bill payments, achievement of targets (meeting account balance goals, paying bills on time), and/or product registrations (e.g., mobile application downloads).
The systems and processes are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. In addition, components of each system and each process can be practiced independent and separate from other components and processes described herein. Each component and process also can be used in combination with other assembly packages and processes.
The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the disclosure by way of example and not by way of limitation. It is contemplated that the disclosure has general application to authenticating users for transactions conducted over an electronic payment network.
In the exemplary transaction card system, a financial institution called the “issuer” issues a transaction card, such as a credit card, to a consumer or cardholder 22, who uses the transaction card to tender payment for a purchase from a merchant 24. Cardholder 22 may purchase goods and services (“products”) at merchant 24. Cardholder 22 may make such purchases using virtual forms of the transaction card and, more specifically, by providing data related to the transaction card (e.g., the transaction card number, expiration date, associated postal code, and security code) to initiate transactions. To accept payment with the transaction card or virtual forms of the transaction card, merchant 24 must normally establish an account with a financial institution that is part of the financial payment system. This financial institution is usually called the “merchant bank,” the “acquiring bank,” or the “acquirer.” When cardholder 22 tenders payment for a purchase with a transaction card or virtual transaction card, merchant 24 requests authentication of the cardholder 22 and authorization from a merchant bank 26 for the amount of the purchase. The request may be performed over the telephone or electronically, but is usually performed through the use of a point-of-sale terminal, which reads cardholder's 22 account information from a magnetic stripe, a chip, or embossed characters on the transaction card and communicates electronically with the transaction processing computers of merchant bank 26. Merchant 24 receives cardholder's 22 account information as provided by cardholder 22. Alternatively, merchant bank 26 may authorize a third party to perform transaction processing on its behalf. In this case, the point-of-sale terminal will be configured to communicate with the third party. Such a third party is usually called a “merchant processor,” an “acquiring processor,” or a “third party processor.”
Using an interchange network 28, computers of merchant bank 26 or merchant processor will communicate with computers of an issuer bank 30 to determine whether the alleged cardholder is actually legitimate cardholder 22 (i.e., authentication), whether cardholder's 22 account 32 is in good standing, and whether the purchase is covered by cardholder's 22 available credit line. Based on these determinations, the requests for authentication and authorization will be declined or accepted. Authentication may be performed prior to authorization. If the requests are accepted, an authorization code is issued to merchant 24.
In the exemplary embodiment, the payment card system 20 includes or is in communication with a risk-based authentication (RBA) platform 34. In this embodiment, the RBA platform 34 provides enhanced meta-data collection to capture information, including meta-data from the payment transactions processed by the payment card system 20. The RBA platform 34 stores this meta-data to use to provide as historical data when performing an authentication process prior to performing an authorization process. In the exemplary embodiment, the RBA platform 34 may receive historical data from one or more of the acquirer bank 26, the interchange network 28, and the issuer bank 30. Examples of this data include one or more long term variables (“LTV”). The one or more LTV may include historical authorization data associated with a plurality of PANs, other historical data associated with the plurality of PANs, etc. The LTV may be associated with both card present and card not present historical transactions. For example, the LTV may include cardholder shipping address, cardholder billing address, cardholder email address, cardholder phone number, merchant name, merchant category, merchant location, and/or at least one environment-related variable (e.g., device details, browser details) including device ID, IP address, device channel, etc. Further, the LTV may be stored in a database accessible by RBA platform 34 and operated by an interchange network 28. In some embodiments, the LTV data will be hashed prior to storing to protect the security of this personally identifiable information.
When a request for authorization is accepted, the available credit line of cardholder's 22 account 32 is decreased. Normally, a charge for a payment card transaction is not posted immediately to cardholder's 22 account 32 because bankcard associations, such as Mastercard International Incorporated®, have promulgated rules that do not allow merchant 24 to charge, or “capture,” a transaction until products are shipped or services are delivered. However, with respect to at least some debit card transactions, a charge may be posted at the time of the transaction. When merchant 24 ships or delivers the products or services, merchant 24 captures the transaction by, for example, appropriate data entry procedures on the point-of-sale terminal. This may include bundling of approved transactions daily for standard retail purchases. If cardholder 22 cancels a transaction before it is captured, a “void” is generated. If cardholder 22 returns products after the transaction has been captured, a “credit” is generated. Interchange network 28 and/or issuer bank 30 stores the transaction card information, such as a type of merchant, amount of purchase, date of purchase, in a database 120 (shown in
After a purchase has been made, a clearing process occurs to transfer additional transaction data related to the purchase among the parties to the transaction, such as merchant bank 26, interchange network 28, and issuer bank 30. More specifically, during and/or after the clearing process, additional data, such as a time of purchase, a merchant name, a type of merchant, purchase information, cardholder account information, a type of transaction, information regarding the purchased item and/or service, and/or other suitable information, is associated with a transaction and transmitted between parties to the transaction as transaction data, and may be stored by any of the parties to the transaction. After a transaction is authorized and cleared, the transaction is settled among merchant 24, merchant bank 26, and issuer bank 30. Settlement refers to the transfer of financial data or funds among merchant's 24 account, merchant bank 26, and issuer bank 30 related to the transaction. Usually, transactions are captured and accumulated into a “batch,” which is settled as a group. More specifically, a transaction may be settled between issuer bank 30 and interchange network 28, and then between interchange network 28 and merchant bank 26, and then between merchant bank 26 and merchant 24.
As described below in more detail, risk-based authentication (RBA) may be performed by the RBA platform 34 on behalf of an access control server (ACS) or issuer bank 30 in the context of multi-party payment card system 20. Although the systems described herein are not intended to be limited to facilitate such applications, the systems are described as such for example purposes.
In the exemplary embodiment, cardholder computing devices 102 are computers that include a web browser or a software application, which enables cardholder computing devices 102 to access remote computer devices, such as merchant website 104, using the Internet or other network. More specifically, cardholder computing devices 102 may be communicatively coupled to the Internet through many interfaces including, but not limited to, at least one of a network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or an integrated services digital network (ISDN), a dial-up-connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a cellular phone connection, and a cable modem. Cardholder computing devices 102 may be any device capable of accessing the Internet including, but not limited to, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a phablet, wearable electronics, smart watch, or other web-based connectable equipment or mobile devices. In the exemplary embodiment, cardholder computing devices 102 are associated with individual cardholders 22 (shown in
In the exemplary embodiment, merchant website 104 is an online shopping website that is reachable through computers that include a web browser or a software application, such as cardholder computing devices 102, using the Internet or other network. More specifically, merchant website 104 may be hosted on one or more computers that are communicatively coupled to the Internet through many interfaces including, but not limited to, at least one of a network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or an integrated services digital network (ISDN), a dial-up-connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a cellular phone connection, and a cable modem. Computing devices hosting merchant website 104 may be any device capable of accessing the Internet including, but not limited to, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a phablet, wearable electronics, smart watch, or other web-based connectable equipment or mobile devices. In the exemplary embodiment, merchant website 104 is associated with merchant 24 (shown in
In the exemplary embodiment, data gathering computer devices 106 are computers that include a web browser or a software application, which enables data gathering computer devices 106 to access remote computer devices, such as merchant website 104 and authentication server 112, using the Internet or other network. More specifically, data gathering computing devices 106 may be communicatively coupled to the Internet through many interfaces including, but not limited to, at least one of a network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or an integrated services digital network (ISDN), a dial-up-connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a cellular phone connection, and a cable modem. Data gathering computer devices 106 may be any device capable of accessing the Internet including, but not limited to, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a phablet, wearable electronics, smart watch, or other web-based connectable equipment or mobile devices. In some embodiments, the data gathering computer devices 106 are associated with a 3DS server or service. In other embodiments, data gathering computer devices 106 are associated with acquirer bank 26 (shown in
In the exemplary embodiments, authentication server 112 is in communication with a plurality of data gathering computer devices 106 and one or more access control servers (ACS) 108. In some embodiments, authentication server 112 is similar to RBA platform 34 (shown in
In the exemplary embodiment, issuer computing devices 110 are computers that include a web browser or a software application, which enables issuer computing devices 110 to access remote computer devices, such as ACS 108 and authentication server 112, using the Internet or other network. More specifically, issuer computing devices 110 may be communicatively coupled to the Internet through many interfaces including, but not limited to, at least one of a network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or an integrated services digital network (ISDN), a dial-up-connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a cellular phone connection, and a cable modem. Issuer computing devices 110 may be any device capable of accessing the Internet including, but not limited to, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a phablet, wearable electronics, smart watch, or other web-based connectable equipment or mobile devices. In the exemplary embodiment, issuer computing devices 110 are associated with the issuer bank 30 (shown in
A database server 116 is connected to database 120. In one embodiment, centralized database 120 is stored on server system 112 and can be accessed by potential users at one of client systems (not shown) by logging onto authentication server 112 through one of client systems. In an alternative embodiment, database 120 is stored remotely from authentication server 112 and may be non-centralized. Database 120 may be a database configured to store information used by authentication server 112 including, for example, historical payment transaction records.
Database 120 may include a single database having separated sections or partitions, or may include multiple databases, each being separate from each other. Database 120 may store transaction data generated over the processing network including data relating to merchants, consumers, account holders, prospective customers, issuers, acquirers, and/or purchases made. Database 120 may also store account data including at least one of a cardholder name, a cardholder address, an account number, other account identifiers, and transaction information. Database 120 may also store merchant information including a merchant identifier that identifies each merchant registered to use the network, and instructions for settling transactions including merchant bank account information. Database 120 may also store purchase data associated with items being purchased by a cardholder from a merchant, and authentication and authorization request data. Database 120 may store one or more authentication profiles, where each authentication profile includes one or more authentication rules, one or more risk level thresholds, and one or more routing rules based on the risk level thresholds.
Server system 301 includes a processor 305 for executing instructions. Instructions may be stored in a memory area 310, for example. Processor 305 may include one or more processing units (e.g., in a multi-core configuration) for executing instructions. The instructions may be executed within a variety of different operating systems on the server system 301, such as UNIX, LINUX, Microsoft Windows®, etc. It should also be appreciated that upon initiation of a computer-based method, various instructions may be executed during initialization. Some operations may be required in order to perform one or more processes described herein, while other operations may be more general and/or specific to a particular programming language (e.g., C, C#, C++, Java, or other suitable programming languages, etc.).
Processor 305 is operatively coupled to a communication interface 315 such that server system 301 is capable of communicating with a remote device such as a user system or another server system 301. For example, communication interface 315 may receive requests from a client system (not shown) via the Internet, as illustrated in
Processor 305 may also be operatively coupled to a storage device 334. Storage device 334 is any computer-operated hardware suitable for storing and/or retrieving data. In some embodiments, storage device 334 is integrated in server system 301. For example, server system 301 may include one or more hard disk drives as storage device 334. In other embodiments, storage device 334 is external to server system 301 and may be accessed by a plurality of server systems 301. For example, storage device 334 may include multiple storage units such as hard disks or solid state disks in a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) configuration. Storage device 334 may include a storage area network (SAN) and/or a network attached storage (NAS) system.
In some embodiments, processor 305 is operatively coupled to storage device 334 via a storage interface 320. Storage interface 320 is any component capable of providing processor 305 with access to storage device 334. Storage interface 320 may include, for example, an Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) adapter, a Serial ATA (SATA) adapter, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapter, a RAID controller, a SAN adapter, a network adapter, and/or any component providing processor 305 with access to storage device 334.
Memory area 310 may include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and non-volatile RAM (NVRAM). The above memory types are examples only, and are thus not limiting as to the types of memory usable for storage of a computer program.
Client computing device 402 also includes at least one media output component 408 for presenting information to a user 400. Media output component 408 is any component capable of conveying information to user 400. In some embodiments, media output component 408 includes an output adapter such as a video adapter and/or an audio adapter. An output adapter is operatively coupled to processor 404 and operatively couplable to an output device such as a display device (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, cathode ray tube (CRT), or “electronic ink” display) or an audio output device (e.g., a speaker or headphones).
In some embodiments, client computing device 402 includes an input device 410 for receiving input from user 400. Input device 410 may include, for example, a keyboard, a pointing device, a mouse, a stylus, a touch sensitive panel (e.g., a touch pad or a touch screen), a camera, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a position detector, and/or an audio input device. A single component such as a touch screen may function as both an output device of media output component 408 and input device 410.
Client computing device 402 may also include a communication interface 412, which is communicatively couplable to a remote device such as server system 301 or a web server operated by a merchant. Communication interface 412 may include, for example, a wired or wireless network adapter or a wireless data transceiver for use with a mobile phone network (e.g., Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), 3G, 4G or Bluetooth) or other mobile data network (e.g., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX)).
A cardholder (e.g., cardholder 22, shown in
The authentication data is transmitted from the cardholder computing device 102 to a 3DS client 502 within a 3DS requestor environment 504. The 3DS client 502 may be operated by a merchant (e.g., merchant 24, shown in
The 3DS client 502 collects information (including the authentication data) and transmits the collected information to a 3DS server 506 for inclusion in an authentication request message, also referred to herein as an AReq message. 3DS client 502 is also part of the 3DS requestor environment 504. 3DS client 502 and 3DS server 506 may communicate with one another, for example, using application programming interfaces (APIs) or browser interactions. In some embodiments, the 3DS server 506 is similar to data gathering computer device 106 (shown in
Using the authentication data provided by the cardholder and other data collected within 3DS requestor environment 504, the 3DS server 506 generates the AReq message and transmits the AReq message to directory server 510, based on the payment processor associated with the transaction card being used in the transaction. In some embodiments, the directory server 510 is similar to the authentication server 112 (shown in
ACS 512 determines, based on the AReq message, whether authentication is required. Further, ACS 512 facilitates ensuring that any required authentication is properly carried out. ACS 512 performs these authentication operations on behalf of an issuer operating an issuer computing device 514.
In response to the AReq message, ACS 512 returns an authentication response (ARes) message to directory server 510, which directory server 510 in turn forwards to 3DS server 506. Before returning the ARes message, ACS 512 evaluates the data in the AReq message and performs risk-based authentication (RBA) on the transaction. Specifically, when ACS 512 determines that an explicit cardholder step-up authentication is not required (i.e., when the transaction is determined to be low risk), ACS 512 determines authentication is complete and returns an ARes indicating the same. If, however, ACS 512 determines that cardholder step-up authentication is required, ACS 512 initiates a step-up challenge request. The results of the step-up challenge requests are transmitted (in the ARes message), to 3DS server 506 (via directory server 510), and ultimately to the cardholder. If step-up authentication is required, ACS 512 controls the step-up authentication in accordance with methods used for cardholders of the issuer (e.g., biometric authentication, one time password (OTP) authentication, short message service (SMS) authentication, etc.). A 3DS requestor 516 included in 3DS requestor environment 504 controls how the various components interact with one another in the example embodiment.
After the authentication process is complete (i.e., after the 3DS Protocol is finished), if the cardholder is successfully authenticated, payment authorization for the transaction is undertaken. That is, the authentication using the 3DS 2 Protocol (or subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) occurs before payment authorization for the transaction.
For payment authorization, the merchant (e.g., using 3DS server 506) exchanges authorization data with an acquirer computing device 520 operated by an acquirer, such as merchant bank 26 (shown in
The 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) provides a number of benefits to cardholders, issuers, and merchants. It reduces risk of unauthorized transactions through an approach that incorporates a rich, comprehensive set of data to make authentication decisions. For cardholders, it provides a simple, secure, and familiar online authentication experience, regardless of payment channel or device. For issuers, it allows for “frictionless” authentication, in which an explicit cardholder step-up authentication is not required or performed. This enables more intelligent risk assessment decisions and the ability to selectively challenge the cardholder as needed. This also improves cardholder experience and overall cardholder loyalty to issuers. For merchants, the 3DS 2 Protocol decreases fraud on all authenticated transactions, and increases revenue potential from reduced friction and reduced cart abandonment (i.e., cardholders deciding not to complete a transaction after they have already selected one or more items to be purchased), especially for mobile payment channels. This also improves cardholder experience and overall cardholder loyalty to merchants.
Using 3DS 2 Protocol (or subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol), payment networks see 100% of all authentication requests globally on all cards on their brands. No other party, including issuers and ACS providers, is able to provide this global visibility. This global visibility may be leveraged to provide a consistent, standards-based risk analysis of transactions on behalf of issuers, enabling a market-wide risk-based authentication approach.
As compared to previous authentication methods (e.g., 3DS 1.0), the 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) allows for approximately ten times the amount of transaction data to be gathered, analyzed, and utilized to prevent fraud. The additional data included in the 3DS Protocol increases data exchange between merchants and issuers, and improves risk-based authentication (RBA) decisioning. RBA allows issuers to examine every authentication request through transaction risk analysis, while focusing fraud prevention efforts on transactions that prevent the most risk. Further, RBA utilizes both behavioral and transactional inputs in conjunction with a risk engine to determine riskiness of a transaction.
Transactions deemed safe or low risk are silently authenticated (i.e., so-called “frictionless” authentication), while higher risk transactions are subjected to step-up authentication. When a low risk transaction is silently authenticated, so much data has already been gathered that further authentication adds little to no value. Accordingly, RBA effectively replaces the need for an explicit interaction with the cardholder for every transaction, but transactions are still fully authenticated, with liability resting with the issuer. Thus, more transactions are completed with minimal cardholder disruption, aiding e-commerce growth.
One goal of RBA is to minimize the number of transactions that require active (i.e., step-up) authentication, while keeping fraud to a minimum and improving consumer friction points during the transaction process. With RBA, the information gathered enables transaction scoring and classification into low, medium, and high risk, allowing the issuer and ACS 512 to take appropriate action.
The 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol) enables a market-wide level risk analysis of all transactions that reach directory server 510. Each transaction can be scored and/or flagged based on the global data available using the 3DS 2 Protocol (and subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol). Additionally, the payment processor operating the directory server 510 has the ability to see cardholder activity across the digital and physical domains, and can utilize this expanded view to improve scoring. In contrast, traditional authentication service providers may only address the digital domain. For example, a payment processor could indicate if a particular device is associated with fraud, and flag that device for issuers in future transactions. The issuer may then reject transactions involving that device or prompt for additional authentication (e.g., through two-factor authentication).
The following Table 2 lists a number of the data elements that are used in the 3DS 2 Protocol for authentication. For example, at least some of these data elements may be included in the authentication data included in the AReq sent to directory server 510. The eighteen data elements that are also part of the 3DS 1.0 Protocol are bolded in Table 2. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the number of rich data elements could grow beyond those listed below (e.g., in future versions of the 3DS Protocol), and could include over one hundred and seventy data elements. Further, an app-based transaction (e.g., carried out using a mobile computing device) could provide even more data elements than browser-based transactions. In addition, a transaction performed using an Android device could have over one hundred and thirty additional elements.
As explained above, in the embodiment shown in
Instead of directory server 510, authentication system 600 includes an RBA-enabled directory server 610 communicatively coupled to a RBA engine 612 (which may be collectively referred to as an authentication platform 614). RBA-enabled directory server 610 and RBA engine 612 facilitate performing RBA behalf of ACS providers, as described herein. RBA-enabled directory server 610 and RBA engine 612 may be operated, for example, by interchange network 28 (shown in
As in authentication system 500, RBA-enabled directory server 610 receives an AReq message from 3DS server 506. However, instead of immediately forwarding the AReq message to ACS 512, RBA-enabled directory server 610 transmits at least some of the data in the AReq message (e.g., the authentication data) to RBA engine 612.
In the example embodiment, RBA engine 612 analyzes the data in the AReq message to generate RBA result data. For example, RBA engine 612 may compare the data in the AReq message to one or more long term variables (“LTV”). The one or more LTV may include historical authentication data associated with the PAN at issue, historical authorization data associated with the PAN, other historical data associated with the PAN, etc. The LTV may be associated with both card present and card not present historical transactions. For example, the LTV may include cardholder shipping address, cardholder billing address, cardholder email address, cardholder phone number, merchant name, merchant category, merchant location, and/or at least one environment-related variable (e.g., device details, browser details) including device ID, IP address, device channel, etc. Further, the LTV may be stored in a database accessible by RBA engine 612 and operated by interchange network 28. In some embodiments, the LTV data will be hashed prior to storing to protect the security of this personally identifiable information.
In addition, the data in the AReq message may also be compared to other parameters. For example, to monitor consistency and changes in behavior, the data may be compared to short term (e.g., on the order of minutes, hours, or days) PAN velocities and ratios, including velocities and ratios of PAN authorization and authentication. This may include comparing to recent transaction frequency, amount spent, declines, historical risk scores, etc. Alternatively, the data in the AReq message may be analyzed using any suitable techniques to generate RBA result data, as described herein.
In the example embodiment, the RBA result data generated by RBA engine 612 includes a risk score, a risk analysis, and at least one reason code. The risk score is a score representing a determined riskiness of the transaction, with lower scores indicating lower risk and higher scores indicating higher risk. In other words, the risk score represents a likelihood that the suspect cardholder (e.g., the person attempting to perform a transaction) is the legitimate cardholder having the privileges to use the payment card to perform a payment transaction. For example, the risk score may be represented by a number from 0-999 and/or by a risk threshold category from 0-19. In some embodiments, risks assessments that will be shared, such as through the authorization field of one or more messages will be quantified on a scale of 0-9. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that any suitable risk score may be used.
The risk analysis is a description of a level of risk corresponding to the risk score (e.g., low risk, medium risk, or high risk). Further the reason codes include one or more factors that influenced the risk score. RBA engine 612 transmits the RBA result data to RBA-enabled directory server 610.
In some embodiments, the reason codes are generated based on a plurality of reason code categories and associated anchors. Specifically, different categories are established, and each category is associated with a plurality of activatable anchors, as described herein. Based on the analysis of the data in the AReq message, RBA engine 612 may activate one or more anchors. The reason codes are then generated based on which anchors (and how many anchors) are activated. In some embodiments, the reason codes are affected by rules and/or a combination of the rules and the model.
For example, in one embodiment, three risk code categories are established: cardholder, merchant, and environment. In this example, the cardholder category is associated with five anchors (shipping address, PAN, billing address, email, and phone), the merchant category is associated with three anchors (merchant name, merchant category, and merchant country), and the environment category is associated with three anchors (device info, IP address, and device channel). Those of skill in the art will appreciate that additional and/or alternative anchors may be established.
Based on analysis of the data in the AReq message, RBA engine 612 may activate at least one anchor. For example, for the cardholder category, if RBA engine 612 determines that a shipping address for the transaction has been used with the PAN in past transactions and/or the shipping address is unchanged from prior transaction, RBA engine 612 may activate the shipping address anchor. Further, RBA engine 612 may activate the PAN anchor of the cardholder category if the PAN has had successful authentications in past transactions.
For the merchant category, one or more anchors may be activated based fraud rates for the merchant, decline rates for the merchant, and non-cleared transaction rates for the merchant. Further, one or more anchors may be activated when RBA engine 612 determines the merchant category and merchant location for the transaction are consistent with historical transactions for that merchant.
For the environment category, the IP address anchor may be activated if the IP address is known and is not on a list of “bad” IP addresses. Further, the device anchor may be activated if the device is known and is not on a list of “bad” devices, the device has had successful authentications in past transactions, and/or the device has scored well in past transactions.
The following are some additional examples of criteria for activating anchors for the different categories. In one example, the shipping address anchor is activated if the shipping address has been used with the PAN in past transactions, the shipping address is the same as the billing address on file, the shipping address is not on a list of “bad” shipping addresses, and the shipping address is unchanged from a prior transaction. In a second example, the shipping address anchor, the billing address anchor, and the PAN anchor (i.e., all anchors for the cardholder category) are activated when the shipping address is consistent with previous transactions, the billing address is consistent with previous transactions, the PAN has historical positive association with the cardholder, and the purchase amount, date, and time are consistent with previous transactions. In a third example, anchors for both the cardholder category and the merchant category are activated when the contact information for the cardholder is consistent with previous transactions, the cardholder is a trusted cardholder, the merchant is a trusted merchant, and the PAN shows established activity and authentication history at the merchant. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the anchors may be activated based on any suitable conditions.
The reasons codes are generated based on the activated anchors, and are loosely structured in a hierarchical order based on connections between anchors in different categories. For example, if at least one anchor in the cardholder category is activated, a positive reason code (i.e., indicating relatively low risk) is generated. If, instead, at least one anchor in the cardholder category is activated and at least one anchor in the merchant category is also activated, a stronger positive reason code related to both categories is generated. Similarly, if at least one anchor in the cardholder category is activated, at least one anchor in the merchant category is activated, and at least one anchor in the environment category is activated, an even stronger positive reason code related to all three categories is generated.
The following Table 3 lists of number of example reason codes. However, those of skill in the art will appreciate that additional and/or alternative reason codes may be utilized in accordance with the embodiments described herein.
After RBA engine 612 generates the RBA result data (including the reason codes), RBA-enabled directory server 610 embeds the RBA result data into the AReq message to generate an enhanced AReq message. For example, in some embodiments, the RBA result data is appended to the AReq message as an extensible markup language (XML) extension of the AReq message. For example, the extension may have the following format:
where “score” is the risk score, “decision” is the risk analysis, and “reasonCode1” and “reasonCode2” are the reason codes. In the exemplary embodiment, the reason codes are transmitted as a single letter each. In other embodiments, the reason codes may be represented in different methods. In some embodiments, reasonCode2 is transmitted by the merchant to provide the merchant's assessment of the transaction. Alternatively, the RBA result data may be embedded into the AReq message to generate an enhanced AReq message using any suitable process.
The enhanced AReq message is then transmitted from RBA-enabled directory server 610 to ACS 512. ACS 512 then analyzes the RBA result data in the enhanced AReq message to make an authentication decision. That is, in the example embodiment, ACS 512 may determine to fully authenticate the transaction, deny authentication for the transaction, or perform additional authentication (e.g., by issuing a step-up challenge to the cardholder) for the transaction, based on at least one of the risk score, the risk analysis, and the reason codes. Accordingly, ACS 512 does not perform the RBA analysis, but is still able to leverage the results of that analysis to make an authentication decision (e.g., by using the results in their own fraud analysis platform), generally resulting in more approvals with less fraud. Thus, RBA-enabled directory server 610 and RBA engine 612 perform the RBA analysis on behalf of ACS 512. In some embodiments, the ACS 512 receives authentication data from a plurality of sources.
In some embodiments, when the determined riskiness of the transaction is low enough, instead of generating and transmitting an enhanced AReq message to ACS 512, RBA-enabled directory server 610 fully authenticates the transaction itself. Specifically, when the determined riskiness of the transaction is low enough, RBA-enabled directory server 610 automatically generates an ARes that indicates the transaction has been fully authenticated, and transmits the ARes message to 3DS server 506. RBA-enabled directory server 610 determines that the riskiness of the transaction is low by comparing at least one of the risk score and the risk analysis to a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be specified, for example, by ACS 512. Accordingly ACS 512 is able to control which transactions will be fully authenticated without all transactions being forwarded to ACS 512.
Bypassing ACS 512 for low risk transactions reduces the overall message volume on the payment network. This in turn frees up network resources, improving transmission speed and overall capability of the payment network. Furthermore, in some embodiments, RBA-enabled directory server 610 determines if ACS 512 is available. In some situations, ACS 512 may be off-line or unavailable. If the ACS 512 is available, then the RBA-enabled directory server 610 may route the enhanced AReq message including the RBA result data to the ACS 512. If the ACS 512 is not available, RBA-enabled directory server 610 may perform the authentication processing.
In the example embodiment, authentication platform 614 receives 802 an authentication request message including authentication data, as described herein. Authentication platform 614 performs 804 RBA to generate RBA result data including a risk score, a risk analysis, and at least one reason code. The risk score is a score representing a determined riskiness of the transaction, with lower scores indicating lower risk and higher scores indicating higher risk. In other words, the risk score represents a likelihood that the suspect cardholder (e.g., the person attempting to perform a transaction) is the legitimate cardholder having the privileges to use the payment card to perform a payment transaction. For example, the risk score may be represented by a number from 0-999 and/or by a risk threshold category from 0-19. In some embodiments, risks assessments that will be shared, such as through the authorization field of one or more messages will be quantified on a scale of 0-9. The risk analysis is a description of a risk level corresponding to the risk score (e.g., low risk, medium risk, or high risk). The reason codes include one or more factors that influenced the risk score.
In the example embodiment, authentication platform 614 compares the RBA result data to a stored authentication profile. The authentication profile contains a plurality of rules for the processing of authentication requests. In some embodiments, the authentication profile is provided by the issuer computing device 514 (shown in
In the example embodiment, authentication platform 614 compares the RBA result data to the authentication profile to determine the risk level associated with the transaction associated with the authentication request. In some embodiments, authentication platform 614 compares the risk score to one or more thresholds in the authentication profile to determine the risk level associated with the transaction. In other embodiments, authentication platform 614 compares the risk analysis, the reason codes, and/or any other combination of data from the RBA result data and potentially some or all of the authentication data to the authentication profile to determine the risk level associated with this transaction. For example, a risk score of 900 or less may be considered low risk, a risk score between 900 and 980 may be considered medium risk, and a risk score above 980 may be considered high risk. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable risk score thresholds and any number of risk levels may be used.
In the example embodiment, authentication platform 614 determines 806 if the risk level is high risk. For example, authentication platform 614 may determine 806 that the transaction is clearly fraudulent. In which case, authentication platform 614 fails the authentication and denies 808 the transaction. In the example embodiment, authentication platform 614 may deny 808 the transaction. Authentication platform 614 transmits an authentication response (ARes) message including the denial to 3DS server 506 (shown in
When authentication platform 614 determines the transaction is clearly fraudulent, authentication platform 614 denies the transaction without sending on authentication data (e.g., to the ACS and/or issuer). Specifically, authentication platform 614 fails the authentication and communicates the failure to the authentication requestor in the ARes message. Based on this failure, the merchant should not then submit the transaction for authorization, thus terminating the transaction. Accordingly, because the transaction is denied during authentication (and prior to authorization), no authorization messages are sent over the payment processing network. This protects the security of the payment processing network, because the payment processing network is never exposed to authorization data associated with the fraudulent transaction. Further, authentication platform 614 may notify the issuer and/or merchant that the transaction was clearly fraudulent, enabling the issuer and/or merchant to take appropriate action (e.g., flagging the associated account number and/or cardholder).
Authentication platform 614 determines 810 if the transaction is medium risk or low risk. If the transaction is low risk, authentication platform 614 may approve 814 the transaction and transmit an authentication response (ARes) message including the approval to 3DS server 506, where at least one of the 3DS server 506 and the merchant may initiate the authorization process. If the transaction is medium risk, authentication platform 614 may issue 812 a step-up challenge to the cardholder 22 (shown in
In some embodiments, the authentication platform 614 transmits the RBA result data to a source of the authentication request message, such as the 3DS server 506 (shown in
In some embodiments, the authentication request message is associated with an online payment card transaction. The authentication profile is associated with an issuer bank 30 (shown in
In some embodiments, the authentication platform 614 determines whether an access control server (ACS) 512 (shown in
In some further embodiments, the authentication platform 614 determines a risk level based on the RBA data and the authentication profile. In some of these embodiments, the risk level includes at least a low risk, a medium risk and a high risk for the transaction associate with the authentication request. In these embodiments, the authentication platform 614 transmits an authentication approval message to the 3DS server 506, if the risk level is low.
If the risk medium, the authentication platform 614 transmits a step-up challenge to the online user 22 (shown in
If the risk is high, the authentication platform 614 transmits an authentication denied message to the 3DS server 506.
In the example embodiment, transactions are categorized “merchant only” or “fully authenticated.” “Fully authenticated” transactions are generally considered to be low risk transactions that have been authenticated. “Merchant only” transactions are more risky transactions. In some embodiments, “merchant only” transactions have been authenticated. In the example embodiment, one or more indicators in the authentication response indicate whether a transaction is “merchant only” or “fully authenticated.” One or more indicators may also indicate whether or not authentication was attempted on the transaction. This information is used by the merchant to determine whether or not to begin the authorization process for the transaction. In some embodiments, this information is also stored in the database 120 (shown in
In the example embodiment, the authentication platform 614 performs the authentication process on the transaction, including RBA. This analysis is based on a machine learning model where, over time, the authentication platform 614 is capable of improving its ability to determine the risk level associated with transactions. The authentication platform 614 analyzes transactions that are authenticated by the ACS 512 and compares these transactions with historical data to generate a risk model for each issuer bank 30. By comparing the data points in each transaction, the risk model will indicate the amount of risk associated with each transaction based on the authentication data in the corresponding authentication requests. This allows the authentication platform 614 to analyze transactions when the ACS 512 is unavailable and perform authentication on these transactions to provide a response to the authentication request. Accordingly, the authentication platform 614 may determine that a received authorization request is substantially similar to a previous transaction that the ACS 512 scored at low risk. Thus allowing the authentication platform 614 to determine that the received transaction is low risk with a degree of certainty.
In some embodiments, the authentication platform 614 determines whether or not the ACS 512 available by transmitting the authentication request message to the ACS 512. In these embodiments, the authentication platform 614 waits a predetermined period of time for a response from the ACS 512. The authentication platform 614 determines that the ACS 512 is unavailable if no response is received from the ACS 512 after the predetermined period of time. Alternatively, the authentication platform 614 may receive a response from the ACS 512 that indicates that the ACS 512 is unable to perform authentication. The response from the ACS 512 may indicate that the online user is not enrolled with the ACS 512, that the ACS 512 is currently unavailable, or that the ACS 512 was unable to authenticate the online user. This indication may be contained in the response message from the ACS 512. In other embodiments, the authentication platform 614 may transmit periodic status check messages to the ACS 512 to determine whether or not the ACS 512 is available.
In some embodiments, the authentication platform 614 determines that the online user is not associated with the ACS 512 based on the extracted authentication data. In these embodiments, the issuer associated with the online user has not registered with an ACS 512. In these embodiments, the authentication platform 614 generates an authentication decision based on the RBA result data.
In some further embodiments, the authentication platform 614 determines whether the authentication request message complies with the 3DS 2 Protocol or subsequent versions of the 3DS Protocol. If the authentication request message does not comply with the appropriate 3DS Protocols, the authentication platform 614 bypasses determining if the ACS 512 is available. In this situation, the authentication platform 614 transmits an authentication response message indicating that the transaction is considered merchant only and that no authentication was attempted.
In some embodiments, the authentication platform 614 determines a risk level based on the RBA result data. If the risk level is low, the authentication platform 614 embeds an indicator in the authentication response message indicating that the transaction is “fully authenticated.” If the risk level is not low, the authentication platform 614 embeds one or more indicators in the authentication response message indicating that the transaction is a merchant only transaction and that authentication was attempted.
Referring now to
Transactions in some regulated markets may be subject to forced SCA for all transactions. In the example embodiment, the regulated market for this example transaction has opted into conditional SCA as described herein. In such markets, regulators may generally mandate SCA on transactions, but may allow transactions to be authenticated without SCA in particular circumstances. As such, directory server 610 identifies a transaction limit and a risk threshold for conditional SCA of that particular regulated market. The transaction limit represents a threshold transaction value below which SCA may be avoided if the risk threshold is also satisfied. In the embodiments described herein, the transaction limit may be, for example, a monetary value for a particular transaction (e.g., 2000 rupees, 30 Euro, etc.), a number of transactions (e.g., 5 frictionless transactions), or a cumulative monetary value (e.g., 100 Euro). Accordingly, the transaction limit may be defined by parameters other than a monetary value of the transaction. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that any suitable type of transaction limit may be established.
The risk threshold represents a level of risk of fraud associated with the transaction (e.g., as determined, or “scored,” by RBA engine 612). In other words, and for example, if the risk level of the transaction is “low” (e.g., below a risk score threshold) and the transaction is a “low-value” transaction (e.g., below the transaction threshold value), then SCA may not be mandated by the regulated entity. If the transaction value is not a low-value transaction (e.g., at or above the transaction threshold value) or if the transaction is not a low-risk transaction (e.g., at or above a risk score threshold), then SCA may be mandated by the regulated entity.
Directory server 610 compares the transaction value to the transaction limit set by the regulatory entity and, in this example, determines that the transaction value is less than the transaction limit (e.g., the transaction is a “low-value” transaction). As such, directory server 610 engages RBA engine 612 at step 1114 to evaluate risk associated with AReq. RBA engine 612 evaluates risk associated with the transaction using the authentication data and other transaction data associated with AReq, as described above. RBA engine 612 generates risk-based authentication result data that includes a risk score for the transaction.
In this example, RBA engine 612 compares the risk score generated for this transaction to the risk threshold identified for this regulated market and determines that the risk of fraud in this transaction is below the risk threshold. In some embodiments, the risk score and the risk threshold may be integer values that may be compared to determine whether the risk score is more or less than the risk threshold. In other embodiments, the risk threshold may be a category of a tiered set of categories (e.g., “low”, “medium”, “high”) and the risk score may be of that same tiered set of categories, or the risk score may be a value that is mapped into that tiered set of categories (e.g., with regulator-, issuer-, or system-defined ranges for each category). For example, RBA engine 612 may allow the regulators for this market to define the “low risk” category as being any transaction score below 400 (e.g., as evaluated under 3DS 2 by RBA engine 612).
Continuing this example, RBA engine 612 has determined, at step 1104, that the transaction is both “low” and “below.” In other words, the transaction is both a low-value transaction as well as below the regulator's transaction threshold. As such, as far as the regulator is concerned, the transaction is not mandated to have SCA performed. However, some issuers may have more stringent requirements for SCA step-up, or may have other reasons for rejecting authentication regardless of SCA step-up considerations. For example, some issuers may reject any CNP transaction evaluating to a “high” risk. For ease of description, such flow and rejections are not expressly illustrated in
In some scenarios, the authentication platform (e.g., directory server 610 and RBA engine 612) may be entrusted to perform authentication processing on behalf of issuer 514. In other scenarios, authentication may be performed by ACS 512. As such, at test 1116, if the authentication platform is acting on behalf of issuer 514 for authentication, then RBA engine 612 generates an ARes message 1106 approving the transaction at step 1118 (presuming no other reason for authentication rejection) and transmits ARes 1106 to 3DS server 506 at step 1120 without having performed SCA step-up authentication on consumer 22.
If, at test 1116, the authentication platform does not perform authentication on behalf of issuer 514 (e.g., issuer 514 has ACS 512 perform authentication services), then RBA engine 612 transmits an enhanced AReq message 1108 to ACS 512 at step 1122. Enhanced AReq may include, in addition to the additional RBA data described above associated with 3DS 2, a data field indicating that SCA step-up is not mandated by the involved market(s) for this transaction. However, issuer 514 or ACS 512 may otherwise determine to perform SCA on the transaction (e.g., if preferred by the issuer for certain types of transactions or other considerations). If, at test 1130, ACS 512 does not prompt SCA step-up, then ACS 512 returns an ARes message 1132 to the authentication platform at step 1134 approving authentication of the transaction.
If, at test 1130, ACS 512 determines to prompt SCA step-up, then ACS 512 prompts step-up 1138 via 3DS server 506 (or 3DS client 502) at step 1136. Consumer 22 provides step-up input 1142 back to 3DS server 506 (or directly to ACS 512) and, upon successful step-up, ACS 512 transmits the ARes message 1132 to the authentication service at step 1146.
Referring now to
If, at test 1152, ACS 512 is acting on behalf of issuer 514, RBA engine 612 transmits, at step 1154, the enhanced AReq 1108 (represented here by 1162) along with an indication to force SCA step-up challenge of consumer 22 for this transaction. Enhanced AReq may include, in addition to the additional RBA data described above associated with 3DS 2, a data field mandating ACS 512 to perform SCA step-up for the transaction (e.g., if the transaction is otherwise deemed to be approved for authentication by ACS 512). In other words, AReq 1108 serves to inform ACS 512 that the transaction may not be authenticated without SCA. Presuming no other reason to reject authentication of the transaction, ACS 512 identifies that the transaction is subject to a mandated SCA step-up and prompts step-up 1138 in steps 1136, 1140, 1144, and transmits ARes 1132 approving the transaction in steps 1146 and 1120, as described above.
In some embodiments, the authentication platform provides a graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard (not shown) for use by the regulators. The GUI may, for example, allow the regulators to view and evaluate fraud data associated with their market. For example, in one embodiment, the GUI dashboard may be configured to display historical fraud data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions not mandated to be authenticated with SCA by RBA engine 612 when satisfying the risk threshold and transaction limit set by the regulatory entity (e.g., a percentage of “frictionless transactions” within RBA, perhaps including approval rates or basis points of fraud). In one embodiment, the GUI dashboard may be configured to display historical fraud data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions mandated to be authenticated with SCA by the RBA engine 612 when not satisfying one or more of the risk threshold or transaction limit (e.g., percentage of transactions stepped-up within RBA, perhaps with the type of step-up, approval rates, basis points of fraud). Such data may include an electronic gross dollar value (eGDV), an eTransaction count, or growth over time for such metrics. Such data may also be presented by channel. For example, such data may be limited to mobile device transactions, browser-based transactions, telephone transactions, and mail transactions. As such, the GUI may allow the regulators to determine how their current settings are impacting fraud in these types of transactions.
In some embodiments, the GUI allows the regulators to adjust conditional SCA settings associated with their market. For example, the GUI may allow the regulators to alter the risk threshold required to avoid SCA, or to alter the transaction limit for transactions that can avoid SCA. In some embodiments, the GUI provides simulation analysis of prospective changes to the conditional SCA settings. For example, using historical data, the GUI may provide a fraud impact analysis to a proposed higher risk threshold, or to a proposed higher transaction limit, perhaps estimating a predicted level of fraud at the proposed settings. As such, the GUI may allow the regulators to determine potential impacts or potential results based on prospective changes.
Authentication process 1200 enables authenticating an online user as a legitimate user of a payment account without having to ask additional questions of the user (e.g., as part of a step-up challenge) or having to request additional inputs from the user. Thus, authentication process 1200 assesses a risk of fraud without creating any additional friction for the user that may cause the user to terminate a transaction.
A processor or a processing element may employ artificial intelligence and/or be trained using supervised or unsupervised machine learning, and the machine learning program may employ a neural network, which may be a convolutional neural network, a deep learning neural network, or a combined learning module or program that learns in two or more fields or areas of interest. Machine learning may involve identifying and recognizing patterns in existing data in order to facilitate making predictions for subsequent data. Models may be created based upon example inputs in order to make valid and reliable predictions for novel inputs.
Additionally or alternatively, the machine learning programs may be trained by inputting sample data sets or certain data into the programs, such as image data, text data, report data, and/or numerical analysis. The machine learning programs may utilize deep learning algorithms that may be primarily focused on pattern recognition, and may be trained after processing multiple examples. The machine learning programs may include Bayesian program learning (BPL), voice recognition and synthesis, image or object recognition, optical character recognition, and/or natural language processing—either individually or in combination. The machine learning programs may also include natural language processing, semantic analysis, automatic reasoning, and/or machine learning.
In supervised machine learning, a processing element may be provided with example inputs and their associated outputs, and may seek to discover a general rule that maps inputs to outputs, so that when subsequent novel inputs are provided the processing element may, based upon the discovered rule, accurately predict the correct output. In unsupervised machine learning, the processing element may be required to find its own structure in unlabeled example inputs. In one embodiment, machine learning techniques may be used to extract data about the computer device, the user of the computer device, the computer network hosting the computer device, services executing on the computer device, and/or other data.
Based upon these analyses, the processing element may learn how to identify characteristics and patterns that may then be applied to training models, analyzing transaction and authentication data, and detecting and analyzing risk.
As used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable media” is intended to be representative of any tangible computer-based device implemented in any method or technology for short-term and long-term storage of information, such as, computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and sub-modules, or other data in any device. Therefore, the methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions embodied in a tangible, non-transitory, computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device and/or a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein. Moreover, as used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable media” includes all tangible, computer-readable media, including, without limitation, non-transitory computer storage devices, including, without limitation, volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media such as a firmware, physical and virtual storage, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and any other digital source such as a network or the Internet, as well as yet to be developed digital means, with the sole exception being a transitory, propagating signal.
This written description uses examples to disclose the disclosure, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the embodiments, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
Claims
1. An authentication platform for authenticating an online user in a transaction without use of strong consumer authentication (SCA), the authentication platform comprising:
- a memory device; and
- at least one processor coupled to the memory device, the at least one processor programmed to: receive an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity, the authentication request message includes authentication data and a transaction value; extract the authentication data from the authentication request message; generate, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data that includes a risk score for the transaction; determine that a risk of fraud in the transaction satisfies a risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by evaluating the risk score relative to the risk threshold; determine that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity, the transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction value below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions satisfying the risk threshold; and transmit an authentication response message authenticating the transaction without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud satisfying the risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction amount being below the transaction limit.
2. The authentication platform of claim 1, the processor is further configured to:
- generate an enhanced authentication request message associated with the transaction, the enhanced authentication request message including data indicating that the transaction is not mandated for strong consumer authentication; and
- transmit the enhanced authentication request message to an access control server (ACS).
3. The authentication platform of claim 2, the processor is further configured to:
- generate another enhanced authentication request message associated with another transaction, the other enhanced authentication request message including data indicating that the transaction is mandated for strong consumer authentication; and
- transmit the other enhanced authentication request message to an access control server, the indicated mandate causing the access control server to initiate SCA for the other transaction.
4. The authentication platform of claim 1, the processor is further configured to:
- display a graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard for use by the regulatory entity to evaluate fraud in payment transactions within the market;
- display, via the GUI, first historical data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions not mandated to be authenticated with SCA based on satisfying the risk threshold and the transaction limit set by the regulatory entity; and
- display, via the GUI, second historical data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions mandated to be authenticated with SCA based on not satisfying one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit set by the regulatory entity.
5. The authentication platform of claim 4, wherein one or more of the first historical data and the second historical data include an approval rate and basis points of fraud.
6. The authentication platform of claim 1, wherein the RBA result data further include at least one reason code that indicates at least one factor that influenced the generated risk score.
7. The authentication platform of claim 1, the processor is further configured to:
- display a graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard for use by the regulatory entity to alter configuration of the authentication platform for transactions occurring in the market, the GUI dashboard allowing a regulator to alter one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit; and
- reconfigure one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit based on input received from the regulator via the GUI.
8. A computer-implemented method for authenticating an online user in a transaction without use of strong consumer authentication (SCA), the method implemented on a computing device comprising a memory device coupled to at least one processor, and the method comprises:
- receiving an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity, the authentication request message includes authentication data and a transaction value;
- extracting the authentication data from the authentication request message;
- generating, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data that includes a risk score for the transaction;
- determining that a risk of fraud in the transaction satisfies a risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by evaluating the risk score relative to the risk threshold;
- determining that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity, the transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction value below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions satisfying the risk threshold; and
- transmitting an authentication response message authenticating the transaction without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud satisfying the risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction amount being below the transaction limit.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
- generating an enhanced authentication request message associated with the transaction, the enhanced authentication request message including data indicating that the transaction is not mandated for strong consumer authentication; and
- transmitting the enhanced authentication request message to an access control server (ACS).
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
- generating another enhanced authentication request message associated with another transaction, the other enhanced authentication request message including data indicating that the transaction is mandated for strong consumer authentication; and
- transmitting the other enhanced authentication request message to an access control server, the indicated mandate causing the access control server to initiate SCA for the other transaction.
11. The method of claim 8, the processor is further configured to:
- displaying a graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard for use by the regulatory entity to evaluate fraud in payment transactions within the market;
- displaying, via the GUI, first historical data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions not mandated to be authenticated with SCA based on satisfying the risk threshold and the transaction limit set by the regulatory entity; and
- displaying, via the GUI, second historical data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions mandated to be authenticated with SCA based on not satisfying one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit set by the regulatory entity.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein one or more of the first historical data and the second historical data include an approval rate and basis points of fraud.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the RBA result data further include at least one reason code that indicates at least one factor that influenced the generated risk score.
14. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
- displaying a graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard for use by the regulatory entity to alter configuration of the computing device for transactions occurring in the market, the GUI dashboard allowing a regulator to alter one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit; and
- reconfiguring one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit based on input received from the regulator via the GUI.
15. At least one non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon for authenticating an online user in a transaction without use of strong consumer authentication (SCA), wherein when executed by at least one processor, the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to:
- receive an authentication request message for a transaction involving a market regulated by a regulatory entity, the authentication request message includes authentication data and a transaction value;
- extract the authentication data from the authentication request message;
- generate, based at least in part on the extracted authentication data, risk-based authentication (RBA) result data that includes a risk score for the transaction;
- determine that a risk of fraud in the transaction satisfies a risk threshold established by the regulatory entity by evaluating the risk score relative to the risk threshold;
- determine that the transaction value is below a transaction limit set by the regulatory entity, the transaction limit identifies a threshold transaction value below which strong consumer authentication may be avoided for transactions satisfying the risk threshold; and
- transmit an authentication response message authenticating the transaction without strong consumer authentication having been performed on the transaction based on the determined risk of fraud satisfying the risk threshold and further based on the determined transaction amount being below the transaction limit.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to:
- generate an enhanced authentication request message associated with the transaction, the enhanced authentication request message including data indicating that the transaction is not mandated for strong consumer authentication; and
- transmit the enhanced authentication request message to an access control server (ACS).
17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 16, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to:
- generate another enhanced authentication request message associated with another transaction, the other enhanced authentication request message including data indicating that the transaction is mandated for strong consumer authentication; and
- transmit the other enhanced authentication request message to an access control server, the indicated mandate causing the access control server to initiate SCA for the other transaction.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to:
- display a graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard for use by the regulatory entity to evaluate fraud in payment transactions within the market;
- display, via the GUI, first historical data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions not mandated to be authenticated with SCA based on satisfying the risk threshold and the transaction limit set by the regulatory entity; and
- displaying, via the GUI, second historical data indicating a level of fraud present in transactions mandated to be authenticated with SCA based on not satisfying one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit set by the regulatory entity.
19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 18, wherein one or more of the first historical data and the second historical data include an approval rate and basis points of fraud.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to:
- displaying a graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard for use by the regulatory entity to alter configuration of the computing device for transactions occurring in the market, the GUI dashboard allowing a regulator to alter one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit; and
- reconfiguring one or more of the risk threshold and the transaction limit based on input received from the regulator via the GUI.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 21, 2019
Publication Date: Dec 26, 2019
Inventors: Julia Sharon Gosset (Tarrytown, NY), Robert Albert Ederle (Chesterfield, MO), Ranjita Shankar Iyer (Chappaqua, NY), Brian Piel (Ballwin, MO), Christopher John Merz (Wildwood, MO), Felix Johannes Flory (Wildwood, MO), Nimit Gulati (Singapore), Paul Baker (Shipley)
Application Number: 16/448,884
