EXTENDED RELEASE FORMULATIONS OF CANNABINOIDS

Abstract

Compositions for the extended release of one or more cannabinoids, in which the compositions comprise a population of particles. Each particle may comprise the one or more cannabinoids, one or more drug-releasing agents, and a core. The APIs may be a cannabinoid, such as cannabidiol or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The core may comprise an inert material. The one or more cannabinoids may comprise Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, or a combination thereof.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/700,107 filed on Jul. 18, 2018, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to an extended release, multiparticulate drug delivery platform for the oral administration of one or more cannabinoids. The drug delivery system of the present invention achieves a targeted pharmacokinetic profile and provides a uniform drug distribution in the gastrointestinal tract. The delivery system of the present invention can be administered as capsules, tablets, sprinkles, or a stick pack for convenience in administration and handling.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cannabis, the plant genus that includes both hemp and marijuana, possesses many medicinal and psychoactive properties that reportedly alleviate a wide range of symptoms experienced in connection with serious medical conditions, while providing safer and fewer serious side effects than most current prescription drugs. For example, cannabis has been used to combat symptoms associated with cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, muscle spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, and many other illnesses.

Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds originating from the cannabis plant that act on cannabinoid receptors, which repress neurotransmitter release in the brain. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two most prominent cannabinoids found in Cannabis. While there are over 100 different cannabinoids so far identified in Cannabis by scientists, CBD and THC are by far the most extensively studied and best understood. CBD and THC both interact with the body's endocannabinoid system, a vital signaling system responsible for regulating a wide array of functions.

THC is a psychotropic chemical derived from marijuana that acts on the body's cannabinoid receptors and resembles chemicals naturally produced by the body. THC is a psychoactive that activates the CB1 and CB2 receptors and affects perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. In medicinal application, THC has the properties of an analgesic and an appetite stimulant. THC has also been reported to create a state of relaxation and well-being, induce sleep, and cause a state of euphoria. These effects have been used to treat a variety of health issues, such as pain, inflammation, nausea, sleep apnea, and stress disorders. Additionally, THC has been shown to fight the side effects and symptoms of chemotherapy, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, AIDS, and spinal injuries.

Currently, there are only three drug products approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for THC: Marinol®, Syndros®, and Cesamet®. Marinol® and Syndros® both contain dronabinol, a synthetic THC that is insoluble in water and has a pKA of 10.6. Marinol® is available as soft gelatin capsules in dosage strengths of 2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg, and Syndros® is available as an oral solution (5 mg/ml). Both Marinol® and Syndros® are indicated for the treatment of anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments.

Cesamet® contains nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid that is chemically similar to THC. As a raw material, nabilone is a white to off-white polymorphic crystalline powder. In aqueous media, the solubility of nabilone is less than 0.5 mg/L, with pH values ranging from 1.2 to 7.0. Cesamet® is available as a powder-filled capsule (1 mg/capsule) for oral administration and is indicated for the treatment of the nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments. However, the effects of Cesamet® have been reported to persist for a variable and unpredictable period of time following its oral administration; for example, adverse psychiatric reactions from using Cesamet® can persist for 48 to 72 hours following cessation of treatment.

THC has a duration of action lasting up to 2-4 hours, a psychoactive action lasting 4-6 hours, and an appetite-increasing action that may last up to 24 hours after oral administration. Due to this short duration of action, THC products administered orally have poor or partial response, requiring a patient to rely on multiple daily dosing regimen. Marinol®'s maximum recommended dosage is 15 mg/m² per dose for 4 to 6 doses per day, and Syndros® has a recommended maximum dosage of 12.6 mg/m² per dose for 4 to 6 doses per day. Cesamet®'s maximum recommended daily dose is 6 mg given in divided doses 3 times a day.

CBD is another potent chemical derived from marijuana that is widely inhaled by patients from smoking the hemp leaves. To date, the FDA has only approved Epidiolex®, an oral solution (100 mg/ml) containing plant-derived CBD for the treatment of seizures associated with two rare and severe forms of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, in patients two years of age and older. CBD is a white to pale yellow crystalline solid. It is insoluble in water and is soluble in organic solvents. The primary medical applications of CBD are to combat severe and chronic pain, stress, depression, anxiety, cancer, epilepsy, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, migraine, arthritis, and the adverse effects of chemotherapy. Epidiolex® has a maximum recommended maintenance dosage of 10 mg/kg twice daily.

As described above, these FDA-approved drugs are all for multiple-dose administration. Thus, there remains a need in the art for an extended release drug containing one or more cannabinoids. Extended release drug formulations may be useful to reduce the frequency of drug administration, improve patient compliance, reduce drug toxicity (local or systematic associated with high-peak exposure), reduce drug level fluctuation in the blood, stabilize medical conditions with more uniform drug levels, reduce drug accumulation with chronic therapy, improve bioavailability of some drugs because of spatial control, and reduce total drug usage when compared with some immediate release drugs.

Further benefit would be achieved if an extended release drug profile can be applied to a drug combination of THC and CBD. All of the FDA-approved drugs contain either synthetic THC or CBD, not a combination of both. While there are no FDA-approved drugs that use THC and CBD in combination, Sativex® is an oromucosal spray of a formulated extract of the Cannabis sativa plant that contains the principal cannabinoids THC and CBD as well as specific minor cannabinoids and other non-cannabinoid components. Sativex® is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderate to severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis (MS) who have not responded adequately to other anti-spasticity medication and who demonstrate clinically significant improvement in spasticity-related symptoms during an initial trial of therapy. Sativex® is available by prescription in Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and Israel. However, Sativex® also requires multi-dose administration—up to a maximum of 12 sprays per day with a minimum 15 minutes between sprays.

The presence of CBD can balance the agonistic activity of THC. THC activates the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 that are present in the brain and that are responsible for THC's psychoactive effects, while CBD suppresses the CB1 and CB2 receptors by operating as an indirect antagonist of cannabinoid agonists. Hence, CBD suppresses the activation of the CB1 and CB2 receptors by a cannabinoid like THC, creating a balanced effect.

When used in combination, THC and CBD have anti-inflammatory, appetite stimulant, anti-emetic, anti-convulsant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-tumoral actions. THC and CBD also can be used to combat epilepsy, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, migraine, and arthritis; and to alleviate the symptoms of cancer, AIDS, and spinal injuries; all of which improves quality of life for patients suffering from those debilitating conditions.

Further, THC and CBD are advantageous over other current prescription medications because they are non-habit forming, safe, and well-tolerated. Currently, about 2 million Americans have become dependent on or abused prescription pain pills because of the habit-forming nature of opioids. Additionally, opioids are associated with higher risk of overdose leading to death. There is a need in the art for a strong non-habit-forming painkiller as well as a well-tolerated and safe pain medication to prevent death from overdosing. Both THC and CBD are non-habit-forming strong painkillers that can replace opioids in treating severe and chronic pain.

In addition, the most prevalent mode of administration of medical cannabis is by smoking. Unfortunately, this mode of administration has adverse effects on the lungs. Cannabis smoke carries more tar and other particulate matter than tobacco, and may be a cause of lung diseases including lung cancer. Smoking may also negatively impact cannabinoids absorption. Studies show that the length of inhalation, hold time, and time between puffs attributed large inter-subject differences in plasma THC concentrations due to differences in the depth of inhalation, as participants titrated their THC dose. Moreover, many patients may find the act of smoking unappealing, as well as generally unhealthy. Accordingly, there is a significant interest in developing other means to administer cannabis to patients.

Thus, there remains a unmet need in the art for an extended release dosage form of THC and CBD, either individually or combined, for the treatment of multiple clinical conditions. A multiparticulate, extended release dosage form as described below would allow for precise dosing, uniform drug delivery, targeted pharmacokinetics, and convenience in administration, all of which are currently unavailable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides multiparticulate solid oral dosage forms comprising one or more cannabinoids. These dosage forms can be administered as capsules, tablets (regular tablets, orally-disintegrating tablets (ODT), self-disintegrated tablets, chewable tablets), sachets, sprinkles, or stick pack to the recipients, providing an ease in administration and handling. The system may comprise particles (e.g., granules, particle agglomerates of any shape, beads, or pellets) having a size that may range from about 30 μm to about 1500 μm, or about 50 μm to about 1000 μm, in diameter, and with uniform loading. The multiparticulate solid oral dosage forms of the present invention may be formulated in a manner to provide an extended release profile of up to 24 hours, thus providing a once-daily dose regimen that can help achieve higher patient compliance. The dosage forms of the present invention also may be formulated to achieve a targeted pharmacokinetic profile and to provide uniform distribution in the gastrointestinal tract.

One aspect of the current invention relates to a composition for the extended release of one or more cannabinoids. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a population of particles, wherein each particle comprises: one or more cannabinoids, one or more drug-releasing agents, and a core. In some embodiments, the particles may comprise one or more cannabinoids, one or more drug-releasing agents, a core, one or more solubilizers, and one or more surfactants. The composition may release the one or more cannabinoids over a period of at least 6 hours or over a period of about 12-24 hours. The one or more cannabinoids may be present in the composition in an amount of about 1% to about 90% w/w, or about 5% to about 50% w/w.

In some embodiments, the one or more cannabinoids may comprise THC, CBD, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the one or more drug-releasing agents may comprise one or more release-controlling polymers, one or more release-accelerating polymers (pore-formers), or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the core may comprise an inert material selected from the group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, celluloses, starches, saccharides, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the core may comprise a coating that comprises the one or more cannabinoids and the one or more drug-releasing agents. In certain embodiments, the core may comprise a coating that comprises the one or more cannabinoids, the one or more drug-releasing agents, the one or more solubilizers, and the one or more surfactants.

In some embodiments, the one or more solubilizers may comprise an oil, glyceride, an alcohol, or a combination thereof. The oil may be selected from oils that include, but are not limited to, cannabis oil and sesame oil.

In some embodiments, the composition for extended release of one or more cannabinoids may comprise a population of particles, wherein each particle comprises: about 1% to about 20% w/w of the one or more cannabinoids, about 25% to about 50% w/w of one or more drug-releasing agents, and about 35% to about 65% w/w of a core. The composition may release the one or more cannabinoids over a period of at least 6 hours. The one or more drug-releasing agents may comprise one or more release-controlling polymers, one or more release-accelerating polymers, or a combination thereof.

In another aspect of the present invention, any of the embodiments of the composition for extended release of one or more cannabinoids may be used in a method of treating a health issue in a subject in need thereof, wherein the health issue is selected from the group consisting of pain, nausea, sleep apnea, stress disorders, inflammation, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, schizophrenia, migraines, arthritis, weight loss, poor appetite, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition may be administered orally. In certain embodiments, prior to administration, the composition may be sprinkled on food or nutrient that is solid, semi-solid, or liquid; into water; or into other types of liquid drink.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, and the accompanying drawing, wherein:

FIGS. 1A and 1B show the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition A according to embodiments of the invention (FIG. 1A) and the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition B according to embodiments of the invention (FIG. 1B), as described in Example 1.

FIG. 2 shows an SEM image of a particle of extended release Example Composition A according to embodiments of the invention, as described in Example 1.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show the dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition A (FIG. 3A) and the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition C according to embodiments of the invention (FIG. 3B), as described in Example 2.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show the dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition B (FIG. 4A) and the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition D according to embodiments of the invention (FIG. 4B), as described in Example 3.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show the dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition C (FIG. 5A) and the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition E according to embodiments of the invention (FIG. 5B), as described in Example 4.

FIGS. 6A-6F shows SEM images of plain Cellets at magnifications of 30× (FIG. 6A), 120× (FIG. 6B), and 250× (FIG. 6C); and of Cellets loaded with THC and CBD in sesame oil according to embodiments of the invention at magnifications of 50× (FIG. 6D), 120× (FIG. 6E), and 450× (FIG. 6F).

FIGS. 7A-7F shows SEM images of plain Suglets® 40/45 at magnifications of 50× (FIG. 7A), 200× (FIG. 7B), and 400× (FIG. 7C); and of Suglets® 40/45 loaded with THC and CBD in sesame oil according to embodiments of the invention at magnifications of 50× (FIG. 7D), 200× (FIG. 7E), and 600× (FIG. 7F).

FIGS. 8A and 8B show particle size distribution of plain Cellets (FIG. 8A) and Cellets loaded with CBD according to embodiments of the invention (FIG. 8B).

FIGS. 9A and 9B show particle size distribution of plain Suglets® 40/45 (FIG. 9A) and Suglets® 40/45 loaded with CBD according to embodiments of the invention (FIG. 9B).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to the present invention, multiparticulate, extended release dosage forms are provided for administering one or more cannabinoids. In one aspect, the one or more cannabinoids comprise THC, CBD, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more cannabinoids may be in an amount of about 1% to about 90% w/w, or about 5% to about 50% w/w. In certain embodiments, a final composition of THC and CBD, either individually or together, may range from about 1% to about 20% w/w.

In embodiments of the invention, the compositions may comprise a population of particles, in which each particle comprises: one or more cannabinoids, one or more drug-releasing agents, and a core. In some embodiments, the compositions may comprise a population of particles, in which each particle comprises: one or more cannabinoids, one or more drug-releasing agents, one or more solubilizers, and a core. In certain embodiments, the ratio by weight of [the one or more cannabinoids+the one or more drug-releasing agents+the one or more solubilizers] to the core may be about 5:1 to about 1:5, or about 3:1 to about 1:3, or about 2:1 to about 1:1. In some embodiments, over about 50% of the particles may be between about 30 μm and about 2000 μm, or between about 50 μm and about 1000 μm, in diameter. In yet further embodiments, the particles may be provided in a capsule, tablet, or sachet.

In an aspect of the invention, the embodiments of the varying compositions of the present invention may be used in a method of treating a health issue in a subject in need thereof, wherein the health issue is selected from the group consisting of pain, nausea, sleep apnea, stress disorders, inflammation, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, schizophrenia, migraines, arthritis, weight loss, poor appetite, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, prior to administration, the composition may be sprinkled on food or nutrient that is solid, semi-solid, or liquid; into water; or into other types of liquid drink.

In some embodiments, the one or more cannabinoids is dispersed in ethanol/water mixture along with one or more release-controlling polymers and one or more release-accelerating polymers, and applied onto the surface of microcrystalline cellulose cellets or sugar spheres in a fluid bed processor.

Compositions of the Present Invention

As used herein, the term “extended release” is characterized by the gradual release of the one or more cannabinoids from the particles of the composition over an extended period of time, optionally greater than about 30 minutes. With extended release, the rate of release of the one or more cannabinoids from the particles is controlled in order to maintain therapeutic activity of the one or more cannabinoids for a longer period of time. In some embodiments of the current invention, the composition may release greater than about 40% w/w of the one or more fat-soluble APIs over a period of about 6 hours or more. In certain embodiments, the composition may release the one or more cannabinoids over a period of about 12 hours to about 24 hours.

As used herein, the term “solubilizer” refers to a solubility enhancement excipient that increases the bioavailability of cannabinoids. The purpose of the one or more solubilizers is to achieve a concentrated, homogenous, and stable solution in order to deliver the cannabinoids in an efficient way. The one or more solubilizers for use in the present invention may include, but are not limited to, oil, glyceride, an alcohol, or a combination thereof. The oil may be selected from the group consisting of cannabis oil, borage oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, corn oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, almond oil, sesame oil, rapeseed oil, peppermint oil, poppy seed oil, canola oil, palm kernel oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and a combination thereof. The glyceride may be selected from the group consisting of a monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, and a combination thereof. The alcohol may be a monohydric alcohol, e.g., ethanol, methanol, or isopropyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the one or more solubilizers may be a hydroalcoholic mixture.

As used herein, the term “drug-releasing agents” relates to agents that control drug delivery so that the cannabinoids are released in a predesigned manner. As a result, the drug-releasing agents contribute to the rate and extent of the cannabinoids' active availability to the body.

In one aspect, the one or more drug-releasing agents may comprise one or more release-controlling polymers, one or more release-accelerating polymers, or a combination thereof. The one or more release-controlling polymers may be selected from, for example, ethyl cellulose, polymethacrylate copolymers, copolymers derived from esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid (e.g., Eudragit® such as Eudragit® L-30D, Eudragit® FS-30D), polyacrylic acid-based polymers, polyacrylates, methacrylic acid co-polymers, polyvinyl acetate (e.g., Kollicoat® SR-30D), polyvinyl alcohol, and combinations thereof. The one or more release-accelerating polymers may be selected from polyvinylpyrrolidones or cellulose derivatives that are water soluble. The early dissolution of these ingredients leave pores on and around the coated material applied on the inert substrates through which one or a combination of cannabinoids is released by diffusion. Diffusion is defined as a process of drug transport from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

According to embodiments of the current invention, the core may comprise an inert material selected from the group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, celluloses, starches, and saccharides; natural polymers that include, but are not limited to, chitosan, alginate, and collagen protein/polypeptides; synthetic polymer-based materials that include, but are not limited, to polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid, and polylactic-co-glycolic acid; ceramics that include, but are not limited to, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and β-tricalcium phosphate; glass that include, but are not limited to, borate-based glass, silicate-based glass, and phosphate-based glass; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the core may comprise a coating that comprises the one or more cannabinoids and the one or more drug-releasing agents.

According to the present invention, the core is selected to achieve a free flowing multiparticulate system.

In embodiments of the invention, surfactants are used in the composition. Surfactants promote self-emulsification. When an emulsion is formed, surface area expansion is created between the two phases. The emulsion is stabilized by the surfactant molecules that form a film around the internal phase droplet. In emulsion formation, the excess surface free energy is dependent on the droplet size and the interfacial tension. If the emulsion is not stabilized using surfactants, the two phases will separate reducing the interfacial tension and the free energy. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (“SEDDS”) including self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (“SMDDS”) are mixtures of natural or synthetic oils, solid or liquid surfactants, or alternatively, one or more hydrophilic solvents and co-solvents/surfactants that have the ability to form oil-in-water emulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as gastrointestinal fluids. The digestive motility of the stomach and the intestine provides the agitation necessary for self-emulsification.

In some embodiments, the one or more surfactants in the compositions of the present invention may comprise, for example, sorbitan esters, ethoxylated sorbitan esters (Tween® 80; Sigma Aldrich, USA), ethoxylated linear alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, fatty acid esters, amine and amide derivatives, alkylpolyglucosides, ethyleneoxide/propylene oxide copolymers, polyalcohols and ethoxylated polyalcohols, thiols (e.g., mercaptans) and derivatives, poloxamers, polyethylene glycol-fatty acid esters, lecithins, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the surfactant may be selected from polysorbates (Tween® 80; Sigma Aldrich, USA), and polyethylene glycol esters of ricinoleic acid (Kolliphor RH40, Kolliphor EL; BASF, Germany).

The compositions of the present invention may further comprise one or more stabilizing agents. Examples of stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, potassium salt of sulfurous acid (e.g., potassium metabisulfite), sodium salt of sulfurous acid (e.g., sodium metabisulfite), vitamin E, lecithin, ascorbyl palmitate, edetic acid, edetate salt (e.g., EDTA), or a combination thereof. The stabilizing agents may be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight, or as suitable in order to achieve a stabilized composition.

The composition of the present invention may be in various dosage forms, for example, in capsules, tablets, sachets, sprinkles, or a stick pack. To this end, the composition may further comprise conventional excipients such as diluents, binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents.

Examples of diluents include, but are not limited to, cellulose derivatives such as lactose, sucrose, isomalt, cellulose, starch, cyclodextrin, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, and sorbitol; calcium carbonate; plain or anhydrous calcium phosphate; calcium hydrogen phosphate dehydrate; calcium phosphate di- or tri-basic; magnesium carbonate; magnesium oxide; starch; sodium chloride; and a combination thereof.

Binders include, but are not limited to, sugars such as sucrose, lactose, and glucose; corn syrup; soy polysaccharide; gelatin; povidone (e.g., Kollidon®, Plasdone®); Pullulan; cellulose derivatives such as microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (e.g.,) Methocel®, hydroxypropyl cellulose (e.g.,) Klucel®, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, and methylcellulose; acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers; carbomer (e.g.,) Carbopol®; polyvinylpolypyrrolidine, polyethylene glycol) (Carbowax®; pharmaceutical glaze; alginates such as alginic acid and sodium alginate; gums such as acacia, guar gum, and arabic gums; tragacanth; dextrin and maltodextrin; milk derivatives such as whey; starches such as pregelatinized starch and starch paste; hydrogenated vegetable oil; magnesium aluminum silicate; and a combination thereof.

Fillers may increase the bulk of a dosage form and may make the dosage form easier to handle. Exemplary fillers include, but are not limited to, lactose, dextrose, mannitol, cellulose, starch, and calcium phosphate for solid dosage forms, e.g., tablets and capsules; olive oil and ethyl oleate for soft capsules; water and vegetable oil for liquid dosage forms, e.g., suspensions and emulsions. Additional suitable fillers include, but are not limited to, sucrose, dextrates, dextrin, maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., PH102 or PH200, Avicel), microfine cellulose, powdered cellulose, pregelatinized starch (e.g., Starch 1500®), calcium phosphate dihydrate, soy polysaccharide (e.g.,) Emcosoy®, gelatin, silicon dioxide, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, sorbitol, kaolin, polymethacrylates (e.g., Eudragit®), potassium chloride, sodium chloride, talc, and a combination thereof. One or more fillers may be used in the dosage form.

Disintegrants can include, but are not limited to, one or more of crospovidone, crystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose with a low degree of substitution, croscarmellose sodium, carmellose calcium, carboxystarch sodium, carboxymethyl starch sodium, potato starch, wheat starch, corn starch, rice starch, partly pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl starch, microcrystalline cellulose, alginates, carbonates, and a combination thereof.

Examples of a lubricant can include light anhydrous silicic acid, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, aluminum monostearate, sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol, sodium stearyl fumarate, stearyl alcohol, talc, titanium oxide, hydrous silicon dioxide, magnesium silicate, synthetic aluminum silicate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, hardened castor oil, hardened rapeseed oil, Carnauba Wax, bees wax, microcrystalline wax, and sodium lauryl sulfate. One or two or more lubricants may be used.

One or more hydrophilic polymers may be used in a dosage form of the invention. Examples include, but are not limited to, natural or partially or totally synthetic hydrophilic gums such as acacia, gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, guar gum, and karaya gum; cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose; proteinaceous substances such as agar, pectin, carrageen, and alginates; hydrophilic polymers such as carboxypolymethylene; gelatin; casein; zein; bentonite; magnesium aluminum silicate; polysaccharides; modified starch derivatives; and other hydrophilic polymers known in the art. An addition example is a carbomer, such as Carbopol 971P.

Wetting agents may include, but are not limited to, pluronics, polyethylene glycol, sorbitan esters, polysorbates such as polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80, triton, tromethamine, lecithin, cholesterol, tyloxapal, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of tablets or capsules that comprise a coating.

In addition, the composition may comprise one or more natural and/or artificial sweeteners and flavoring agents, or combinations thereof, as known in the art. Examples of sweeteners/flavoring agents may include, but are not limited to, sugar, dextrose, fructose, aspartame, glycerin, mannitol, sucrose, saccharin sodium, acesulfame potassium, dextrates, liquid glucose, maltitol, saccharin, saccharin calcium, saccharin sodium, sodium cyclamate, sorbitol, stevia, syrup, xylitol, and combinations thereof.

In embodiments of the present invention, the composition of the present invention can exhibit a dissolution profile that is characteristic of extended release. In some embodiments, when subjected to water as a dissolution medium, the composition of the present invention may exhibit a percent release of the one or more cannabinoids of not more than about 20%, or not more than about 30%, or not more than about 40%, or not more than about 50% by weight, after 30 minutes; or not more than about 30%, or not more than about 40%, or not more than about 50%, or not more than about 60% by weight, after 60 minutes; or not more than about 40%, or not more than about 50%, or not more than about 60%, or not more than about 70% by weight, after 120 minutes.

Methods of Preparing the Compositions of the Invention

According to embodiments of the present invention, compositions comprising one or more cannabinoids according to the present invention may be prepared by dispersing the one or more cannabinoids in one or more solubilizers (such as an ethanol and water mixture) along with one or more drug-releasing agents (such as one or more release-controlling polymers and/or one or more release-accelerating polymers) (and optionally one or more stabilizing agents), and the drug dispersion may then be applied onto cores (such as microcrystalline cellets or sugar spheres). According to these embodiments, the one or more cannabinoids may be mixed in the one or more solubilizers to form a homogenous dispersion. The one or more drug-releasing agents (e.g., one or more release-controlling polymers and/or one or more release-accelerating polymers) (and optionally one or more stabilizing agents) may be then mixed with the dispersion using, for example, a vortex mixer, until a homogenous mixture is formed. The mixture may be then loaded onto the cores. In some embodiments, the mixture may be sprayed onto the cores using, for instance, a fluid bed processor. The particle size and size distribution of the cores can be narrowed/adjusted to achieve uniform drug distribution and targeted delivery profile.

The compositions of the invention may be prepared as capsules, tablets, sachets, sprinkles, or a stick pack, using conventional methodologies.

Methods of Use of the Composition of the Invention

An aspect of the invention relates to methods of treating a health issue in a subject in need thereof, wherein the methods comprise administering an extended release composition of the invention.

The present invention also relates to the use of an extended release composition of the invention for treating a health issue in a subject in need thereof. The use may comprise administering the composition to the subject.

The present invention relates to the use of an extended release composition of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a health issue in a subject in need thereof.

The present invention further relates to an extended release composition of the invention for use in treating a health issue in a subject in need thereof. The use may comprise administering the composition to the subject.

The health issue may be selected from the group consisting of pain, nausea, sleep apnea, stress disorders, inflammation, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, schizophrenia, migraines, arthritis, weight loss, poor appetite, and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition may be administered orally.

In some embodiments, prior to administration, the composition may be sprinkled on food or nutrient that is solid, semi-solid, or liquid; into water; or into other types of liquid drink.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

A study was performed to assess two different extended release compositions (Example Compositions A and B) of particles comprising an inert core and a coating having the following: a surrogate active ingredient, probucol; two or more release-controlling polymers; and a release-accelerating polymer. Table 1 provides a summary of these compositions, including the quantity of each component.

To prepare the compositions, the probucol was mixed with ethanol and water (50:50) in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The release-controlling polymers (Eudragit® RS and Ethocel® E-10 in Example Composition A; Eudragit® RS, Eudragit® RL, and Ethocel® E-10 in Example Composition B) and release-accelerating polymer (Kollidon® K30) were added to the mixture, and a vortex mixer was used to form a homogenous mixture. The mixture was then applied onto Cellets® (Glatt GmBH, Germany) in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

A dissolution test was conducted on Example Compositions A and B using purified water, USP, as the dissolution medium in a dissolution volume of 900 ml. A USP Type II paddle apparatus was used to mix the dissolution medium at a paddle speed of 75 rpm. The bath temperature was 37° C., and a 10-μm porous filter was used to sample aliquots.

The dissolution profiles of each composition are provided in Table 2 and in FIGS. 1A and 1B. The dissolution profile of Example Composition A showed about 13% w/w drug release within 15 minutes and about 38% w/w drug release at 120 minutes (see Table 2 and FIG. 1A). The amount of drug released achieved 66% w/w at 24 hours. FIG. 2 is an SEM image for the Cellets coated with probucol, the release-controlling polymers, and the release-accelerating polymer. The dissolution profile of Example Composition B showed about 25% w/w drug release within 2 hours and the extended release profile was maintained through 24 hours (see Table 2, FIG. 1B).

In addition, an assay was performed on both Example Compositions A and B. The results are presented in Table 3.

TABLE 1
Summary of the components and their quantities
(% w/w) of Example Compositions A and B.
	Example	Example
Component	Composition A	Composition B
Probucol	14.3%	14.3%
Ethanol	To make 10% solution	To make 10% solution
	of Probucol in ethanol	of Probucol in ethanol
	and water (50:50)	and water (50:50)
Eudragit ® RS	14.3%	7.15%
Eudragit ® RL	—	7.15%
Ethocel ® E-10	14.3%	14.3%
Kollidon ® K30	7.1%	7.1%
Cellets ®	50%	50%
TOTAL	100%	100%

TABLE 2
Dissolution profile of Example Compositions A and B.
	% Drug Release of Probucol
Composition	5 min	15 min	30 min	60 min	120 min	180 min	720 min	1440 min
Example	8	13	23	30	38	43	59	66
Composition A
Example	7	11	16	23	25	27	36	40
Composition B

TABLE 3
Assay of Example Compositions A and B.
Composition           Assay
Example Composition A 71% w/w
Example Composition B 73% w/w

These results demonstrate that Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D can be used as release-controlling polymers in a coating to provide an extended release profile.

Example 2

A study was performed to compare an immediate release composition (Reference Composition A) and an extended release composition (Example Composition C) of particles comprising an inert core and a coating having cannabinoid THC. The coating for the particles of the extended release composition additionally comprise release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D. Table 4 provides a summary of these compositions, including the quantity of each component.

To prepare the immediate release Reference Composition A, the THC was mixed with methanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The dispersion was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

To prepare the extended release Example Composition C, the THC was mixed with methanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D were added to the mixture, and a vortex mixer was used to form a homogenous mixture. The mixture was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

A dissolution test was conducted on immediate release Reference Composition A and extended release Example Composition C using purified water, USP, as the dissolution medium in a dissolution volume of 900 ml. A USP Type II paddle apparatus was used to mix the dissolution medium at a paddle speed of 75 rpm. The bath temperature was 37° C., and a 10-μm porous filter was used to sample aliquots.

The dissolution profiles of each composition are provided in Table 5 and FIGS. 3A and 3B. The dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition A showed nearly 70% w/w THC release after 15 minutes, and over 95% w/w THC release by 120 minutes (see Table 5 and FIG. 3A). In contrast, the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition C showed less than 25% w/w THC release after 15 minutes, about 60% w/w THC release after 120 minutes, and less than 75% w/w THC release after 24 hours (see Table 5 and FIG. 3B).

TABLE 4
Summary of the components and their quantities (%
w/w) of immediate release Reference Composition
A and extended release Example Composition C.
		Immediate	Extended
		Release Reference	Release Example
	Component	Composition A	Composition C
	THC	0.5%	0.5%
	Methanol	q.s.	q.s.
	Eudragit ® RS 30D	—	4%
	Eudragit ® RL 30D	—	4%
	Suglets ® 40/45	99.5%	91.5%
	TOTAL	100%	100%

TABLE 5
Dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition A and extended
release Example Composition C.
	% Drug Release of THC
Composition	5 min	15 min	30 min	60 min	120 min	240 min	360 min	720 min	1440 min
Reference	59	69.5	80	89	95.5	99	101	103.5	105
Composition A
Example	—	22	32	44	60	70	72	73	73
Composition C

These results demonstrate that Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D can be used as release-controlling polymers in a coating to extend the release of THC.

Example 3

A study was performed to compare an immediate release composition (Reference Composition B) and an extended release composition (Example Composition D) of particles comprising an inert core and a coating having cannabinoid CBD. The coating for the particles of the extended release composition additionally comprise release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D. Table 6 provides a summary of these compositions, including the quantity of each component.

To prepare the immediate release Reference Composition B, the CBD was mixed with ethanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The dispersion was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

To prepare the extended release Example Composition D, the CBD was mixed with ethanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D were added to the mixture, and a vortex mixer was used to form a homogenous mixture. The mixture was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

A dissolution test was conducted on immediate release Reference Composition B and extended release Example Composition D using purified water, USP, as the dissolution medium in a dissolution volume of 900 ml. A USP Type II paddle apparatus was used to mix the dissolution medium at a paddle speed of 75 rpm. The bath temperature was 37° C., and a 10-μm porous filter was used to sample aliquots.

The dissolution profiles of each composition are provided in Table 7 and FIGS. 4A and 4B. The dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition B showed nearly 80% w/w CBD release after 5 minutes, and over 90% w/w CBD release by 15 minutes (see Table 7 and FIG. 4A). In contrast, the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition D showed less than 20% w/w CBD release through 60 minutes and less than 40% w/w CBD release after 240 minutes, although at 24 hours there was about 100% w/w CBD release (see Table 7 and FIG. 4B).

TABLE 6
Summary of the components and their quantities (%
w/w) of immediate release Reference Composition
B and extended release Example Composition D.
		Immediate	Extended
		Release Reference	Release Example
	Component	Composition B	Composition D
	CBD	2%	2%
	Methanol	q.s.	q.s.
	Eudragit ® RS 30D	—	4%
	Eudragit ® RL 30D	—	4%
	Suglets ® 40/45	98%	90%
	TOTAL	100%	100%

TABLE 7
Dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition B and extended
release Example Composition D.
	% Drug Release of CBD
Composition	5 min	15 min	30 min	60 min	120 min	240 min	360 min	720 min	1440 min
Reference	78	94.5	96.5	97.5	98.5	99	100	101
Composition B
Example	—	1	2	12	20	31	—	—	100
Composition D

These results demonstrate that Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D can be used as release-controlling polymers in a coating to extend the release of CBD.

Example 4

A study was performed to compare an immediate release composition (Reference Composition C) and an extended release composition (Example Composition E) of particles comprising an inert core and a coating having cannabinoids THC and CBD. The coating for the particles of the extended release composition additionally comprise release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D. Table 8 provides a summary of these compositions, including the quantity of each component.

To prepare the immediate release Reference Composition C, the THC and CBD were mixed with methanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The dispersion was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

To prepare the extended release Example Composition E, the THC and CBD were mixed with methanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D were added to the mixture, and a vortex mixer was used to form a homogenous mixture. The mixture was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

A dissolution test was conducted on immediate release Reference Composition C and extended release Example Composition E using purified water, USP, as the dissolution medium in a dissolution volume of 900 ml. A USP Type II paddle apparatus was used to mix the dissolution medium at a paddle speed of 75 rpm. The bath temperature was 37° C., and a 10-μm porous filter was used to sample aliquots.

The dissolution profiles of each composition are provided in Table 9 (for release of THC of both compositions) and Table 10 (for release of CBD of both compositions) and in FIG. 5A (release of THC and CBD in Reference Composition C) and FIG. 5B (release of THC and CBD in Example Composition E). The dissolution profile of immediate release Reference Composition C showed, for both THC and CBD, about 70% w/w or greater release within 15 minutes, and over 95% w/w release by 120 minutes (see Tables 9 and 10, and FIG. 5A). In contrast, the dissolution profile of extended release Example Composition E showed, for both THC and CBD, less than 30% w/w release after 15 minutes, and less than 70% w/w release after 120 minutes (see Tables 9 and 10, and FIG. 5B).

TABLE 8
Summary of the components and their quantities (%
w/w) of immediate release Reference Composition
C and extended release Example Composition E.
		Immediate	Extended
		Release Reference	Release Example
	Component	Composition C	Composition E
	THC	0.5%	0.5%
	CBD	2%	2%
	Methanol	q.s.	q.s.
	Eudragit ® RS 30D	—	4%
	Eudragit ® RL 30D	—	4%
	Suglets ® 40/45	97.5%	89.5%
	TOTAL	100%	100%

TABLE 9
Dissolution profile of THC of immediate release Reference Composition C and
extended release Example Composition E.
	% Drug Release of THC
Composition	5 min	15 min	30 min	60 min	120 min	240 min	360 min	720 min	1440 min
Reference	59	69	79	88	98	99	100	102	104
Composition C
Example	—	21	31	48	60	70	72	73	74
Composition E

TABLE 10
Dissolution profile of CBD of immediate release Reference Composition C and
extended release Example Composition E.
	% Drug Release of CBD
Composition	5 min	15 min	30 min	60 min	120 min	240 min	360 min	720 min	1440 min
Reference	79	95	97	98	99	100	100	100	101
Composition C
Example	—	1	3	15	20	32	—	—	100
Composition E

These results demonstrate that Eudragit® RS 30D and Eudragit® RL 30D can be used as release-controlling polymers in a coating to extend the release of THC and CBD.

Example 5

A study was performed to examine the impact on physical characteristics assessed by SEM imaging of loading THC and CBD onto inert cores selected from Cellets and Suglets® 40/45.

To prepare Cellets loaded with THC and CBD, the THC and CBD were mixed with methanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The dispersion was then applied onto Cellets in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

To prepare Suglets® 40/45 loaded with THC and CBD, the THC and CBD were mixed with methanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The dispersion was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

FIGS. 6A-6C and FIGS. 6D-6E compare the physical appearance of plain Cellets and of Cellets coated with THC and CBD, respectively. The Cellets loaded with THC and CBD have the appearance of coated surface morphology as compared to the plain Cellets.

FIGS. 7A-7C and FIGS. 7D-7E compare the physical appearance of plain Suglets® 40/45 and of Suglets® 40/45 coated with THC and CBD, respectively. The Suglets® 40/45 loaded with THC and CBD have the appearance of coated surface morphology as compared to the plain Suglets® 40/45.

Example 6

A study was performed to examine the impact on particle size distribution of loading CBD onto inert cores selected from Cellets and Suglets® 40/45.

To prepare Cellets loaded with CBD, the CBD was mixed with ethanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The dispersion was then applied onto Cellets in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

To prepare Suglets® 40/45 loaded with CBD, the CBD was mixed with ethanol in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The dispersion was then applied onto Suglets® 40/45 in a beaker and the coated pellets were dried.

FIGS. 8A and 8B compare the particle size distribution of the plain Cellets and the Cellets loaded with CBD. As shown in these figures, there was no notable difference in particle size distribution between the plain Cellets and the Cellets loaded with CBD.

FIGS. 9A and 9B compare the particle size distribution of the plain Suglets® 40/45 and the Suglets® 40/45 loaded with CBD. As shown in these figures, the plain Suglets® 40/45 exhibited a slightly wider distribution of particle sizes as compared to the Suglets® 40/45 coated with CBD.

Example 7

THC is mixed with ethanol and water (50:50) in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS and Ethocel® E-10 along with release-accelerating polymer Kollidon® K30 is added to the mixture and mixed homogenously using a vortex mixer. The mixture is then applied onto Cellets® in a beaker and the coated pellets are dried. The multiparticulates are then filled into a No. 2 capsule.

Example 8

CBD is mixed with ethanol and water (50:50) in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS and Ethocel® E-10 along with release-accelerating polymer Kollidon® K30 are added to the mixture and mixed homogenously using a vortex mixer. The mixture is then applied onto Cellets® in a beaker and the coated pellets are dried. The multiparticulates are then formed into a tablet.

Example 9

THC and CBD, in combination, are mixed with ethanol and water (50:50) in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS and Ethocel® E-10 along with release-accelerating polymer Kollidon® K30 are added to the mixture and mixed homogenously using a vortex mixer. The mixture is then applied onto Cellets® in a beaker and the coated pellets are dried. The multiparticulates are then provided in a sachet.

Example 10

THC is mixed with ethanol and water (50:50) in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS, Eudragit® RL, and Ethocel® E-10 along with release-accelerating polymer Kollidon® K30 are added to the mixture and mixed homogenously using a vortex mixer. The mixture is then applied onto Cellets® in a beaker and the coated pellets are dried. The multiparticulates are then formed into tablets.

Example 11

CBD is mixed with ethanol and water (50:50) in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS, Eudragit® RL, and Ethocel® E-10 along with release-accelerating polymer Kollidon® K30 are added to the mixture and mixed homogenously using a vortex mixer. The mixture is then applied onto Cellets® in a beaker and the coated pellets are dried. The resultant multiparticulates are then provided in a capsule, which is opened and admixed with apple sauce prior to administration.

Example 12

THC and CBD, in combination, are mixed with ethanol and water (50:50) in a glass beaker to form a homogenous dispersion. The release-controlling polymers Eudragit® RS, Eudragit® RL, and Ethocel® E-10 along with release-accelerating polymer Kollidon® K30 are added to the mixture and mixed homogenously using a vortex mixer. The mixture is then applied onto Cellets® in a beaker and the coated pellets are dried.

Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed herein, those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that changes can be made to the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit of the invention. The scope of the invention is not to be restricted, therefore, to the specific embodiments. Furthermore, it is intended that the appended claims cover any and all such applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A composition for extended release of one or more cannabinoids, the composition comprising a population of particles, wherein each particle comprises: wherein the composition releases the one or more cannabinoids over a period of at least 6 hours.

(a) the one or more cannabinoids;

(b) one or more drug-releasing agents; and

(c) a core,

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more cannabinoids comprises Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), or a combination thereof.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the core comprises an inert material selected from the group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose, celluloses, starches, saccharides, or mixtures thereof.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a coating that comprises the one or more cannabinoids and the one or more drug-releasing agents.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more drug-releasing agents comprise one or more release-controlling polymers, one or more release-accelerating polymers, or a combination thereof.

6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the one or more release-controlling polymers are selected from the group consisting of ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate-based polymers, polyvinyl acetate-based co-polymers, polyacrylic acid-based polymers, polyacrylic acid-based co-polymers, methacrylic acid polymers, methacrylic acid polymers co-polymers, polyvinyl alcohol, and a combination thereof.

7. The composition of claim 5, wherein the one or more release-accelerating polymers is povidone.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein each particle further comprises one or more solubilizers.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the one or more solubilizers comprises an oil, glyceride, an alcohol, a hydroalcoholic mixture, or a combination thereof.

10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the one or more solubilizers comprises an oil selected from the group consisting of cannabis oil, borage oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, corn oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, almond oil, sesame oil, rapeseed oil, peppermint oil, poppy seed oil, canola oil, palm kernel oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and a combination thereof.

11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the one or more solubilizers comprises a glyceride selected from the group consisting of a monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, and a combination thereof.

12. The composition of claim 9, wherein the one or more solubilizers comprises a monohydric alcohol or a hydroalcoholic mixture.

13. (canceled)

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein each particle further comprises one or more surfactants.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the one or more surfactants is selected from the group consisting of sorbitan esters, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, fatty acid esters, polyalcohols, ethoxylated polyalcohols, ethoxylated linear alcohols, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, amine derivatives, amide derivatives, alkylpolyglucosides, ethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide copolymers, thiols or derivatives thereof, poloxamers, polyethylene glycol-fatty acid esters, lecithins, and mixtures thereof.

16. (canceled)

17. The composition of claim 8, wherein the ratio of the (one or more cannabinoids+the one or more drug-releasing agents+the one or more solubilizers) to the core is about 5:1 to about 1:5 by weight.

18. (canceled)

19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the particles are configured to release greater than about 40% of the one or more cannabinoids over a period of about 6 hours or more.

20-22. (canceled)

23. A composition for extended release of one or more cannabinoids, the composition comprising a population of particles, wherein each particle comprises:

(a) about 1% to about 20% w/w of the one or more cannabinoids;

(b) about 25% to about 50% w/w of one or more drug-releasing agents;

(d) about 35% to about 65% w/w of a core;

wherein the composition releases the one or more cannabinoids over a period of at least 6 hours.

24-26. (canceled)

27. A method of treating a health issue in subject in need thereof, comprising administering the composition of claim 1, wherein the health issue is selected from the group consisting of pain, nausea, sleep apnea, stress disorders, inflammation, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, schizophrenia, migraines, arthritis, weight loss, poor appetite, and combinations thereof.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the composition is administered orally.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein prior to administration, the composition is sprinkled on food or nutrient that is solid, semi-solid, or liquid; into water; or into other types of liquid drink.