CMC SYSTEM FOR IMPROVED INFILTRATION
A method is provided in which multiple layers are formed. Each of the layers includes at least a first set of ceramic fibers and a second set of ceramic fibers. The first set is arranged at an angle with respect to the second set. The first set and the second set define a plurality of pores therebetween. The layers are arranged on top of each other to form a porous preform. The pores of the layers arranged on top of each other are aligned. The pores define a plurality of channels extending continuously through the porous preform from a first side of the porous preform to a second side of the porous preform. Each channel comprises one inlet at the first side of the porous preform and one outlet at the second side of the porous preform. The porous preform is infiltrated with a matrix material.
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This disclosure relates to ceramic matrix composites and, in particular, to fabrication of ceramic matrix composites and to uniquely structured ceramic matrix composite components.
BACKGROUNDCeramic matrix composites (CMCs), which include ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix, exhibit a combination of properties that make them promising candidates for industrial applications that demand excellent thermal and mechanical properties along with low weight, such as gas turbine engine components. Accordingly, there is a need for inventive systems and methods including CMC materials described herein.
The embodiments may be better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale. Moreover, in the figures, like-referenced numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.
In one example, a method is provided in which multiple layers are formed. Each of the layers includes at least a first set of ceramic fibers and a second set of ceramic fibers. The first set is arranged at an angle with respect to the second set. The first set and the second set define a plurality of pores therebetween. The layers are arranged on top of each other to form a porous preform. The pores of the layers arranged on top of each other are aligned. The pores define a plurality of channels extending continuously through the porous preform from a first side of the porous preform to a second side of the porous preform. Each channel comprises one inlet at the first side of the porous preform and one outlet at the second side of the porous preform. The porous preform is infiltrated with a matrix material.
In another example, a method is provided in which at least one layer of ceramic fibers is formed. The layer is part of a complete porous preform. The layer includes multiple pores. The pores define multiple channels extending continuously through the complete porous preform from a first side of the complete porous preform to a second side of the complete porous preform. Each channel includes one inlet at the first side of the complete porous preform and one outlet at the second side of the complete porous preform. The complete porous preform is infiltrated with a matrix material.
In yet another example, a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) component is provided including ceramic fibers embedded in a matrix material. The CMC component further includes multiple infiltrated channels comprising the matrix material. The channels extend from a first side of the CMC component to a second side of the CMC component. The first side is opposite of the second side.
Processes involving vapor infiltration into woven or porous materials are used in various manufacturing applications. For example, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) may be used to chemically deposit a matrix material into woven carbon fibers during the manufacturing of carbon matrix composite (CMC) components and/or materials. The vapor infiltration process often causes a delay in the manufacturing process because the matrix material diffuses relatively slowly through the woven carbon fibers. Generally speaking, the woven carbon fibers in each layer are arranged randomly with respect to woven carbon fibers in the other respective layers. As a result, vapor infiltration into the woven and/or porous materials is slow because the vapor must diffuse through complex, tortuous paths with restrictive pores. As additional matrix material is deposited during the vapor infiltration process, the pores become smaller and thus further restrict the flow of vapor through the pores, which slows the vapor infiltration process even further. The geometric characteristics of the pores impact the processing time for the woven materials and, as such, play a major factor in determining the cost of producing the CMC component.
One interesting feature of the systems and methods described below may be that two-dimensional, 3D weaves, and/or porous preforms may have aligned pores, which define channels that pass through the porous preform. The channels may provide a decreased loss of effective diffusivity and/or permeability during deposition of the matrix material compared to systems having randomly arranged pores. Alternatively, or in addition, an interesting feature of the systems and methods described below may be that the layers may be spaced apart a predetermined distance that is greater than spacing in systems having randomly arranged pores and/or layers. The increase in distance between layers may further minimize a loss in permeability and/or diffusivity.
In the example shown in
Each one of the layers 102 may include any arrangement of the ceramic fibers 110. The layer 102 of the ceramic fibers 110 may be fixed in a predetermined shape. Examples of the layer 102 may include woven cloths, woven sheets, unidirectional tape, polar woven cloths, two-dimensional weaves, and 3D woven structures.
In some examples, the ceramic fibers 110 may include at least a first set 112 of ceramic fibers, such as weft, and a second set 114 of ceramic fibers, such as warp. An example of the layer 102 is further illustrated in
In an example where the layer 102 is a woven sheet of the ceramic fibers 110, the first set 112 and second set 114 may be warp and weft tows, where weft tows are transverse with respect to the warp tows. In this example, the weft tows are woven through, over-and-under, adjacent warp tows.
The complete preform is any porous preform that, if infiltrated, results in the entire component. In particular, the complete preform represents the entire preform from which the entire component is produced. As a result, when the complete preform is subjected to, for example, CVI, then the vapor introduced as part of the CVI process may directly enter the channels 104 from outside of the complete preform from the first side 106 and/or the second side 108.
As shown in
The diameter 202 may be in a range between 10×F-500×F where F is a width of the smallest fiber of the ceramic fibers 110 in a given layer 102. In examples where the ceramic fibers 110 include tows, or bundles, of fibers, the diameter 202 of the pores 200 is greater than the space between the fibers in a given tow. For example, the diameter 202 may be in a range between 0.1×T-5×T, where T is a width of the smallest tow of a given layer 102 of the ceramic fibers 110. In some examples, if T is the smallest width of the smallest tow, then the smallest pore diameter, P, is approximately equal to 0.1T.
Each of the layers 102 may further include minor pores 204, which are uncrossed gaps between adjacent ceramic fibers 110 of the first set 112 or the second set 114. For example, as shown in
As shown in
The diameters 306 of respective channels 104 are determined by the predetermined diameters 202 of each pore 200 that defines the respective channel 104. As shown in
Alternatively or in addition, as shown in
During operation, the layer 102 or layers are formed. The layers 102 include the first set 112 of the ceramic fibers 110 and the second set 114 of the ceramic fibers 110. The first set 112 and the second set 114 are arranged to define the pores 200 therebetween. In some examples, the layers 102 are stacked on top of each other to form the porous preform 100. In other examples, a single layer 102 forms the porous preform 100. The pores 200 of the layers 102 arranged on top of each other are aligned. The layer or layers form a porous preform. In some examples, the porous preform is the porous preform 100. The pores 200 define multiple channels 104 extending continuously through the porous preform 100 from the first side 106 to the second side 108 of the porous preform 100. The porous preform 100 is infiltrated with the matrix material.
The method may include additional, different, or fewer operations than illustrated in
Alternatively, in examples where a single 3-D weave defines the porous preform 100 and is a complete porous preform, the method may not include arranging the layers on top of each other (602).
In other examples, the method described herein may be further implemented in the production of carbon fibrous substrates.
Each component may include additional, different, or fewer components. For example, the CMC component 500 may be a non-oxide (SiC/SiC) CMC. In another example, the matrix material 502, which is chemically deposited, may include only a thin layer or coating, for example, a metallic carbide, oxide, boride, or nitride. In this example the method may further include a first application of the thin layer or coating and then at least one sequential application to construct complex coating systems.
To clarify the use of and to hereby provide notice to the public, the phrases “at least one of <A>, <B>, . . . and <N>” or “at least one of <A>, <B>, . . . <N>, or combinations thereof” or “<A>, <B>, . . . and/or <N>” are defined by the Applicant in the broadest sense, superseding any other implied definitions hereinbefore or hereinafter unless expressly asserted by the Applicant to the contrary, to mean one or more elements selected from the group comprising A, B, . . . and N. In other words, the phrases mean any combination of one or more of the elements A, B, . . . or N including any one element alone or the one element in combination with one or more of the other elements which may also include, in combination, additional elements not listed. Unless otherwise indicated or the context suggests otherwise, as used herein, “a” or “an” means “at least one” or “one or more.”
While various embodiments have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments described herein are examples, not the only possible embodiments and implementations.
The subject-matter of the disclosure may also relate, among others, to the following aspects:
A first aspect relates to a method comprising: forming a plurality of layers, each of the layers including at least a first set of ceramic fibers and a second set of ceramic fibers, wherein the first set is arranged at an angle with respect to the second set, wherein the first set and the second set define a plurality of pores therebetween; arranging the layers on top of each other to form a porous preform; aligning the pores of the layers arranged on top of each other, wherein the pores define a plurality of channels extending continuously through the porous preform from a first side of the porous preform to a second side of the porous preform, wherein each channel comprises one inlet at the first side of the porous preform and one outlet at the second side of the porous preform; and infiltrating the porous preform with a matrix material.
A second aspect relates to the method of the first aspect, wherein the aligning the pores further comprises aligning the first set of ceramic fibers of each layer with the first set of ceramic fibers of respective layers and aligning the second set of ceramic fibers of each layer with the second set of ceramic fibers of the respective layers.
A third aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the channels are orthogonal to the layers arranged on top of each other.
A fourth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the channels extend linearly through the porous preform.
A fifth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the channels oscillate through the porous preform from the first side to the second side in a linear zig-zag pattern.
A sixth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the channels oscillate through the porous preform from the first side to the second side in a non-linear zig-zag pattern.
A seventh aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the infiltrating the channels with the matrix material comprises infiltrating by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI).
An eighth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the first set of ceramic fibers and the second set of ceramic fibers form a two-dimensional weave.
A ninth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the porous preform is a complete porous preform for a component of a gas turbine engine.
A tenth aspect relates to a method comprising: forming at least one layer of ceramic fibers, the at least one layer comprising a complete porous preform, the at least one layer including a plurality of pores, which define a plurality of channels extending continuously through the complete porous preform from a first side of the complete porous preform to a second side of the complete porous preform, wherein each channel comprises one inlet at the first side of the complete porous preform and one outlet at the second side of the complete porous preform; and infiltrating the complete porous preform with a matrix material.
An eleventh aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the at least one layer is a 3-D weave of the ceramic fibers.
A twelfth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the at least one layer comprises a plurality of layers, wherein each layer is a two dimensional weave of the ceramic fibers.
A thirteenth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, further comprising arranging the layers on top of each other to form the complete porous preform.
A fourteenth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, further comprising arranging the layers a predetermined distance apart, wherein the predetermined distances in a range of 10 to 500 times a width of a fiber of the ceramic fibers.
A fifteenth aspect relates to the method of any preceding aspect, wherein the infiltrating the complete porous preform with the matrix material comprises infiltrating by melt infiltration.
A sixteenth aspect relates to a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) component comprising: ceramic fibers embedded in a matrix material, wherein a plurality of infiltrated channels comprising the matrix material extend from a first side of the CMC component to a second side of the CMC component, and wherein the first side is opposite of the second side.
A seventeenth aspect relates to the CMC component of any preceding aspect, wherein the infiltrated channels extend straight through the CMC component.
An eighteenth aspect relates to the CMC component of any preceding aspect, wherein each of the infiltrated channels comprises a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is arranged at a predetermined angle with respect to the second portion.
A nineteenth aspect relates to the CMC component of any preceding aspect, wherein and the second portion of the infiltrated channels repeat and alternate through the CMC component in a zig-zag pattern.
A twentieth aspect relates to the CMC component of any preceding aspect, wherein the infiltrated channels have a predetermined diameter in a range of 10 to 500 times a width of a fiber of the ceramic fibers.
In addition to the features mentioned in each of the independent aspects enumerated above, some examples may show, alone or in combination, the optional features mentioned in the dependent aspects and/or as disclosed in the description above and shown in the figures.
Claims
1. A method comprising:
- forming a plurality of layers, each of the layers including at least a first set of ceramic fibers and a second set of ceramic fibers, wherein the first set is arranged at an angle with respect to the second set, wherein the first set and the second set define a plurality of pores therebetween;
- arranging the layers on top of each other to form a porous preform;
- aligning the pores of the layers arranged on top of each other, wherein the pores define a plurality of channels extending continuously through the porous preform from a first side of the porous preform to a second side of the porous preform, wherein the pores are aligned such that each channel extends orthogonal to the layers arranged on top of each other, and such that each channel is defined by a respective set of pores and has a uniform diameter that is equal to diameters of the respective set of pores, and wherein each channel comprises one inlet at the first side of the porous preform and one outlet at the second side of the porous preform; and
- infiltrating the porous preform with a matrix material.
2-6. (canceled)
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the infiltrating the channels with the matrix material comprises infiltrating by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI).
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of ceramic fibers and the second set of ceramic fibers form a two-dimensional weave.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the porous preform is a complete porous preform for a component of a gas turbine engine.
10. A method comprising:
- forming a plurality of layers of ceramic fibers, the plurality of layers comprising a complete porous preform, the plurality of layers including a plurality of pores defining a plurality of channels extending continuously through the complete porous preform from a first side of the complete porous preform to a second side of the complete porous preform, wherein the pores are aligned such that each channel extends orthogonal to the plurality of layers arranged on top of each other, and such that each channel is defined by a respective set of pores and has a uniform diameter that is equal to diameters of the respective set of pores, and wherein each channel comprises one inlet at the first side of the complete porous preform and one outlet at the second side of the complete porous preform; and
- infiltrating the complete porous preform with a matrix material.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of layers is a 3-D weave of the ceramic fibers.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of layers is a two dimensional weave of the ceramic fibers.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising arranging the layers on top of each other to form the complete porous preform.
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising arranging the layers a predetermined distance apart, wherein the predetermined distances in a range of 10 to 500 times a width of a fiber of the ceramic fibers.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the infiltrating the complete porous preform with the matrix material comprises infiltrating by melt infiltration.
16-20. (canceled)
Type: Application
Filed: Jul 25, 2019
Publication Date: Jan 28, 2021
Applicant: Rolls-Royce Corporation (Indianapolis, IN)
Inventors: David Noel Liliedahl (Fishers, IN), Chong Mo Cha (Carmel, IN)
Application Number: 16/522,248