DISPERSION SYSTEM, TREATMENT METHOD AND CHEMICAL REACTION APPARATUS
A microsphere cavity that forms a whispering gallery mode is used. By vibrationally coupling a whispering gallery mode being one of kinds of an optical mode to a vibrational mode of water or a liquid other than water, ultra strong coupling water or a liquid in a vibrational coupling state is generated. A first example is to acquire aerosol in which water itself or a liquid itself other than water constitutes a micro-water sphere cavity or a micro-liquid sphere cavity (50) and is a dispersoid. A second example is to acquire colloid or emulsion in which a micro-dielectric sphere cavity (53) is a dispersoid and water or a liquid other than water is a dispersion medium.
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The present invention relates to a dispersion system, a treatment method, and a chemical reaction, based on vibrational coupling.
BACKGROUND ARTWater is the most important matter on the earth. Water is an essential matter from any viewpoint of the global environment, a vital activity, and an economic activity of human. As compared with the same group of materials, water has extremely high melting point and boiling point, and is liquid in an extremely wide temperature range of 0 to 100°. In this way, physical properties of water are peculiar. Further, water also has a chemical property that a capacity of dissolving various matters is exceptionally high, and water is an indispensable presence as a medium and a reactive raw material of a variety of chemical reactions from photosynthesis to industrial synthesis. Further, energy is produced by using water going back and forth among three forms of gas (vapor), liquid (water), and a solid (ice). Further, water serves as a solvent of various matters, a dispersoid of aerosol, or a dispersion medium of colloid or emulsion, and is useful in a wide field from everyday life to various industrial activities. As described above, water itself has the most versatile function among matters. Meanwhile, in recent years, an attempt to provide a new function to water has also been made.
For example, according to PTL 1, a method of converting a chemical/physical property of water by using vibrational ultra strong coupling between an optical mode of a cavity and a vibrational mode of water, particularly, a method of accelerating a chemical reaction have been developed. Water in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state is referred to as ultra strong coupling water, and has extremely high reactivity. However, since it is difficult to manufacture ultra strong coupling water in large quantity, use into industry has not been advanced.
Further, as a new method of accelerating a chemical reaction, for example, PTL 2 discloses a method of using vibrational coupling between an optical mode of an optical system and a vibrational mode of a chemical matter vibrational system. This method uses a principle of reducing vibrational energy of a chemical matter, based on vibrational coupling, reducing activation energy of a chemical reaction related to the vibrational mode, and increasing a reaction rate as a result.
Meanwhile, as a new method of controlling a chemical reaction, for example, PTL 3 discloses a method of using coupling between an electromagnetic wave and a matter. This method includes a step of causing a reflection structure or a photonic structure having an electromagnetic mode that resonates with transition in a molecule, a biomolecule, or a matter, and a step of disposing the molecule, the biomolecule, or the matter described above inside or on the structure of the type described above.
RELATED DOCUMENT Patent Document[PTL 1] WO 2018/211820 A1
[PTL 2] WO 2018/038130 A1
[PTL 3] Japanese Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2014-513304
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Technical ProblemAs described above, a liquid in a vibrational coupling state such as ultra strong coupling water is useful. Thus, when a dispersing element including, as at least a part of a dispersoid, the liquid in the vibrational coupling state can be manufactured, the dispersing element can be used for various uses. However, in the related art, a necessary requirement is to install an external cavity (such as a Fabry-Perot cavity and a surface plasmon structure) having a macro structure for generation of ultra strong coupling water or a liquid in a vibrational coupling state. Since an effective range of the external cavity is approximately few micrometers at most, it is difficult to form the dispersing element described above in the first place, and a significant amount cannot be acquired even when the dispersing element described above can be formed.
One example of an object of the present invention is to provide a dispersion system including a liquid in a vibrational coupling state.
Solution to ProblemThe present invention provides a dispersion system including:
a spherical body, as a dispersoid, formed of a liquid in a vibrational coupling state, wherein
a whispering gallery mode in which the spheric state of the liquid is spontaneously formed and a vibrational mode of the liquid are resonantly coupled to each other.
The present invention provides a dispersion system including:
a spheric state that serves as a dispersoid, and is formed of a dielectric;
a liquid being a dispersion medium of the spheric state, wherein
a whispering gallery mode in which the spheric state of the dielectric is spontaneously formed and a vibrational mode of the liquid are resonantly coupled to each other.
The present invention provides a treatment method including
using the dispersion system described above for a chemical reaction.
The present invention provides a chemical reaction apparatus being used in the treatment method described above, and including at least:
a reaction container in which the chemical reaction is performed;
an introduction port for introducing the dispersion system into the reaction container; and
a discharge port for discharging a reactant by the chemical reaction.
Advantageous Effects of InventionThe present invention is able to provide a dispersion system including a liquid in a vibrational coupling state.
The above-described object, the other objects, features, and advantages will become more apparent from suitable example embodiments described below and the following accompanying drawings.
Next, example embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to drawings.
First, a main portion of the present example embodiment will be described. In the present example embodiment, a microsphere cavity that spontaneously forms a whispering gallery (WG) mode is used. Specifically, by vibrationally coupling the WG mode being one of kinds of an optical mode to a vibrational mode of liquid (for example, water), a liquid in a vibrational coupling state such as ultra strong coupling water is generated. This generation means is classified into two kinds below depending on a use of a microsphere cavity. A first means constitutes a micro-water sphere cavity or a micro-liquid sphere cavity with a liquid itself being a spherical body. In this case, aerosol including a dispersoid in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state is acquired. In a second means, a micro-dielectric sphere cavity is a dispersoid, and a liquid located around the dispersoid is a dispersion medium in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state. In this case, colloid or emulsion is acquired.
Note that, in order for a microsphere cavity to operate, a micro-water sphere or a macro-dielectric sphere does not always need to be a complete sphere (true sphere). Even when the sphere is a flat ellipsoid of revolution being stretched in one axis direction, the microsphere cavity acts as a cavity and there is no harm in forming a WG mode as long as an equatorial (great circle) plane is a perfect circle or has a shape close to a perfect circle to such an extent that the WG mode is formed. Therefore, even when a microsphere is a flat ellipsoid of revolution, aerosol, colloid, or emulsion according to the present invention can be acquired. Further, a shape of a microsphere may dynamically fluctuate within a certain range. As exemplified in an example, for example, in a case where water is a dispersoid or a dispersion medium, when aerosol, colloid, or emulsion of ultra strong coupling water is acquired, a fluctuation in resonance diameter by about 6% is permitted. When this permissible degree is converted into flattening rate f (an indicator representing a degree of flatness from a true sphere, f=1−b/a, a: long radius, b: short radius), a value is about 0.11. In other words, even when a microsphere has a shape dynamically changing within in a range of flattening rate of 0 to 0.11, aerosol, colloid, or emulsion of ultra strong coupling water can be acquired.
The first means described above has a characteristic that a cavity is formed of only liquid. In other words, liquid is integral with a cavity. In this means, a spherical liquid in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state is self-sufficiently generated in aerosol. In the aerosol, a spherical body formed of liquid has a diameter of a micrometer order, does not require installation of a macro external structure and injection of external energy, and is self-sufficient. Then, since an external cavity is unnecessary, a cost of manufacturing can be reduced. Further, without restraint of an external cavity, a liquid in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state can be manufactured in desired quantity at a desired place.
The second means described above has a characteristic that a WG mode leaking from a micro-dielectric sphere cavity is used for vibrational coupling. By vibrationally coupling this leaking WG mode to a vibrational mode of a liquid present around the micro-dielectric sphere cavity, a liquid in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state is acquired. In broad perspective, colloid or emulsion in which a micro-dielectric sphere cavity is a dispersoid and a liquid is a dispersion medium is acquired. The dielectric being a dispersoid has a diameter of a micrometer order, and is dispersed in the liquid being a dispersion medium. Manufacturing of colloid or emulsion can be scaled up, and thus a liquid in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state can be produced in desired bulk quantity. Furthermore, since a macro external cavity taking space is unnecessary, industrial use is facilitated. For example, in addition to that a useful matter using a liquid in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state can be produced in large quantity, a large-scale facility for decomposing a harmful matter, purifying water, and the like can also be constructed at low cost by using a liquid in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state.
In all of the cases described above, when a liquid in an ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state is generated, an external cavity is unnecessary. Furthermore, ultra strong coupling water or a liquid in a vibrational coupling state can be generated in desired quantity at any place in a three-dimensional free space. The reason is that there is no restraint of an external cavity.
Further, when a spherical body of a micro-dielectric dispersed in liquid is used as a cavity, a liquid in an ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state can be acquired in large quantity as necessary. The reason is that, by vibrationally coupling a WG mode seeping from a micro-dielectric sphere cavity to a vibrational mode of a liquid, the entire liquid being a dispersion medium can be converted into a liquid in an ultra strong coupling state or a vibrational coupling state.
Then, when a dispersion system such as the aerosol, the colloid, or the emulsion described above is used, a treatment method to which a variety of chemical reactions are applied can be achieved. The reason is that the dispersion system described above has high reactivity.
Then, a chemical reaction apparatus using the treatment method can be easily acquired. The reason is that the dispersion system described above does not require an external cavity taking space, and thus the apparatus can be easily constructed and easily scaled up.
Hereinafter, before description of an example embodiment according to the present invention, three points of (1) vibrational coupling, (2) ultra strong coupling water, and (3) WG mode that are a basis of the present invention will be described.
(1) Vibrational Coupling (1-1) Principle of Vibrational CouplingIn
ℏΩR [Math 1]
and described in a following equation (1).
ℏ [Math 3]
is a Dirac constant (acquired by dividing Planck constant h by 2π), ΩR is a Rabi frequency, N is the number of molecules (density) in unit volume, E is electric field intensity of a vacuum field, d is a transition dipole moment of molecular vibration, nph is the number of photons, ω0 is a molecular frequency, ε0 is a dielectric constant in vacuum, and V is mode volume.
The most important point in the equation (1) is that, even when the number of photons is zero, i.e., nph=0 due to a quantum fluctuation in a vacuum field,
ℏQR [Math 4]
has a finite value. In other words, it may seem paradoxical, but presence of light is not an essential condition for generation of a light-matter hybrid. It is sufficient as long as only a light confinement structure such as a cavity that form a vacuum field is present. As a matter of course, it is completely unnecessary to apply an electromagnetic wave such as infrared light from the outside and inject other energy. This point is a difference that clearly distinguishes a phenomenon being vibrational coupling from a phenomenon such as laser oscillation, optical excitation, and vibrational excitation.
A degree of vibrational coupling has a variation in intensity. A half of a ratio of ΩR and ω0, i.e., ΩR/2ω0 is referred to as a coupling ratio, and serves as a relative indicator representing intensity of vibrational coupling. Vibrational coupling is classified by magnitude of a coupling ratio, and, in an ascending order of an interaction, a range of ΩR/2ω0<<0.01, a range of 0.01≤ΩR/2ω0<0.1, and a range of 0.1<ΩR/2ω0<1 are referred to as vibrational weak coupling, vibrational strong coupling, and vibrational ultra strong coupling, respectively. An influence on physical properties increases with a greater coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0. As described in a next section (1-2), ultra strong coupling water has the coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0 of a highest level among reported matters, and has extremely high reactivity being the highest in the matters.
(1-2) Method of Practicing Vibrational CouplingIn
In a reference technique of the present invention, a Fabry-Perot cavity formed of one set of parallel mirror surfaces is used for forming an optical mode for vibrational coupling. A resonance frequency ωcav of an optical mode of the Fabry-Perot cavity is a function of a distance (a cavity length, approximately a few micrometers) between the mirror surfaces, and is defined by one kind of an optical mode number ki (i=1, 2, 3, . . . ). In an ascending order of wave number, the optical modes are referred to as a first optical mode (k1), a second optical mode (k2), and a third optical mode (k3). In a case of the Fabry-Perot cavity, the resonance condition of ω0=ωcav is experimentally achieved by adjusting a cavity length. In contrast, the present invention uses a WG mode of a microsphere cavity as an optical mode for vibrational coupling. As described later, a resonance frequency ωcav of the WG mode is a function of a diameter of a microsphere, and is defined by three kinds of optical mode numbers (see (3-3)).
(2) Ultra Strong Coupling Water (2-1) Generation of Ultra Strong Coupling WaterUltra strong coupling water refers to water has physical properties, that is generated by extremely strong vibrational coupling between a vibrational mode of OH stretching of water and an optical mode of a cavity, different from those of normal water. For example, as compared with normal water, ultra strong coupling water has extremely high reactivity and also has a melting point appearing to rise. Three kinds of light water (H2O), heavy water (D2O), and tritiated water (T2O, T: tritium) are present in water according to an isotope of hydrogen, but when vibrational coupling to an optical mode of a cavity is performed as exemplified next, it is experimentally confirmed that at least light water (H2O) and heavy water (D2O) become ultra strong coupling water.
As illustrated in (ii) in
ℏΩR [Math 5]
of approximately 740 cm−1 and a coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0=0.113 (average value). Further, as illustrated in (iv) in
ℏΩR [Math 6]
of approximately 820 cm−1 and a coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0=0.129 (average value). Similarly, water (ice) formed of pure D2O each become ultra strong coupling water (ultra strong coupling ice) having Rabi splitting energy
ℏΩR [Math 7]
of approximately 540 (600) cm−1 and a coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0=0.111 (0.123) (average value) (see (ii) and (iv) in
Herein, a point that deserves special mention is that ultra strong coupling water and ultra strong coupling ice have the highest coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0 among matters reported up to now. A result of earnest research makes it clear that the reason above is the following two points. The first reason is that a transition dipole moment d included in the OH (OD) stretching vibrational mode is great. In cases of water of light water (OH stretching), ice of light water (OH stretching), water of heavy water (OD stretching), and ice of heavy water (OD stretching), a transition dipole moment is d=0.41 D, d=0.50 D, d=0.35 D, and d=0.42 D (D: debye, 3.336×10−30 C m), respectively, and is more than twice as much as a transition dipole moment in a general vibrational mode. With reference to the equation (1), Rabi splitting energy
ℏQR [Math 8]
is proportional to d, and thus a coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0 also increases with greater d. The second reason is that density of water and ice is extremely great. The density of water and ice is actually the greatest among matters near normal temperature and normal pressure, and the reason is that water and ice have a minute molecular structure. With reference to the equation (1),
ℏQR [Math 9]
is proportional to a square root of density N, and thus a coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0 also increases with greater N. Note that, in consideration of the two points described above, tritiated water (T2O) also has great d and N, and is thus expected to have ΩR/2ω0 equal to light water and heavy water under vibrational coupling and to become ultra strong coupling water.
Characteristics that deserve special mention in relation to ultra strong coupling water and ultra strong coupling ice are the following five points:
(1) When an optical mode is vibrationally coupled to a stretching vibrational mode of water/ice, a value of a coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0 does not change even with any optical mode number being used. In other words, ΩR/2ω0 does not depend on an optical mode number. This law also holds true in the WG mode.
(2) Ultra strong coupling water and ultra strong coupling ice have the highest coupling ratio of ΩR/2ω0 among matters.
(3) Even when light water (H2O) and heavy water (D2O) are mixed, light water (H2O) and heavy water (D2O) become ultra strong coupling water/ultra strong coupling ice.
(4) Ultra strong coupling water and ultra strong coupling ice have physical properties different from those of normal water.
(5) Ultra strong coupling water and ultra strong coupling ice have extremely high reactivity (see (2-2)).
As exemplified next, ultra strong coupling water has extremely high reactivity.
2H2O+NH3BH3→NH4+BO2−+3H2↑ (2)
In
As a result of the analysis of the reaction profile, a reaction rate constant of κ0=1.29×10−8s−1 in hydrolysis of normal water and a reaction rate constant of κUSC=1.27×10−4s−1 in hydrolysis of ultra strong coupling water are acquired, and a ratio of both of the reaction rate constants is κUSC/κ0=9986. In other words, it is proven that ultra strong coupling water has reaction accelerating by about a ten thousand times and exhibits extremely high reactivity as compared with normal water.
Note that, reaction acceleration based on vibrational coupling is also proven other than ultra strong coupling water, and a vacuum field formed by a cavity acts as a catalyst, and thus the reaction acceleration is referred to as cavity catalysis. The strongest cavity catalysis that has been known up to now is achieved by ultra strong coupling water. However, a method of producing ultra strong coupling water in large quantity without restraint of an external cavity has not been known, and the present invention achieves the method for the first time as described later.
(3) WG Mode (3-1) WG Mode and MicrosphereA WG mode refers to an optical mode that circles near a spherical surface of a microsphere formed of a dielectric. Since light is strongly confined in the WG mode, a microsphere has been known to act as an excellent cavity having high a quality factor (Q value). When a length of an equator (great circle) of a sphere becomes an integral multiple of a wavelength of light, i.e., a condition of 2πr=m′λ (r: radius of sphere, λ: wavelength of light, m′: natural number) is satisfied, light resonates and spontaneously forms the WG mode (see
(3-2) Polarization State (TE Mode and TM mode) of WG Mode
(3-3) Mode Number that Defines WG Mode
The WG mode is theoretically defined by three kinds of optical mode numbers, i.e., a radial mode number n (n: natural number) associated with an order of a microsphere in a radial direction, an argument mode number m (m: 0 and natural number) of a microsphere in a circling direction, and an azimuth mode number 1 (1: −m<1<m) of a microsphere in an azimuth direction. On the other hand, it is experimentally the easiest to resonate a basic WG mode (n=1, m=1) that circles near an equator of a microsphere, and a higher-order WG mode greater than n=2 is rarely observed. Therefore, in a discussion related to the WG mode below, while a radial mode number is limited to n=1 or n=2 in view of practical use, dependence of an azimuth mode number 1 is omitted and dependence of an argument mode number m is referred by regarding m=1. Note that, as exemplified in a following equation (3), the argument mode number m is associated with the number of waves of light approximately circling around an equator of a microsphere.
2πR≈Mλ (3)
Herein, r is a radius of a microsphere, and λ is a wavelength of light.
(3-4) Resonance Diameter of WG ModeA diameter of a microsphere when the WG mode is formed in the microsphere cavity is referred to as a resonance diameter D. The resonance diameter D [μm] is a function of a resonance frequency ωcav [cm−1], a refractive index ratio nr (ncav/nenv, ncav:refractive index inside microsphere, nenv:refractive index of environment outside sphere) of inside and outside of a microsphere, a radial mode number n, and an argument mode number m, and is represented in equations (4) to (8) exemplified next.
Herein, A(n) represents an Airy function (n is a variable where n=1 or 2).
Note that, since a microsphere cavity provides an extremely high Q value, the WG mode is exclusively used for visible laser oscillation to near infrared laser oscillation. The present invention is the first one to use the WG mode for vibrational coupling as far as the inventor confirms.
(3-5) Intensity Distribution of WG ModeNext, a configuration of the first example embodiment of the present invention will be described.
In the reference technique illustrated in
A first problem of the Fabry-Perot cavity 30 is that an extremely small amount of ultra strong coupling water is acquired. For example, in a case where a first optical mode (when ωcav=3400 cm−1, a cavity length is associated with t=1.1.23 μm) of the Fabry-Perot cavity is used in order to resonate with a vibrational mode (ω0=3400 cm−1) of OH stretching of water, even when the metal film mirror surface 32 has an area of one square meter (1 m2), only ultra strong coupling water of 1.122×10 cm3 (about 0.011 liter) is acquired. To begin with, even when the metal film mirror surface 32 having an area one meter square can be technically prepared, it costs a lot of money. Therefore, it is almost impossible to increase a scale at low cost as long as the Fabry-Perot cavity 30 is used. Further, even when scaling up is attempted by integrating the Fabry-Perot cavity 30, integration is technically difficult and requires an enormous cost. Since this problem is caused by a two-dimensional property of the Fabry-Perot cavity, it is essentially difficult to solve the problem. A second problem is that ultra strong coupling water can be generated only in an extremely limited space such as the inside of the case of the Fabry-Perot cavity 30. In other words, ultra strong coupling water cannot be taken out. The reason is that once ultra strong coupling water is taken out, ultra strong coupling water returns to normal water. Since this problem is caused by an enclosed structure of the Fabry-Perot cavity 30, the problem cannot be also essentially solved. These problems can be solved by using a micro-water sphere cavity according to the present invention exemplified next.
In the first example embodiment according to the present invention illustrated in
A structural characteristic of the micro-water sphere cavity 41 is that the micro-water sphere cavity 41 does not have a component other than water. Therefore, the micro-water sphere cavity 41 does not need one set of substrates 31, one set of metal film mirror surfaces 32, one set of protective films 33, and a spacer 34 like the Fabry-Perot cavity 30 in the reference technique. The reason is that a micro-water sphere itself constitutes a case, total reflection at an interface between a micro-water sphere and a dispersion medium is used for reflection of light, the interface functions as a protective film, and a diameter of a micro-water sphere defines a WG mode. In other words, when the micro-water sphere cavity 41 is used, there is a characteristic that ultra strong coupling water can be extremely easily generated, and a manufacturing cost can be significantly reduced due to an external cavity being unnecessary.
Further, by generating the aerosol 43 with the micro-water sphere cavity as a dispersoid by an existing aerosol generator and the like, manufacturing of ultra strong coupling water can be easily scaled up. For example, even an aerosol generator for an experiment has a capacity of converting 250 liters of water into aerosol per hour. When the present invention being industrially scaled up is applied, a large quantity of ultra strong coupling water can be acquired. In other words, the micro-water sphere cavity 41 has a characteristic that the micro-water sphere cavity 41 can produce ultra strong coupling water in large quantity. Further, since the micro-water sphere cavity 41 does not include an external cavity, ultra strong coupling water can be generated in a macro three-dimensional space. In other words, the micro-water sphere cavity 41 also has a characteristic that the micro-water sphere cavity 41 can freely generate ultra strong coupling water at a desired place when ultra strong coupling water is desired. In addition, as described in a next section, the micro-water sphere cavity 41 also has a characteristic that the micro-water sphere cavity 41 has action of significantly accelerating a chemical reaction since the aerosol 43 according to the present invention is formed of ultra strong coupling water.
To summarize the description above, the following five points are exemplified as characteristics of the first example embodiment according to the present invention:
(1) Aerosol with ultra strong coupling water as a dispersoid is acquired.
(2) A manufacturing cost can be significantly reduced due to absence of a component other than water.
(3) Ultra strong coupling water can be produced in large quantity since scaling up can be easily performed.
(4) When ultra strong coupling water is desired, ultra strong coupling water can be generated at a desired place since water itself is a cavity.
(5) An aerosol is formed of ultra strong coupling water, and thus has extremely high reactivity.
Next, a configuration of the second example embodiment according to the present invention will be described.
Herein, the first example embodiment and the second example embodiment according to the present invention are compared by using
Next, a proportion of the ultra strong coupling water region 55 to the entire dispersion medium is computed. As described in detail in a third example, an electric field region of the WG mode leaking from the micro-dielectric sphere cavity 53 spans across about the resonance diameter D in a radial direction measured from a boundary surface (see
As illustrated in
In addition, the colloid 56 according to the second example embodiment has a characteristic that the colloid 56 can more easily perform a chemical reaction as compared with the aerosol 52 according to the first example embodiment. In a case of the aerosol 52, water and a raw material are consumed in the micro-water sphere cavity 50 and a product is accumulated as a reaction progresses, and thus a resonance diameter slightly changes. Thus, an additional apparatus for maintaining a resonance condition of vibrational coupling is needed. On the other hand, in a case of the colloid 56, a state of the micro-dielectric sphere cavity 53 does not basically change while a reaction progresses. Therefore, a special additional apparatus is not needed.
As described above, in the reference technique, when ultra strong coupling water or a liquid in a vibrational coupling state is produced, an optical mode needs to be formed by using an external cavity such as a Fabry-Perot cavity, and the optical mode needs to be coupled to a vibrational mode of water or a liquid in a vibrational coupling state. The external cavity limits a space in which a vibrational coupling state of a matter is used, and it also costs money for manufacturing the external cavity. The cost increases in proportion to an apparatus scale, and thus it costs a lot of money particularly when a scale of an apparatus is increased.
In contrast, in the present example embodiment, by using a microsphere cavity that can spontaneously form an optical mode referred to as a whispering gallery mode (abbreviated to a WG mode or a WGM), a method of producing ultra strong coupling water or a liquid in a vibrational coupling state in large quantity at low cost in forms of aerosol, colloid, and emulsion can be provided.
To summarize the description above, the following six points are exemplified as characteristics of the second example embodiment according to the present invention:
(1) Colloid or emulsion with ultra strong coupling water as a dispersion medium is acquired.
(2) A component is only water and a micro-dielectric sphere, and thus a manufacturing cost can be reduced.
(3) Ultra strong coupling water can be produced in large quantity since scaling up can be easily performed.
(4) By only mixing a micro-dielectric sphere cavity into water, ultra strong coupling water can be generated at a desired place when ultra strong coupling water is desired.
(5) A variety of dielectrics can be used for a configuration of a micro-dielectric sphere cavity.
(6) Colloid or emulsion is formed of ultra strong coupling water, and thus has extremely high reactivity.
As a summary of the description of the configuration, a comparison between the first and second example embodiments is described in Table 1 exemplified next.
Next, a method of implementing the first example embodiment according to the present invention will be described. Herein, a chemical reaction system using a characteristic that a micro-water sphere cavity is highly reactive will be described.
While a predetermined reaction progresses, a resonance diameter of the micro-water sphere cavity in the reaction container 65 is monitored by using a resonance diameter observation apparatus 60, and monitor information thereof is transmitted to a humidification apparatus 61, a heating/cooling apparatus 62, and a decompression/compression apparatus 63 via a control signal cable 64. In this way, by appropriately controlling a parameter of each of the humidification apparatus 61, the heating/cooling apparatus 62, and the decompression/compression apparatus 63 by a control unit of each of the apparatuses, a resonance diameter of the micro-water sphere cavity is controlled to a best value that enables a function as ultra strong coupling water. Note that, the humidification apparatus 61 acts in such a way as to supply water in the micro-water sphere cavity decreasing as a reaction progresses. Further, the heating/cooling apparatus 62 acts in such a way as to adjust a reaction rate, and also control a resonance diameter of the micro-water sphere cavity through a fine adjustment to density of water in the micro-water sphere cavity by a temperature change. Furthermore, the decompression/compression apparatus 63 acts in such a way as to adjust a reaction rate by adjusting pressure in the reaction container 65, and also control a resonance diameter of the micro-water sphere cavity through vaporization/condensation of water in the micro-water sphere cavity. A signal between the control apparatuses of a resonance diameter is performed feedback to each other via the control signal cable 64. In this way, a resonance diameter of the micro-water sphere cavity is precisely controlled.
When the predetermined reaction ends, a reactant is taken into a product separation apparatus 68 from the reaction container 65 via a discharge port 72, and a target product is then separated from water and a by-product. Note that, once the reactant is liquefied, ultra strong coupling water returns to normal water and can thus be safely handled. Finally, the target product is transmitted to and collected by a product collection container 69 via the pipe 70. In this way, a series of steps end.
The chemical reaction system 73 using the micro-water sphere cavity described above has the following six characteristics:
(1) The chemical reaction system 73 can be applied to a wide range of chemical reactions in which water is involved, and can remarkably accelerate a reaction.
(2) Since the micro-water sphere cavity is formed of ultra strong coupling water, the micro-water sphere cavity is originally water regardless of extremely high reactivity, and can thus be safely handled with a sense of security before and after a reaction.
(3) Water being a basis of the micro-water sphere cavity is different from another resource, is omnipresent throughout the earth, and is thus available at extremely low cost anytime anywhere.
(4) Water itself is harmless, is least likely to pollute an environment, and is thus the most eco-friendly.
(5) A function of the microsphere cavity can be maintained even when a scale is reduced/expanded, and thus the chemical reaction system 73 can be scaled up from an apparatus of a mobile size to a large chemical plant.
(6) There is a variety of chemical reactions in which water is involved, and thus the chemical reaction system 73 is useful for a wide range of uses such as manufacturing of useful chemical product and medical product, also soot and smoke treatment, detoxification of toxic gas, removal of NOx from exhaust gas, and purification/sterilization of ambient air.
Next, a method of implementing the second example embodiment according to the present invention will be described. Herein, a chemical reaction system using a characteristic that a micro-dielectric sphere cavity is highly reactive will be described.
First, the batch-type chemical reaction system 93 using the micro-dielectric sphere cavity will be described.
In
The reaction mixed liquid is stirred by using a stirrer 86 while the predetermined reaction progresses, and thus ultra strong coupling water is distributed into the entire reaction mixed liquid. Since ultra strong coupling water is extremely highly reactive, the predetermined reaction quickly progresses. Note that, the micro-dielectric sphere cavity itself does not react and is not consumed, and thus apparatuses that control a resonance diameter like the chemical reaction system 73 using the micro-water sphere cavity in
After the predetermined reaction ends, a reaction liquid is transmitted from the reaction container 85 to a micro-dielectric sphere separation apparatus 88 via a discharge port 92, and the micro-dielectric sphere cavity is removed from the reaction liquid by using the micro-dielectric sphere separation apparatus 88. When the removed micro-dielectric sphere cavity is a solid, the solid micro-dielectric sphere cavity is transmitted from the micro-dielectric sphere separation apparatus 88 to the micro-dielectric sphere supply apparatus 80 via a micro-dielectric sphere collection pipe 87, and is reused for a next reaction. The solid micro-dielectric sphere cavity is not consumed by a reaction, and can thus be repeatedly reused. Next, a remaining reaction liquid is moved to a product separation apparatus 89 via the pipe 83, and a target product is separated from the remaining reaction liquid by using the product separation apparatus 89. Note that, once the micro-dielectric sphere cavity is removed from the reaction liquid, ultra strong coupling water returns to normal water, and thus the remaining reaction liquid can be safely handled. Finally, the target product is moved to a product collection container 90 via the pipe 83 and is collected, and thus a series of steps end.
The batch-type chemical reaction system 93 using the micro-dielectric sphere cavity described above has the following nine characteristics:
(1) The batch-type chemical reaction system 93 can be applied to a wide range of chemical reactions in which water is involved, and can remarkably accelerate a reaction.
(2) Ultra strong coupling water generated by a micro-dielectric sphere is originally water regardless of high reactivity, and can thus be safely handled with a sense of security before and after a reaction.
(3) Water being a basis of ultra strong coupling water is different from another resource, is omnipresent throughout the earth, and is thus available at extremely low cost anytime anywhere.
(4) Water itself is harmless, is least likely to pollute an environment, and is thus the most eco-friendly.
(5) A function of the microsphere cavity can be maintained even when a scale is reduced/expanded, and thus the batch-type chemical reaction system 93 can be scaled up from an apparatus of a mobile size to a large chemical plant.
(6) Ultra strong coupling water in bulk can be used.
(7) When the micro-dielectric sphere cavity is a solid, the micro-dielectric sphere cavity can be repeatedly reused.
(8) Apparatuses that control a resonance diameter are not needed.
(9) Since there is a variety of chemical reactions in which water is involved, the batch-type chemical reaction system 93 is useful for a wide range of uses in a chemical/pharmaceutical field such as manufacturing of useful chemical product and medical product, also a general industrial field such as liquid-waste/sewage treatment and detoxification of a toxic matter, a daily necessities/health care field such as removal of a trihalomethane from drinking water and sterilization of well water and ground water, and furthermore a biotechnology/medical field such as enzyme synthesis, fermentation, cell culture, purification of blood, removal of a virus, and sterilization.
Next, the continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 using the micro-dielectric sphere cavity will be described.
In
Note that, the micro-dielectric sphere cavity 98 filling in the column may include colloid formed of the micro-dielectric sphere cavity carried in fiber and the like, or may include colloid formed of the micro-dielectric sphere cavity being precipitated. The carrying-type in the former case has an advantage in which outflow of a mixed liquid is smooth since a distance between micro-dielectric sphere cavities can be adjusted by a carrier. Therefore, the carrying-type is suitable to a case where a mixed liquid easily causes clogging, for example, a case where a resonance diameter of a micro-dielectric sphere cavity is extremely small, which is equal to or less than few μm. Meanwhile, the precipitation-type in the latter case has an advantage in which water in a mixed liquid can be almost completely converted into ultra strong coupling water since individual micro-dielectric sphere cavities are located close to each other. Therefore, the precipitation-type is suitable to a case where clogging with a mixed liquid does not need to be taken into consideration, for example, a case where a resonance diameter of a micro-dielectric sphere cavity is relatively large. In either case, a compression apparatus 96 may be installed to increase pressure inside the reaction column 95, and outflow of a mixed liquid 97 may thus be accelerated. Note that, the micro-dielectric sphere cavity itself does not react and is not consumed, and thus apparatuses that control a resonance diameter like the chemical reaction system 73 using the micro-water sphere cavity in
After the predetermined reaction ends, a reaction liquid is transferred from the reaction column 95 to the product separation apparatus 89 via a discharge port 98. At this time, the reaction liquid is returned to the reaction column 95 by using a loop pipe 99, and thus the same reaction may be repeated. Note that, water in the reaction liquid returns from ultra strong coupling water to normal water at a moment when the reaction liquid exits from the reaction column 95, and thus the reaction liquid can be safely handled. Next, a target product is separated from the reaction liquid by using the product separation apparatus 89. Finally, the target product is moved to the product collection container 90 via the pipe 83 and is collected, and thus a series of steps end. Note that, in the continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 using the micro-dielectric sphere cavity, a step of mixing/separating water and the micro-dielectric sphere cavity is not needed before and after a reaction. Therefore, the present system can be extended to a multistage reaction system. For example, a version of the present system can be upgraded to a multistage reaction system by coupling, in series, a reaction column 95 group associated with each step of a multistage reaction. Further, the introduction port 92 and the discharge port 98 of the reaction column 95 conform to JIS standards and the like and are packaged, and thus the present system can also be incorporated as a reaction column/unit into various chemical plants, and an existing continuous-type system such as a tap water/sewage treatment system and an artificial liver system.
The continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 using the micro-dielectric sphere cavity described above has the following 12 characteristics:
(1) The continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 can be applied to a wide range of chemical reactions in which water is involved, and can remarkably accelerate a reaction.
(2) Ultra strong coupling water generated by a micro-dielectric sphere is originally water regardless of high reactivity, and can thus be safely handled with a sense of security before and after a reaction.
(3) Water being a basis of ultra strong coupling water is different from another resource, is omnipresent throughout the earth, and is thus available at extremely low cost anytime anywhere.
(4) Water itself is harmless, is least likely to pollute an environment, and is thus the most eco-friendly.
(5) A function of the microsphere cavity can be maintained even when a scale is reduced/expanded, and thus the continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 can be scaled up from an apparatus of a mobile size to a large chemical plant.
(6) Ultra strong coupling water in bulk can be used.
(7) Since the micro-dielectric sphere cavity is a solid, the micro-dielectric sphere cavity can be repeatedly reused.
(8) Apparatuses that control a resonance diameter are not needed.
(9) The micro-dielectric sphere cavity is used to fill in the column, and thus a step of mixing/separating water and the micro-dielectric sphere cavity is not needed before and after a reaction.
(10) The continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 can be easily extended to a multistage reaction system.
(11) The continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 can be incorporated into an existing continuous-type system.
(12) Since there is a variety of chemical reactions in which water is involved, the continuous-type chemical reaction system 100 is useful for a wide range of uses in a chemical/pharmaceutical field such as manufacturing of useful chemical product and medical product, also a general industrial field such as liquid-waste/sewage treatment and detoxification of a toxic matter, a daily necessities/health care field such as removal of a trihalomethane from drinking water and sterilization of well water and ground water, and furthermore a biotechnology/medical field such as enzyme synthesis, fermentation, cell culture, purification of blood, removal of a virus, and sterilization.
As described above, a combination of water and a microsphere cavity is described as the best form for implementing the invention and an example thereof. The principle thereof is that, by vibrationally coupling a stretching vibrational mode of water to a WG mode being an optical mode formed by a microsphere cavity, water in a vibrational ultra strong coupling state, i.e., ultra strong coupling water is acquired as a form of aerosol, colloid, and emulsion. However, in terms of the principle of the present invention, a liquid combined with a microsphere cavity is not limited to water. The reason is that a liquid other than water always has some sort of molecular structure, and thus some sort of molecular vibration is always performed. Thus, according to the present invention, even with a liquid other than water, by vibrationally coupling a vibrational mode of the liquid to a WG mode of a microsphere cavity, a liquid in a vibrational coupling state can be acquired as a form of aerosol, colloid, and emulsion. Hereinafter, it is demonstrated that the description above can be actually achieved.
A point to be paid attention to when a liquid other than water is used is that a ratio ncav/nenv of a refractive index between inside and outside of a cavity needs to be considered since total reflection in the cavity is a necessary condition in order for a microsphere cavity to form a WG mode. As described above, the total reflection condition of the WG mode in the microsphere cavity is ncav/nenv>1.
In a case of aerosol, a refractive index of a gas being a dispersion medium is as close to 1 as possible, and thus the condition of ncav/nenv>1 can be achieved in all liquids. On the other hand, in a case of colloid and emulsion, a general liquid has a refractive index of about 1.4±0.1, which is about the same as water (1.310). Further, with reference to the first column in Tables 5 and 6, most of dielectrics have a sufficiently great refractive index, and thus ncav/nenv>1 can be sufficiently achieved.
Therefore, the discussion about a combination of water and a microsphere cavity described above can be used for a discussion about a combination of a liquid other than water and a microsphere cavity. Thus, a conclusion is drawn for most of liquids that a liquid in a vibrational coupling state can be manufactured as aerosol, colloid, and emulsion.
A liquid used as other example embodiment according to the present invention is as illustrated in next Table 2. Note that, a result of a numerical computation for some specific examples will be exemplified in a fifth example.
To summarize a characteristic of the other example embodiment, based on Table 2, the following eight points are exemplified:
(1) Aerosol with, as a dispersoid, a variety of liquids in a vibrational coupling state is acquired.
(2) Colloid or emulsion with, as a dispersion medium, a variety of liquids in a vibrational coupling state is acquired.
(3) In a case of (1) described above, a component is only liquid, and thus a manufacturing cost can be significantly reduced.
(4) In a case of (2) described above, a component is only liquid and a micro-dielectric sphere, and thus a manufacturing cost can be reduced.
(5) A liquid in a vibrational coupling state can be produced in large quantity since scaling up can be easily performed.
(6) When a liquid in a vibrational coupling state is desired, the liquid in the vibrational coupling state can be freely generated at a desired place.
(7) A liquid in a vibrational coupling state is used for a configuration, and thus it is useful for accelerating a reaction.
(8) As illustrated in V in Table 6, a contribution can be made to biotechnology and a medical field by a method that cannot be achieved by the reference technique, such as detoxification, removal of a virus, and acceleration of cell culture.
In a first example, a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water will be described in relation to a micro-water sphere floating in the air.
With reference to
Hereinafter, knowledge acquired from
First, description is given that water has a particularly wide permissible range of a resonance diameter. In
Secondly, a difference in resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water between n=1 and n=2 of a radial mode number will be described. In comparison between n=1 and n=2, a resonance diameter is greater when n=2 than when n=1 in all of cases of light water, heavy water, a TE mode, and a TM mode. The reason is that a radial mode number is a mode number related to an order in a radial direction, and resonance magnitude increases as a radial mode number increases. In fact, in the equation (4), a contribution of the Airy function in the equation (7) is greater when n=2 than when n=1. According to a detailed analysis, by a cut at an equatorial plane, light intensity of a WG mode is distributed in a concentric single ring shape when n=1, and is distributed as a concentric double ring shape when n=2, and the light intensity tends to be greater in an inner ring than an outer ring. In any case, efficiency for generating ultra strong coupling water does not change even when any radial mode number is used, and thus either n=1 or n=2 may be used for generating ultra strong coupling water.
Thirdly, a difference in resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water between kinds of polarization and between a TE mode and a TM mode will be described. In general, a resonance diameter of the TE mode is smaller than a resonance diameter of the TM mode. This is caused by a total reflection condition (nr=ncav/nenv>1) for forming a WG mode. The reason is that the TE mode always resonates at a shorter wavelength than the TM mode with the same mode number, and thus the TE mode accordingly always has a smaller resonance diameter than that of the TM mode. However, there is an exception, and when a radial mode number n is n=2 and an argument mode number m is m<2, the size of the resonance diameter is reversed in the TE mode and the TM mode, and the TE mode has a greater resonance diameter than that of the TM mode. In any case, a capacity for generating ultra strong coupling water does not change, and thus either the TE mode or the TM mode may be used for generating ultra strong coupling water.
Fourthly, a difference in resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water between light water and heavy water will be described. In any cases of n=1, n=2, the TE mode, and the TM mode, a resonance diameter is smaller when heavy water is used than when light water is used. The reason is simply that the frequency ω0=3400 cm−1 of the OH stretching vibrational mode of light water is greater than the frequency ω0=2500 cm−1 of the OD stretching vibrational mode of heavy water. In other words, in terms of a wavelength, a wavelength of a stretching vibrational mode of heavy water is longer than a wavelength of a stretching vibrational mode of light water. With reference to the equation (3), with the same mode number, a resonance diameter is greater when heavy water is used than when light water is used. In any case, a coupling ratio ΩR/2ω0 of ultra strong coupling water rarely changes when light water or heavy water is used, and thus any of light water, heavy water, and a mixed liquid thereof may be used for generating ultra strong coupling water.
As described above, the first example exemplified that a micro-water sphere of light water and heavy water acts as a cavity, and specifically exemplified a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water. Particularly, it is clarified that, due to an absorption band of stretching vibration of water being extremely broad, a resonance diameter of a micro-water sphere cavity needed for generating ultra strong coupling water falls within a range of around about 6% of a value of a perfect match.
Second ExampleIn a second example, how a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water depends on kinds (light water and heavy water) of water, kinds (TE mode and TM mode) of deflection, a radial mode number n, and an argument mode number m will be described in relation to a micro-water sphere floating in the air.
With reference to
Hereinafter, knowledge acquired from
First, dependence of a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water on a deflection mode number m. With reference to
Secondly, dependence of a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water on polarization will be described. With reference to
Thirdly, a permissible range of a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water will be described.
Fourthly, with reference to Table 4, in any case of light water, heavy water, a TE mode, and a TM mode, in comparison between two resonance diameters with a difference of m being 1 when an argument mode number is m=8 in a case where a radial mode number is n=1 and when m=6 in a case where n=2, a difference between the two resonance diameters is equal to or less than 12% of a resonance diameter. In other words, when m is continuous near a condition described above, permissible ranges of resonance diameters of “match in half-value width” overlap each other. Furthermore, when m=15 in a case where n=1 and when m=13 in a case where n=2, a difference is equal to or less than 6% of a resonance diameter, and permissible ranges of resonance diameters between continuous m almost completely overlap each other. Therefore, when a micro-water sphere cavity has a WG mode that satisfies a condition of m≥8 in a case where n=1 and m≥6 in a case where n=2, all micro-water sphere cavities can be converted into ultra strong coupling water even with a diameter distribution in the micro-water sphere cavity. In other words, under the condition described above, even with a variation in a diameter, all water constituting aerosol becomes ultra strong coupling water. Note that, the micro-dielectric sphere cavity has the same permissible range of a resonance diameter as that described above, and thus the same discussion holds true for generation of ultra strong coupling water by the micro-dielectric sphere cavity.
Fifthly, the reason why a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water is greater when a radial mode number n=2 than when n=1 is as described in the first example. To simply state a reason, the reason is that, in the equation (4), a contribution of the Airy function in the equation (7) is greater when n=2 than when n=1. In any case, efficiency for generating ultra strong coupling water does not change even when any radial mode number is used, and thus either n=1 or n=2 may be used for generating ultra strong coupling water.
Sixthly, the reason why a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water is smaller for light water than heavy water is as described in the first example. To simply state a reason, the reason is that a wavelength of a WG mode is longer in a stretching vibrational mode of heavy water than in a stretching vibrational mode of light water. In any case, a coupling ratio ΩR/2ω0 of ultra strong coupling water rarely changes when light water or heavy water is used, and thus any of light water, heavy water, and a mixed liquid thereof may be used for generating ultra strong coupling water.
As described above, the second example clarified dependence, on kinds of water, kinds of deflection, a radial mode number n, and an argument mode number m, of a resonance diameter of a micro-water sphere cavity needed for generating ultra strong coupling water. Further, a necessary value for a resonance diameter was determined as a specific numerical value. Furthermore, under the condition that m≥8 in a case where n=1 and m≥6 in a case where n=2, it was exemplified that, even with a variation in a diameter, all water constituting aerosol can be converted into ultra strong coupling water.
Third ExampleA third example describes, when a micro-dielectric sphere present in water functions as a cavity, how an electric field of a WG mode distributes in a radial direction outside the cavity while depending on an argument mode number m or a relative refractive index nr.
With reference to
Hereinafter, knowledge acquired from
First, with reference to dependence on an argument mode number in
Secondly, with reference to dependence on an argument mode number in
Thirdly, in
Fourthly, with reference to dependence on a relative refractive index in
Fifthly, with reference to dependence on a relative refractive index in
As described above, the third example exemplified, by a numerical computation, that a leaking electric field of the micro-dielectric sphere cavity present in water can be used for generation of ultra strong coupling water. The third example clarified, from dependence of a leaking electric field range on an argument mode number m, that, in a case of the micro-dielectric sphere cavity present in water, ultra strong coupling water can be generated in a range of at least 1≤m≤64, and ultra strong coupling water can be manufactured in larger quantity with a smaller argument mode number. Conversely, the third example clarified that, in a case of the micro-water sphere cavity floating in the air, it is more suitable for generation of ultra strong coupling water with a greater argument mode number. Furthermore, the third example clarified, from dependence of a leaking electric field range on a relative refractive index nr, that, in a case of the micro-dielectric sphere cavity present in water, ultra strong coupling water can be generated in a range of at least 1.083≤nr<4.566, and a material of the micro-dielectric sphere cavity can be selected from a wide variety of dielectrics in generation of ultra strong coupling water since dependence of a leaking electric field range on a relative refractive index is relatively small.
Fourth ExampleA fourth example will describe how a relationship between a resonance diameter and a relative refractive index of a micro-dielectric sphere cavity needed for generating ultra strong coupling water changes by a difference in kinds (TE mode and TM mode) of deflection, kinds (light water and heavy water) of water, a radial mode number n, and an argument mode number m when water is a dispersion medium.
With reference to
Tables 5 to 8 summarize a result of performing a numerical computation on a resonance diameter of a micro-dielectric sphere cavity formed of various materials. Tables 5 and 6 illustrate a case where light water (H2O) is a dispersion medium, and Tables 7 and 8 illustrate a case where heavy water (D2O) is a dispersion medium. Each of the tables separately illustrates cases where kinds of polarization are a TE mode and a TM mode and an argument mode number m is m=1 and m=8. Note that, a radial mode number n is n=1 in all cases. In Tables 5 and 6, when a dielectric is a solid, the dielectric is used for colloid according to the present invention. An example in which a dielectric is a solid is as follows: at least one of magnesium fluoride (MgF2), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), calcium fluoride (CaF2), silicon oxide (SiO2), barium fluoride (BaF2), cellulose, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate, polystyrene, zinc oxide (ZnO), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), polyimide, sapphire (Al2O3), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), hafnium oxide (HfO2), cadmium sulfide (CdS), gallium nitride (GaN), titanium oxide (TiO2), diamond, silicon nitride (Si3N4), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), silicon carbide (SiC), cadmium telluride (CdTe), zinc telluride (ZnTe), gallium phosphide (GaP), indium phosphide (InP), boron carbide (B4C), gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon (Si), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium antimonide (InSb), germanium (Ge), lead selenide (PbSe), and lead telluride (PbTe). When a dielectric is liquid, the dielectric is used for emulsion according to the present invention. An example in which the dielectric is liquid is as follows: at least one of octane, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), diethyl phthalate, benzene, dichlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, bromoform (CHBr3), and carbon disulfide (CS2).
Knowledge acquired from
First, with reference to
Secondly, a permissible range of a resonance diameter needed for generating ultra strong coupling water will be described.
Thirdly, in
Fourthly, in
Fifthly, with reference to Tables 5 to 8, Tables 5 to 8 exemplify that, when water is a dispersion medium, a micro-dielectric sphere cavity with a variety of dielectrics as a material can be used for generating ultra strong coupling water. The reason is that a necessary condition is only a resonance diameter and a relative refractive index. As described above, any dielectric may be used as long as a relative refractive index is approximately nr≥1.21. A refractive index of water is nenv=1.310, and is thus approximately ncav≥1.59 when the refractive index of water is converted into a refractive index of a cavity ncav. On the other hand, in a case where nr<1.21, any dielectric can be used for the present invention by using an argument mode number in a range of m≥8.
As described above, the fourth example clarified dependence, on kinds of deflection, kinds of water, a radial mode number, and an argument mode number, of a relationship between a resonance diameter and a relative refractive index of a micro-dielectric sphere cavity needed for generating ultra strong coupling water when water is a dispersion medium. The fourth example clarified that, with m=1 being used as an argument mode number, a relative refractive index needs to be in a range of approximately nr≥1.21 for generating ultra strong coupling water, whereas, with m≥8 being used, a relative refractive index is not limited in a practical range.
Fifth ExampleA fifth example describes, for aerosol with a liquid other than pure water as a dispersoid, a resonance diameter in which a micro-liquid sphere cavity floating in the air needs to have in order for the liquid to be brought in a vibrational coupling state. Further, the fifth example simultaneously describes, for emulsion or colloid with a liquid other than pure water as a dispersion medium, a resonance diameter in which a micro-dielectric sphere cavity present in a liquid other than water needs to have in order to convert the liquid into a vibrational coupling state.
With reference to
Table 9 illustrates a case of the TE mode and n=m=1, and Table 10 illustrates a case of the TM mode and n=m=1. Note that, a value in a middle infrared region was used for a refractive index of the liquid. Note that, kinds of the liquid described above are as follows: blood (water content 90%), hydrogen peroxide solution (aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), water content 66%), formalin (aqueous solution of formaldehyde (HCHO), water content 50%), glycerin (glycerol, HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH), methanol (CH3OH), 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHOH), 2-methyl-2-propanol (t-butyl alcohol, (CH3)3COH), phenyl isocyanate (Ph-NCO), acetone ((CH3)2CO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, (CH3)2NCHO), and carbon disulfide (CS2).
Hereinafter, knowledge acquired from
First, with reference to
Secondly, with reference to
Thirdly, with reference to
Fourthly, according to the equations (4) to (8), with the same molecular frequency and relative refractive index, a resonance diameter of a microsphere cavity needed for converting a liquid other than water into a vibrational coupling state tends to be smaller when n=1 of a radial mode number n than when n=2. This tendency is the same as a tendency of a resonance diameter of a microsphere cavity needed for generating ultra strong coupling water. To simply state a reason, the reason is that, in the equation (4), a contribution of the Airy function in the equation (7) is greater when n=2 than when n=1. In any case, efficiency for converting a liquid other than water into a vibrational coupling state does not change even when any radial mode number is used, and thus either n=1 or n=2 may be used for converting a liquid other than water into a vibrational coupling state.
Fifthly, according to the equations (4) to (8), with the same molecular frequency and relative refractive index, a resonance diameter of a microsphere cavity needed for converting a liquid other than water into a vibrational coupling state tends to be greater as an argument mode number m increases. This tendency is the same as a tendency of a resonance diameter of a microsphere cavity needed for generating ultra strong coupling water. In any case, efficiency for converting a liquid other than water into a vibrational coupling state does not depend on an argument mode number, and thus any argument mode number may be used for converting a liquid other than water into a vibrational coupling state.
Sixthly, a permissible range of a resonance diameter needed for generating a liquid in a vibrational coupling state will be described.
Seventhly, with reference to Tables 9 and 10, Tables 9 and 10 exemplify that, by using a microsphere cavity according to the present invention, aerosol in which a liquid in a vibrational coupling state is a dispersoid and colloid in which a liquid in a vibrational coupling state is a dispersion medium can be achieved by a variety of liquids. The reason is that a necessary condition is only a resonance diameter and a relative refractive index. For example, not only a liquid of glycerin, methanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, phenyl isocyanate, or acetone, but also an aqueous solution such as hydrogen peroxide solution and formalin and furthermore a mixing liquid including various solutes and dispersoids, such as blood, may be used. In this way, aerosol, colloid, and emulsion in a vibrational coupling state can be manufactured for a wide variety of kinds of liquids from a pure liquid to a solution and a mixed liquid.
Eighthly, with reference to Tables 9 and 10, the present invention does not select a vibrational mode and a molecular frequency. For example, aerosol, colloid, and emulsion in a vibrational coupling state can be manufactured for a liquid having a variety of vibrational modes and molecular frequencies, such as an OH stretching vibrational mode (ω0=3350, 3400 cm−1), an N═C═O stretching vibrational mode (ω0=2270 cm−1), a C═O stretching vibrational mode ((ω0=1670, 1730 cm−1), and an S═C═S stretching vibrational mode (ω0=1520 cm−1).
As described above, the fifth example clarified how a resonance diameter needed for bringing a liquid other than pure water into a vibrational coupling state depends on a molecular frequency, a relative refractive index, kinds of deflection, a radial mode number, and an argument mode number, with regard to aerosol in which gas such as air is a dispersion medium and a liquid other than pure water constitutes a micro-liquid sphere cavity and is a dispersoid, and colloid or emulsion in which a liquid other than pure water is a dispersion medium and a micro-dielectric sphere cavity is a dispersoid. In this way, the fifth example proved that aerosol, colloid, and emulsion in a vibrational coupling state can be manufactured for a wide variety of kinds of liquids from a pure liquid to a solution and a mixed liquid.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITYAs an application example of the present invention, the whole industrial field using physical/chemical properties of liquid typified by water is exemplified. Particularly, utilization and application can be expected in a wide industrial field from a manufacturing industrial field using a chemical reaction in which liquid typified by water is involved to a health care/medical/pharmaceutical field.
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese patent application No. 2019-053611, filed on Mar. 20, 2019, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
- 11 Equator
- 12 Microsphere
- 13 TE mode
- 14 Origin
- 15 xyz coordinates
- 16 TM mode
- 20 Equator
- 21 Distribution of light intensity in direction perpendicular to equatorial plane
- 30 Fabry-Perot cavity
- 31 Substrate
- 32 Metal film mirror surface
- 33 Protective film
- 34 Spacer
- 35 Water
- 36 Cavity length
- 37 Equator (great circle)
- 38 Resonance diameter
- 39 Enlarged view
- 40 WG mode
- 41 Micro-water sphere
- 42 Dispersion medium
- 43 Aerosol with micro-water sphere cavity as dispersoid
- 50 Micro-water sphere cavity
- 51 Dispersion medium such as air
- 52 Aerosol with micro-water sphere cavity as dispersoid
- 53 Micro-dielectric sphere cavity
- 54 Region of bulk water
- 55 Region of ultra strong coupling water
- 56 Colloid or emulsion with micro-dielectric sphere cavity as dispersoid
- 57 Water molecule (vibrational ultra strong coupling state)
- 58 Raw material molecule (carbon dioxide)
- 59 Product molecule (methanol, oxygen)
- 60 Resonance diameter observation apparatus
- 61 Humidification apparatus
- 62 Heating/cooling apparatus
- 63 Decompression/compression apparatus
- 64 Control signal cable
- 65 Reaction container
- 66 Aerosol generation apparatus
- 67 Raw material supply apparatus
- 68 Product separation apparatus
- 69 Product collection container
- 70 Pipe
- 71 Introduction port
- 72 Discharge port
- 73 Chemical reaction system using micro-water sphere cavity
- 80 Micro-dielectric sphere supply apparatus
- 81 Mixing apparatus
- 82 Water supply apparatus
- 83 Pipe
- 84 Raw material supply apparatus
- 85 Reaction container
- 86 Stirrer
- 87 Micro-dielectric sphere collection pipe
- 88 Micro-dielectric sphere separation apparatus
- 89 Product separation apparatus
- 90 Product collection container
- 91 Introduction port
- 92 Discharge port
- 93 Batch-type chemical reaction system using micro-dielectric sphere cavity
- 94 Mixing apparatus
- 95 Reaction column
- 96 Compression apparatus
- 97 Mixed liquid
- 98 Filler formed of micro-dielectric sphere cavity
- 99 Loop pipe
- 100 Continuous-type chemical reaction system using micro-dielectric sphere cavity
Claims
1. A dispersion system, comprising
- a spherical body, as a dispersoid, formed of a liquid in a vibrational coupling state, wherein
- a whispering gallery mode which the spherical body of the liquid spontaneously forms and a vibrational mode of the liquid are resonantly coupled to each other.
2. A dispersion system, comprising:
- a spherical body that serves as a dispersoid, and is formed of a dielectric;
- a liquid being a dispersion medium of the spherical body, wherein
- a whispering gallery mode which the spherical body of the dielectric spontaneously forms and a vibrational mode of the liquid are resonantly coupled to each other.
3. The dispersion system according to claim 2, wherein
- the dispersion system is colloid, and
- the dielectric is at least one of magnesium fluoride (MgF2), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), calcium fluoride (CaF2), silicon oxide (SiO2), barium fluoride (BaF2), cellulose, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate, polystyrene, zinc oxide (ZnO), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), polyimide, sapphire (Al2O3), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), hafnium oxide (HfO2), cadmium sulfide (CdS), gallium nitride (GaN), titanium oxide (TiO2), diamond, silicon nitride (Si3N4), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), silicon carbide (SiC), cadmium telluride (CdTe), zinc telluride (ZnTe), gallium phosphide (GaP), indium phosphide (InP), boron carbide (B4C), gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon (Si), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium antimonide (InSb), germanium (Ge), lead selenide (PbSe), and lead telluride (PbTe).
4. The dispersion system according to claim 2, wherein
- the dispersion system is emulsion, and
- the dielectric is at least one of octane, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), diethyl phthalate, benzene, dichlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, bromoform (CHBr3), and carbon disulfide (CS2).
5. The dispersion system according to claim 1, wherein the liquid is water.
6. The dispersion system according to claim 5, wherein
- the water is light water (H2O), heavy water (D2O), tritiated water (T2O), and a mixed liquid including two or more kinds of water selected from light water (H2O), heavy water (D2O), and tritiated water (T2O).
7. A treatment method, comprising
- using the dispersion system according to claim 1 for a chemical reaction.
8. A chemical reaction apparatus being used in the treatment method according to claim 7, the chemical reaction apparatus comprising at least
- a reaction container in which the chemical reaction is performed;
- an introduction port for introducing the dispersion system into the reaction container; and
- a discharge port for discharging a reactant by the chemical reaction.
9. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising a column in which the spherical body fills.
Type: Application
Filed: Jan 6, 2020
Publication Date: Jun 9, 2022
Applicant: NEC Corporation (Minato-ku, Tokyo)
Inventor: Hidefumi HIURA (Tokyo)
Application Number: 17/436,317