APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TESTING INTEGRITY OF AN ULTRAFILTER MEMBRANE
An apparatus for an extracorporeal treatment of blood has a supply line, a waste line, and an ultrafilter inserted in the supply line. An air inlet line is connected to a first chamber of the ultrafilter. A pressure sensor is configured for detecting pressure in the waste line or a second chamber of the ultrafilter. A controller is configured to perform an integrity test procedure for detecting when an ultrafilter membrane of the ultrafilter has multiple or single fiber breaks. A method of testing the ultrafilter is also disclosed.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 17/050,050, filed Oct. 23, 2020, which is a National Phase of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/060246, filed Apr. 19, 2019, which claims priority to EP Application No. 18169176.7, filed Apr. 25, 2018. The entire contents of each application are incorporated herein by reference and relied upon.
DESCRIPTIONThe invention relates to an apparatus and to a method for testing the integrity of the semipermeable membrane of one or more ultrafilters. The invention may apply for testing the membrane integrity of one or more ultrafilters in apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment. For example, the hydraulic circuit of apparatus for hemodialysis, or hemofiltration, or hemodiafiltration may include one or more ultrafilters configured for removing germs and other undesired particles which may be present in the dialysis liquid and/or in the replacement liquid prepared by the apparatus. As ultrafilters are typically used for a number of treatments, the ultrafilters membrane integrity needs to be periodically verified in order to guarantee the membrane ability to purify liquid.
Various methods have been used in the past to check the integrity of an ultrafilter membrane. In particular, the testing methods used in more recent years have strived to be reliable in the detection of ruptures of the membrane, without requiring excessive complication on the apparatus and using as possible components already present in conventional extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus.
For example, EP 1897605 B1 relates to a method and apparatus for testing integrity of an ultrafilter membrane wherein gas is fed into a chamber of the tested ultrafilter via a feed line. Gas is put under pressure by a given amount of liquid also fed through the same feed line. Then, a measure of liquid flow is made to detect leakage through the ultrafilter membrane.
WO 2012124425 A1 relates to a hemodialysis apparatus wherein the control system is configured for executing a method of testing the integrity of an ultrafilter membrane by filling a part of the hydraulic circuit with air, creating a negative pressure in the water filled part of the hydraulic circuit, and monitoring the negative pressure thus created.
In particular, the control system operates the dialysis pump to create a first negative pressure on the liquid side of the tested ultrafilter, then stops the dialysis pump and operates an ultrafiltration pump to create a second and more negative pressure. The control system then verifies that the second more negative pressure remains substantially stable. If this does not happen a defective membrane is identified.
EP1898973 B1 relates to an apparatus for the testing of filters aiming to avoid use of high pressures in the hydraulic circuit connected to the ultrafilter. In particular, this document shows a method of testing ultrafilters comprising generating an overpressure on one side of the ultrafilter membrane and a negative pressure on the opposite side thereof.
Although the above methods have been used in the past, the Applicant considered that the state of the art may still be improved.
An aim of the invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for testing ultrafilters, which improves test rapidity without compromising test reliability.
A further aim of the invention is to offer a method and an apparatus suitable for testing ultrafilters of apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment, such as hemodialysis, hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration apparatus.
An additional aim of the present invention is to make available a precise and sensitive method and apparatus for testing ultrafilters which is able to distinguish over different types of ultrafilter membrane integrity problems.
SUMMARYAt least one of the above objects is substantially reached by an apparatus according to one or more of the appended apparatus claims.
At least one of the above objects is substantially reached by a method according to one or more of the appended method claims.
Apparatus and methods according to aspects of the invention and capable of achieving one or more of the above objects are here below described.
A 1st aspect concerns an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus (1) comprising:
- a supply line (2) having an inlet end connectable to a source of treatment liquid and an outlet end connectable to an inlet port of a blood treatment device (5);
- a waste line (13) having an inlet end connectable to an outlet port the blood treatment device (5) and an outlet end connectable to a discharge of used treatment liquid, wherein the supply line (2) and the waste line (13) are part of an hydraulic circuit (100);
- an ultrafilter (19) inserted in the supply line (2) and having a semipermeable membrane dividing the ultrafilter (19) into a first chamber (21) and a second chamber (22), the ultrafilter (19) presenting:
- a first port connecting a first tract (24) of the supply line (2) to the first chamber (21),
- a second port connecting the second chamber (22) to a second tract (26) of the supply line (2);
- an air inlet line (30) connected to the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) or to the first tract (24) of the supply line (2);
- at least one waste pump (34, 38) on the waste line (13);
- at least one pressure sensor (41) configured for detecting pressure in one of:
- the second chamber (22) of the ultrafilter (19),
- the second tract (26) of the supply line (2),
- the waste line (13);
- a controller (50) connected to the waste pump (34, 38) and the at least one pressure sensor (41) and configured to carry out an integrity test procedure comprising the following steps:
- causing filling of the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air,
- after filling the first chamber (21) with air, increasing a negative pressure or creating a negative pressure (i.e. either making more negative the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure present in the ambient where the apparatus (1) is installed or creating a pressure negative relative to said atmospheric pressure present in the ambient where the apparatus (1) is installed) in the second chamber (22) of the ultrafilter (19) by operating the waste pump (34, 38),
- verifying, while the waste pump (34, 38) is running, if the pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41) reaches a set negative pressure threshold (Pt) ,
- determining that the ultrafilter (19) semipermeable membrane has a multi-fiber break if pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during said verification step reaches said set negative pressure threshold (Pt) within a set time interval (T).
For example the air inlet line may include at least one of an air valve and an air pump connected to the controller (50); the step of causing filling of the first chamber of the ultrafilter comprises execution by the controller (50) of at least one of commanding opening of the air valve and commanding operation of the air pump.
In a 2nd aspect according to the 1st aspect the hydraulic circuit is configurable according to a by-pass configuration, where the supply line (2) is in fluid communication with the waste line (13) via a bypass line bypassing the blood treatment device (5) and directly connecting the outlet end of the supply line (2) and the inlet end of the waste line (13), and according to a normal configuration, where the outlet end of the supply line (2) communicates with the inlet end of the waste line (13) through the blood treatment device (5).
In a 3rd aspect according to the 2nd aspect the controller (50) is configured to carry out said integrity test procedure comprising with the hydraulic circuit (100) in by-pass configuration.
In a 4th aspect according to any one of the preceding aspects said integrity test procedure, which the controller (50) is configured to execute, comprises operating the waste pump (34, 38) in closed-loop as follows:
- during said step of filling the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air, achieved by at least opening an air valve or operating an air pump operative on the air inlet line (30), also operating the waste pump (34, 38) based on a first set negative pressure value (P1) which is a desired set value to be reached by pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41),
- after said step of filling the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air, once the first chamber (21) has been emptied from liquid and filled with air, operating the waste pump (34, 38) based on a second set negative pressure value (P2), different from the first set value (P1) and which represents a second desired set value to be reached by pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41).
In a 5th aspect according to the 4th aspect, the second set negative pressure value (P2) is more negative than the first pressure value.
In a 6th aspect according to the 4th or the 5th aspect the set negative pressure threshold (Pt), which is checked during said verifying step, has a negative value intermediate between said first set pressure value (P1) and said second set pressure value (P2) .
In a 7th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects the first set pressure value (P1) is selected in a pressure range between -150 and -450 mm Hg mmHg.
In an 8th aspect according to any one of the preceding four aspects, the second set pressure value (P2) is selected in a pressure range between - 300 and - 700 mm Hg mmHg.
In 9th aspect according to any one of the preceding five aspects the second pressure value is at least 100 mm Hg mmHg more negative than the first set pressure value.
In a 10th aspect according to any one of the preceding aspects the extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus (1) comprises a fresh fluid pump positioned on:
- the air inlet line (30), or
- the first tract (24) of the supply line (2), between the air injection point and the first port of the ultrafilter (19) .
In an 11th aspect according to the preceding aspect the controller (50) is also connected to the fresh fluid pump and configured to operate the fresh fluid pump during said step of filling the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air.
In a 12th aspect according to the preceding aspect wherein the controller is configured to open the air valve (31) with a delay from start of operation of the fresh fluid pump.
In a 13th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects, wherein the apparatus (1) comprises a safety pressure sensor (90) located between fresh fluid pump (32) and the first chamber of the ultrafilter (19), wherein the controller (50) is configured to stop operation of fresh fluid pump (32) if a pressure difference or pressure ratio between pressure detected by pressure sensor (41) and pressure detected by safety pressure sensor (90) exceeds an identified safety threshold.
In a 14th aspect according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the integrity test procedure comprises the following further steps which the controller (50) is configured to execute:
- hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19);
- receiving pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) at the end of a given transitory period after having hydraulically isolated the ultrafilter (19) ;
- verifying if two stability conditions are met:
- pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) at the end of the transitory period are below an auxiliary negative pressure threshold (Pt2), and
- a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) at the end of the transitory period is below a set pressure differential (ΔP),
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has a multi-fiber break if said two stability conditions are not both met.
The further steps described above may be executed by the controller after the steps of the preceding aspects.
In a 15th aspect according to the preceding aspect the auxiliary negative pressure threshold (Pt2) is -350 mmHg.
In a 16th aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects the set pressure differential (ΔP) is 4 mmHg/s.
In a 17th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects the auxiliary negative pressure threshold (Pt2) is less negative than the pressure threshold (Pt).
In an 18th aspect according to any one of the preceding four aspects the controller (50) is configured to determine said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) assigning a respective weight to each received pressure value, with the pressure values received during an initial phase of detection having more weight than pressure values received during an ending phase of detection.
In a 19th aspect according to any one of the preceding aspects the integrity test procedure comprises the following further steps which the controller (50) is configured to execute:
- hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19);
- receiving pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during a further test interval after a/said transitory period following hydraulic isolation of the ultrafilter (19),
- verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during the further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential (Δp2) for at least a portion of said test interval,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has a single-fiber break if the above last verifying step is not positively passed.
The further steps described above may be executed by the controller after the steps of the preceding aspects.
In a 20th aspect according to the preceding aspect the step of verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during the further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential (Δp2) for at least a portion of said test interval comprises verifying if the variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during the further test interval remains below 2 mmHg/s for 4 seconds in the first 10 seconds of the further test interval.
In a 21st aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects, said further set pressure differential (Δp2) is a fraction of said set pressure differential (ΔP).
In a 22nd aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects, said further set pressure differential (Δp2) is less than 70% of said set pressure differential (ΔP).
In a 23rd aspect according to any one of the preceding four aspects, said further set pressure differential (Δp2) is less than or equal to 50% of said set pressure differential (ΔP).
In a 24th aspect according to any one of the preceding five aspects, the apparatus (1) further comprises:
- at least one inlet valve (39) on the supply line (2) to selectively open and close supply of liquid from the source of treatment liquid;
- at least one outlet valve (40) on the waste line (13) to selectively open and close flow of used treatment liquid to the discharge;
- a flush line (28) connecting a third port of the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) to the waste line (13), and
- at least one flush valve (29) positioned on the flush line to selectively open and close the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) to the waste line (13).
In a 25th aspect according to the preceding aspect the step of hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19) comprises the following sub-steps which the controller (50) is configured to execute:
- closing at least said inlet valve, outlet valve, flush valve and optionally the air inlet valve,
- stopping the waste pump (34, 38).
In a 26th aspect according to the preceding aspect wherein step of hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19) comprises also stopping the fresh fluid pump (32).
In a 27th aspect according to any one of the preceding aspects the apparatus also comprises an auxiliary ultrafilter (70) inserted in the second tract (26) of the supply line (2) and having a semipermeable membrane dividing the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) into a respective first chamber (72) and a respective second chamber (73), the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) presenting:
- a first port connecting a first portion (26a) of the second tract (26) of the supply line (2) to the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70),
- a second port connecting the second chamber (73) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) to a second portion (26b) of the second tract (26) of the supply line (2);
- an auxiliary air inlet line (76) connected to the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) or to the first portion (26a) of the second tract (26) of the supply line (2);
- an auxiliary air valve or an auxiliary air pump (77) on the air inlet line (76).
In a 28th aspect according to the preceding aspect, the at least one pressure sensor (41) is configured for detecting pressure in one of:
- the second chamber (73) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) ,
- the second portion (26b) of the second tract (26) of the supply line (2),
- the waste line (13).
In a 29th aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects the controller (50) is configured to carry out an auxiliary integrity test procedure comprising the following steps:
- causing filling of the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) with air by operating the waste pump (34 and 38); this step may also include execution by the controller (50) of at least one of commanding opening of an auxiliary air valve or operation of an auxiliary air pump (77) operative on the air inlet line (76),
- after filling the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) with air, increasing a negative pressure (rendering the pressure more negative relative to atmospheric pressure present in the environment where the apparatus is installed)in the second chamber (73) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) by continuing to operate the waste pump (34, 38),
- verifying, while the waste pump (34, 38) is running, if the pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41) reaches a set negative pressure threshold (Pt′),
- determining that the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) semipermeable membrane has a multi-fiber break if the pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during said verification step does not reach said set negative pressure threshold (Pt′) within an auxiliary set time interval (T′).
In a 30th aspect according to the preceding aspect the controller (50) is configured to carry out the auxiliary integrity test procedure with the hydraulic circuit, i.e., the supply line (2) and the waste line (13), in by-pass configuration.
In a 31st aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects said auxiliary integrity test procedure, which the controller (50) is configured to execute, comprises operating the waste pump (34, 38) in closed-loop as follows:
- during said step of filling the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) with air, the controller (50) controls operation of the waste pump (34, 38) based on a first set negative pressure value (P1′), which shall be reached by pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41),
- after said step of filling the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70), once the first chamber (72) has been completely emptied from liquid and filled with air, the controller (50) controls operation of the waste pump (34, 38) based on a second set negative pressure value (P2′), which shall be reached by pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41) and which is different from the first pressure value
In a 32nd aspect according to the preceding aspect the set negative pressure threshold (Pt′) has a negative value intermediate between said first set pressure value (P1′) and said second set pressure value (P2′).
In a 33rd aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects the first set pressure value (P1′) is selected in a pressure range between -150 and -450 mm Hg.
In a 34th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects the second set pressure value (P2′) is selected in the range between -300 and -700 mm Hg mmHg.
In a 35th aspect according to any one of the preceding four aspects the second pressure value (P2′) is at least 100 mm Hg mmHg more negative than the first set pressure value (P1′).
In a 36th aspect according to any one of the preceding five aspects the set negative pressure threshold (Pt′) is selected to have a value which is intermediate between the first and second pressure values (Pl′, P2′).
In a 37th aspect according to any one of the preceding six aspects the controller (50) is configured to check a time related parameter, which is one of:
- a time necessary to reach the first pressure value (P1′),
- a rotation frequency of the waste pump (34, 38),
- a pump rotation period of the waste pump (34, 38), and to compare this detected time related parameter with a corresponding reference threshold, assigning the identification of a multi-fiber break problem in membrane (20) of ultrafilter (19) if the check on the time related parameter is not passed.
In a 38th aspect according to any one of the preceding nine aspects the auxiliary integrity test procedure comprises the following further steps which the controller (50) is configured to execute:
- hydraulically isolating the auxiliary ultrafilter (70);
- receiving pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) at the end of a given transitory period after having hydraulically isolated the auxiliary ultrafilter (70);
- verifying if two stability conditions are met:
- pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) at the end of the transitory period are below an auxiliary negative pressure threshold,
- a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) at the end of the transitory period is below a set pressure differential,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) has a multi-fiber break if said two stability conditions are not both met.
In a 39th aspect according to the preceding aspect the auxiliary negative pressure threshold is -350 mmHg.
In a 40th aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects the set pressure differential is 4 mmHg/s.
In a 41st aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects the variation by unit of time (dP/dt) is determined by assigning a respective weight to each received pressure value, with the pressure values received during an initial phase of detection having more weight than pressure values received during an ending phase of detection.
In a 42nd aspect according to any one of the preceding thirteen aspects the auxiliary integrity test procedure comprises the following further steps which the controller (50) is configured to execute:
- hydraulically isolating the auxiliary ultrafilter (70);
- receiving pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during a further test interval subsequent to the transitory period following hydraulic isolation of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70),
- verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during the further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential (Op2′), for example below 2 mmHg/s, for at least a portion of said further test interval, for example for 4s in the first 10s of the further test interval,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (70) has a single-fiber break if the above last verifying step is not positively passed.
In a 43rd aspect according to the preceding aspect the further set pressure differential (Op2′) is 2 mmHg/s.
In a 44th aspect according to any one of the preceding six aspects the apparatus further includes:
- an auxiliary flush line (86) connecting a third port of the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) to the waste line (13), and
- an auxiliary flush valve (88) positioned on the flush line to selectively open and close the first chamber (72) of the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) to the waste line (13); wherein the step of hydraulically isolating the auxiliary ultrafilter (70) comprises the following sub-steps which the controller (50) is configured to execute:
- at least closing said inlet valve (39), outlet valve (40), auxiliary flush valve (88), and optionally the air inlet valve and the auxiliary air inlet valve,
- stopping the waste pump (34 and 38) and, when a fresh fluid pump is present also stopping the fresh fluid pump (32).
A 45th aspect concerns a method of testing the integrity of an ultrafilter membrane of an ultrafilter (19; 70), wherein the ultrafilter membrane separates the ultrafilter (19; 70) into a first and a second chamber (21, 22; 72, 73).
A 46th aspect concerns a method of testing the integrity of an ultrafilter membrane of at least one ultrafilter (19; 70) of the extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus (1) according to any one of aspects from the 1st to the 44th.
In a 47th aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects the method comprising executing the following steps:
- emptying the first chamber (21; 72) of the ultrafilter (19; 70) from liquid and filling the first chamber (21; 72) with air,
- after the first chamber (21; 72) has been filled with air, continue extracting liquid from the second chamber (22; 73) of the ultrafilter (19; 70),
- verifying, while extracting liquid from the second chamber (22; 73) of the ultrafilter (19; 70), if the pressure in the ultrafilter (19; 70) second chamber (22; 73) reaches a set negative pressure threshold (Pt, Pt′),
- determining that the ultrafilter (19; 70) semipermeable membrane has a multi-fiber break if the pressure in the second chamber (22; 73) during the step of extracting liquid does not reach (i.e., does not go down enough to reach) said set negative pressure threshold (Pt; Pt′) within a set time interval.
In a 48th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects the method comprises the following further steps:
- hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19; 70);
- waiting a given transitory period;
- verifying if two stability conditions are met:
- values of pressure in the second chamber (22; 73) of the ultrafilter (19; 70) at the end of the transitory period are below an auxiliary negative pressure threshold, for example below -350 mmHg, and
- a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values in the second chamber (22; 73) of the ultrafilter (19; 70) at the end of the transitory period is below a set pressure differential, for example below 4 mmHg/s,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19; 70) has a multi-fiber break if said two stability conditions are not both met.
The further steps described above may be executed after the steps of the preceding aspect.
In a 49th aspect according to the preceding aspect the variation by unit of time (dP/dt) is determined by assigning a respective weight to each received pressure value, with the pressure values received during an initial phase of detection having more weight than pressure values received during an ending phase of detection.
In a 50th aspect according to any one of the preceding five aspects the method comprises the following further steps:
- hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19; 70);
- optionally waiting a given transitory period;
- verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of values of pressure during a further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19; 70) has a single-fiber break if the above last verifying step is not positively passed.
The further steps described above may be executed after the steps of the preceding aspects 47th or 48th or 49th.
In a 51st aspect according to the preceding aspect verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of values of pressure during a further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential comprises verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of values of pressure during a further test interval remains below 2 mmHg/s for at least 4 seconds in the first 10 seconds of the further test interval.
In a 52nd aspect according to any one of the preceding five aspects, wherein the method comprises the step of checking a time related parameter, which is one of:
- a time necessary to reach a first pressure value (P1′),
- a rotation frequency of the waste pump (34, 38),
- a pump rotation period of the waste pump (34, 38), and to compare this detected time related parameter with a corresponding reference threshold, assigning the identification of a multi-fiber break problem in membrane (20) of ultrafilter (19) if the check on the time related parameter is not passed.
A 53rd aspect concerns an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus (1) comprising:
- a supply line (2) having an inlet end connectable to a source of treatment liquid and an outlet end connectable to an inlet port of a blood treatment device (5);
- a waste line (13) having an inlet end connectable to an outlet port the blood treatment device (5) and an outlet end connectable to a discharge of used treatment liquid, wherein the supply line (2) and the waste line (13) are part of an hydraulic circuit (100);
- an ultrafilter (19) inserted in the supply line (2) and having a semipermeable membrane dividing the ultrafilter (19) into a first chamber (21) and a second chamber (22), the ultrafilter (19) presenting:
- a first port connecting a first tract (24) of the supply line (2) to the first chamber (21),
- a second port connecting the second chamber (22) to a second tract (26) of the supply line (2);
- an air inlet line (30) connected to the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) or to the first tract (24) of the supply line (2);
- at least one waste pump (34, 38) on the waste line (13);
- at least one pressure sensor (41) configured for detecting pressure in one of:
- the second chamber (22) of the ultrafilter (19),
- the second tract (26) of the supply line (2),
- the waste line (13);
- a controller (50) connected to the waste pump (34, 38) and the at least one pressure sensor (41) and configured to carry out an integrity test procedure comprising the following steps:
- filling the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air, optionally by at least commanding opening an air valve or operation an air pump located on the air inlet line (30),
- increasing the negative pressure (i.e., rendering the pressure more negative relative to atmospheric pressure present in the environment where the apparatus is installed) or creating a negative pressure (again relative to said atmospheric pressure) in the second chamber (22) of the ultrafilter (19) by operating the waste pump (34, 38), hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19),
- receiving pressure values from the at least one pressure sensor (41),
- determining a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) after having hydraulically isolated the ultrafilter (19),
- establishing whether the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has either a single fiber break or a multi-fiber break based on said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41).
In a 54th aspect according to the preceding 1st the hydraulic circuit is configurable according to a by-pass configuration, where the supply line (2) is in fluid communication with the waste line (13) via a bypass line bypassing the blood treatment device, and according to a normal configuration, where the outlet end of the supply line (2) communicates with the inlet end of the waste line (13) through the blood treatment device (5) .
In a 55th aspect according to the preceding aspect the controller (50) is configured to carry out said integrity test procedure comprising with the hydraulic circuit (100) in by-pass configuration.
In a 56th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects said integrity test procedure, which the controller (50) is configured to execute, comprises operating the waste pump (34, 38) in closed-loop as follows:
- during said step of filling the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air, achieved by at least opening an air valve or operating an air pump operative on the air inlet line (30), also operating the waste pump (34, 38) based on a first set negative pressure value (P1) which is a desired set value to be reached by pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41),
- after said step of filling the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air, once the first chamber (21) has been emptied from liquid and filled with air, operating the waste pump (34, 38) based on a second set negative pressure value (P2), different from the first set value (P1) and which represents a second desired set value to be reached by pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor (41).
In a 57th aspect according to the 56th aspect, the second set negative pressure value (P2) is more negative than the first pressure value (P1). For example the first set pressure value (P1) is selected in a pressure range between -150 and -450 mm Hg mmHg and the second set pressure value (P2) is selected in a pressure range between - 300 and - 700 mm Hg mmHg.
In a 58th aspect according to any one of the preceding four aspects the extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus (1) comprises a fresh fluid pump positioned on:
- the air inlet line (30), or
- the first tract (24) of the supply line (2), between the air injection point and the first port of the ultrafilter (19) .
In an 59th aspect according to the preceding aspect the controller (50) is also connected to the fresh fluid pump and configured to operate the fresh fluid pump during said step of filling the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) with air.
In a 60th aspect according to the preceding aspect wherein the controller is configured to open the air valve (31) with a delay from start of operation of the fresh fluid pump.
In a 61st aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects, wherein the apparatus (1) comprises a safety pressure sensor (90) located between fresh fluid pump (32) and the first chamber of the ultrafilter (19), wherein the controller (50) is configured to stop operation of fresh fluid pump (32) if a pressure difference or pressure ratio between pressure detected by pressure sensor (41) and pressure detected by safety pressure sensor (90) exceeds an identified safety threshold.
In a 62nd aspect according to any one of the preceding nine aspects the step of establishing whether the membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has either a single fiber break or a multi-fiber break based on said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) comprises the following first sub-steps:
- verifying if two stability conditions are met:
- pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41), optionally at the end of a transitory period subsequent to hydraulic isolation, are below an auxiliary negative pressure threshold (Pt2), and
- the variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41), optionally at the end of the transitory period is below a set pressure differential (AP),
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has a multi-fiber break if said two stability conditions are not both met.
In a 63rd aspect according to the preceding aspect the auxiliary negative pressure threshold (Pt2) is -350 mmHg.
In a 64th aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects the set pressure differential (AP) is 4 mmHg/s.
In an 65th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects the controller (50) is configured to determine said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) assigning a respective weight to each received pressure value, with the pressure values received during an initial phase of detection having more weight than pressure values received during an ending phase of detection.
In a 66th aspect according to any one of the preceding four aspects the step of establishing whether the membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has either a single fiber break or a multi-fiber break based on said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) comprises the following second sub-steps:
- verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41), during a further test interval, remains below a further set pressure differential (Op2) for at least a portion of said test interval,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has a single-fiber break if the above last verifying step is not positively passed.
In a 67th aspect according to the preceding aspect, the controller is configured to execute the second subs-steps after the first sub-steps.
In a 68th aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects the step of verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during the further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential (Op2) for at least a portion of said test interval comprises verifying if the variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the at least one pressure sensor (41) during the further test interval remains below 2 mmHg/s for 4 seconds in the first 10 seconds of the further test interval.
In a 69th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects, said further set pressure differential (Op2) is a fraction of said set pressure differential (AP).
In a 70th aspect according to any one of the preceding four aspects, said further set pressure differential (Op2) is less than 70% of said set pressure differential (AP).
In a 71st aspect according to any one of the preceding five aspects, said further set pressure differential (Op2) is less than or equal to 50% of said set pressure differential (AP).
In a 72nd aspect according to any one of the preceding aspects from the 53rd to the 71st, the apparatus (1) further comprises:
- at least one inlet valve (39) on the supply line (2) to selectively open and close supply of liquid from the source of treatment liquid;
- at least one outlet valve (40) on the waste line (13) to selectively open and close flow of used treatment liquid to the discharge;
- a flush line (28) connecting a third port of the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) to the waste line (13), and
- at least one flush valve (29) positioned on the flush line to selectively open and close the first chamber (21) of the ultrafilter (19) to the waste line (13).
In a 73rd aspect according to the preceding aspect the step of hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19) comprises the following sub-steps which the controller (50) is configured to execute:
- closing at least said inlet valve, outlet valve, flush valve and optionally the air inlet valve,
- stopping the waste pump (34, 38).
In a 74th aspect according to the preceding aspect wherein the step of hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19) comprises also stopping the fresh fluid pump (32).
A 75th aspect concerns a method of testing the integrity of an ultrafilter membrane of an ultrafilter (19; 70), wherein the ultrafilter membrane separates the ultrafilter (19; 70) into a first and a second chamber (21, 22; 72, 73).
A 76th aspect concerns a method of testing the integrity of an ultrafilter membrane of at least one ultrafilter (19; 70) of the extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus (1) according to any one of the preceding aspects from the 1st to the 44th or from the 53rd to the 75th.
In a 77th aspect according to any one of the preceding two aspects, wherein the method comprises executing the following steps:
- emptying the first chamber (21; 72) of the ultrafilter (19; 70) from liquid and filling the first chamber (21; 72) with air,
- after the first chamber (21; 72) has been filled with air, continue extracting liquid from the second chamber (22; 73) of the ultrafilter (19; 70),
- hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter (19; 70),
- optionally waiting a given transitory period after hydraulic isolation,
- receiving pressure values relating to pressure present in the ultrafilter second chamber,
- determining a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected after having hydraulically isolated the ultrafilter (19),
- establishing whether the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has either a single fiber break or a multi-fiber break based on said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values.
In a 78th aspect according to the preceding aspect, the step of establishing whether the membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has either a single fiber break or a multi-fiber break based on said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values comprises the following first sub-steps:
- verifying if two stability conditions are met:
- values of pressure in the second chamber (22; 73) of the ultrafilter (19; 70) at the end of the transitory period are below an auxiliary negative pressure threshold, for example below -350 mmHg, and
- a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values in the second chamber (22; 73) of the ultrafilter (19; 70) at the end of the transitory period is below a set pressure differential, for example below 4 mmHg/s,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19; 70) has a multi-fiber break if said two stability conditions are not both met.
In a 79th aspect according to the preceding aspect the variation by unit of time (dP/dt) is determined by assigning a respective weight to each received pressure value, with the pressure values received during an initial phase of detection having more weight than pressure values received during an ending phase of detection.
In a 80th aspect according to any one of the preceding three aspects, the step of establishing whether the membrane of the ultrafilter (19) has either a single fiber break or a multi-fiber break based on said variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values comprises the following second sub-steps:
- verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of values of pressure during a further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential,
- determining that the semipermeable membrane of the ultrafilter (19; 70) has a single-fiber break if the above last verifying step is not positively passed.
In a 81st aspect according to the preceding aspect verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of values of pressure during a further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential comprises verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of values of pressure during a further test interval remains below 2 mmHg/s for at least 4 seconds in the first 10 seconds of the further test interval.
In an 82nd aspect according to any one of the preceding aspects each ultrafilter (including if present the auxiliary ultrafilter) is of the type using a semipermeable membrane formed by a bundle of adjacent and substantially coextensive hollow fibers.
In an 83rd aspect according to the preceding aspect the hollow fibers forming the semipermeable membrane are housed in a container and divide the container inner volume into two chambers: one of the two chambers is collectively formed by the volume inside the tubular walls of the plurality of fibers, while the other chamber is collectively formed by the volume outside the tubular walls of the fibers.
Aspects of the invention are shown in the attached drawings, which are provided by way of non-limiting example, wherein:
In the present description and claims the following definitions are adopted:
- checking integrity of the ultrafilter (or of the auxiliary ultrafilter) semipermeable membrane means checking that the semipermeable membrane does not present one or more breaks in correspondence of any fiber forming the semipermeable membrane structure which could compromise the ability of the semipermeable membrane to properly separate undesired particles such as pollutants, bacteria, endotoxins, from liquid to be filtered; in case of ultrafilter semipermeable membranes formed by a bundle of hollow fibers, checking integrity of the ultrafilter (or of the auxiliary ultrafilter) semipermeable membrane means checking that the tubular wall of all fibers forming the ultrafilter membrane are intact and that therefore the membrane does not present one or more breaks at any fiber tubular wall;
- single fiber break means a break compromising the membrane integrity and affecting a single fiber of the ultrafilter membrane;
- multi-fiber break or multi-fiber break problem or multi-fiber breaks means a plurality of breaks, i.e.: breaks affecting two or more fibers and compromising the membrane integrity.
In the present description and claims the following conventions are adopted:
- the terms downstream and upstream respectively refer to the downstream or upstream position of a component with respect to another component relative to the direction of a fluid flow in a line during normal use of the apparatus;
- each pressure value represents the difference between an absolute pressure value and the absolute value of the atmospheric pressure in the ambient where the apparatus is placed; thus, assuming the absolute value of ambient pressure at the apparatus is 760 mmHg, a negative pressure value of for example -300 mmHg represents an absolute pressure value which is = 760 - 300 mmHg = 460 mmHg, i.e., 300 mmHg below the absolute value of the pressure present in the environment surrounding the apparatus.
An apparatus 1 for extracorporeal treatment of blood - which may implement innovative aspects of the invention - is shown in
The apparatus 1 of
The apparatus 1 also includes an air inlet line 30: the air inlet line of the example of
Also note that the apparatus 1 may comprise an auxiliary waste pump 38 operative on the waste line 13 and positioned between the waste pump 34 and the outlet end 15 of the waste line. Additionally, a general water inlet valve 39, operable to selectively open and close admission of fresh liquid (fresh water) into the supply line 2, may be present at the inlet end 3 of the supply line 2, and a general waste outlet valve 40, operable to selectively open and close discharge of waste liquid out of the waste line 13 may be present at the outlet end of waste line 13.
The apparatus 1 of
Again with reference to
Finally, the apparatus of
A safety pressure sensor 90 is located between fresh fluid pump 32 and three-way valve 35. The controller may be configured to stop operation of fresh fluid pump 32 once the pressure difference between pressure detected by sensor 41 and pressure detected by safety pressure sensor 90 exceeds an identified safety threshold to prevent from pressurize air in chamber 21. Of course pressure ratio between pressure detected by sensor 41 and pressure detected by safety pressure sensor 90 may be used in place of pressure difference.
At the beginning of each new treatment, or periodically every given number of treatments, the controller 50 is configured to automatically (or upon operator’s request) execute an ultrafilter integrity test procedure as herein described in further detail. Note that before initiating the ultrafilter integrity test procedure, the controller 50 may also be configured or programmed to execute a number of per se known phases such as coordinating the filling and flushing of the hydraulic circuit and operate valves 17 and 18 to put the hydraulic circuit and in particular the supply line and the waste line in a by-pass configuration (see dash lines in
With the supply line and waste line in the by-pass configuration, the controller 50 is configured or programmed to execute an integrity test procedure for checking whether the membrane 20 of the ultrafilter 19 is intact or not.
With reference now to the flowchart of
Initially, the controller 50 causes filling with air of the first chamber 21 of the ultrafilter 19 (step 110 in
After filling the first chamber with air, the controller 50 is configured to form a negative pressure or further increase the value of negative pressure in the second chamber of the ultrafilter (step 111 in
For example, the first set pressure value P1 may be selected in a pressure range between -150 and -450 mm Hg, while the second set pressure value P2 may be selected in the range between -300 and - 700 mm Hg (with the condition that the second pressure value be at least 100 mm Hg more negative than the first set pressure value).
More in general, the first set pressure value P1 may be selected in a pressure range allowing to drain the ultrafilter at moderate flow rates in order to avoid excessive stress on the membrane; the second set pressure value P2 may be selected such as to have an appreciable delta pressure with no residual flow, thus avoiding excessive stresses on the membrane and degasification that could cause exceeding the membrane bubble point (thus resulting into possible false alarms).
After the above described two steps, the controller provides for verifying (step 112 in
The time interval (i.e., the interval by which the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor 41 should reach the set negative pressure threshold to exclude a multi-fiber break of the ultrafilter membrane) is counted by the controller starting from the moment at which the controller imposes the second negative pressure as setting to control the waste pump 34 (or to both waste pumps 34 and 38). This time interval lasts 10 to 60 seconds, for example 30 seconds.
According to aspects of the invention, the integrity test procedure may further comprise the following additional steps which the controller is configured to execute after steps 110 to 113 described above.
In detail, at step 114 the controller is configured to command the appropriate components for hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter: as it is known to the skilled person hydraulic isolation of the ultrafilter may take place in different ways depending upon the specific design of the hydraulic circuit 100. For example, with reference to
The integrity test procedure may also comprise the following further steps (steps 117-120 in
The apparatus of
The controller 50 is configured to carry out, with the supply line and the waste line in by-pass configuration, an auxiliary integrity test procedure on the auxiliary ultrafilter 70. The auxiliary test procedure on the ultrafilter is also represented in
In particular, according to the auxiliary integrity test procedure, the controller 50 initially causes filling with air of the first chamber 72 of the ultrafilter 70 (step 110 in
In case pressure sensor 41 immediately reaches the P1′ first set pressure value, thus causing the waste pump 34 (and if present also pump 38) to decelerate or stop without removing the water supposed to be still present in chamber 72, this identifies that the chamber 72 is in reality already empty. Thus, the controller 50 may also be configured, in accordance with an ancillary aspect, to check a time related parameter (step 130) such as the time necessary to reach the first pressure value P1′ or the pump rotation frequency of waste pump 34 (and/or 38), or the pump rotation period of pump 34 (and/or 38), and compare this detected time related parameter with a corresponding reference threshold, assigning the identification of a multi-fiber break problem in membrane 20 of ultrafilter 19 if the check on the time related parameter is not passed (step 131). In practice, if the time necessary to reach the first pressure value P1′ is too short, or if the frequency of one or both the waste pumps is too high, or if the pump rotation period of one or both the waste pumps is too small, then it is concluded that there is a multi-fiber break of the membrane 19 of ultrafilter 20, which for some reason was not detected before. Then, after filling the first chamber 72 with air, the controller 50 is configured to form a negative pressure or increase the negative pressure in the second chamber 73 of the ultrafilter (step 111 in
The first set pressure value P1′ may be selected in a pressure range between -150 and -450 mm Hg, while the second set pressure value P2′ may be selected in the range between - 300 and - 700 mm Hg (with the condition that the second pressure value be at least 100 mm Hg more negative than the first set pressure value).
More in general, the first set pressure value P1′ may be selected in a pressure range allowing to drain the ultrafilter at moderate flow rate in order to avoid excessive stress on the membrane; the second set pressure value P2′ may be selected to form a sufficient delta pressure with no residual flow, also avoiding excessive stress on the membrane and degasification that could cause exceeding the membrane bubble point exceeding. At the end of the draining phase of ultrafilter 70, the controller may be configured to put first port 74 in communication with line 15, for example by opening an ancillary by-pass valve 91 placed on a line connecting the first tract 26a with the waste line 15. The controller opens the ancillary by-pass valve 91 for a short time frame (e.g., 1 to 5 seconds) to ensure the complete draining of the ultrafilter 70 from top to bottom.
After the above described two steps, the controller provides for verifying (step 112 in
The set time interval T′ (i.e., the interval by which the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor 41 should reach the set negative pressure threshold Pt′ to exclude a multi-fiber break of the ultrafilter membrane) is counted by the controller starting from the moment at which the controller imposes the second negative pressure P2′ as setting to control the waste pump 34 (or to both waste pumps 34 and 38). This time interval T′ may last 10 to 60 seconds, for example of 30 seconds.
According to aspects of the invention, the auxiliary integrity test procedure may further comprise the following additional steps which the controller 50 is configured to execute after steps 110 to 113 described above.
In detail, at step 114 the controller 50 is configured to command the appropriate components to hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter 70: for example, with reference to
The auxiliary integrity test procedure on ultrafilter 70 may also comprise the following further steps which the controller is configured to execute in order to determine if the membrane 71 has a single fiber break. The further steps described below are, in one aspect of the invention, executed after having verified that membrane 70 of the same ultrafilter 71 has no multi-fiber breaks (steps 110-113 and steps 114-116). In other words, the check for a possible single fiber break may be made as last check on the ultrafilter 70, thereby avoiding to carry out unnecessary steps if it is concluded that there is a higher ranking problem, namely a multi-fiber break. According to this aspect, the integrity test procedure, may therefore be configured to hydraulically isolate (or maintain hydraulic isolation of) the auxiliary ultrafilter 70 and then receiving pressure values detected by the pressure sensor 41 during a further test interval after the transitory period following hydraulic isolation of the ultrafilter 70. In other words, while steps 114-115 are executed after hydraulic isolation of the ultrafilter 70 but during pressure stabilization, the following steps are executed after having waited a relatively long transitory period after which it is expected that - absent fiber integrity problems - pressure should be highly stable. Thus, the controller 50 is configured, after waiting for expiration of the transitory period, for verifying if a variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of said pressure values detected by the pressure sensor 41 during the further test interval remains below a further set pressure differential Δp2′ during at least a portion lasting n seconds of the further test interval (step 117). The further set pressure differential Δp2′ may be in the range between 1 and 3 mmHg and in a specific example it may be equal to 2 mmHg. More in general, the further set pressure differential Δp2′ is set in order to detect a single broken fiber (Δp2′ may in practice be a fraction, e.g., 50% compared to said set pressure differential ΔP′). The test interval is relatively short and may last 5 to 30 seconds, for instance 10 seconds; therefore, the controller checks if dp/dt stays below for example 2 mmHg during a portion of e.g., 4 seconds of the test interval (step 117) and also checks expiration of the test interval (118); the controller is configured to then establish that the membrane of the auxiliary ultrafilter 70 has a single-fiber break (step 119) if the check of step 117 is not positively passed before expiration of the test interval (step 118), i.e., before expiration of the 10 seconds in this example. Otherwise, if before expiration of the test interval, dp/dt stays below Δp2′ (in this example below 2 mmHg) for n seconds (in this example for consecutive 4 seconds), then it is determined that the auxiliary ultrafilter membrane is intact (step 120).
Controller 50As already indicated the apparatus according to the invention makes use of at least one controller 50. This controller may comprise a digital processor (CPU) with memory (or memories), an analogical type circuit, or a combination of one or more digital processing units with one or more analogical processing circuits. In the present description and in the claims it is indicated that the controller is “configured” or “programmed” to execute certain steps: this may be achieved in practice by any means which allow configuring or programming the controller. For instance, in case of a controller comprising one or more CPUs, one or more programs are stored in an appropriate memory: the program or programs containing instructions which, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to execute the steps described and/or claimed in connection with the controller. Alternatively, if the controller is of an analogical type, then the circuitry of the controller is designed to include circuitry configured, in use, to process electric signals such as to execute the controller steps herein disclosed.
Method of Testing the Integrity of an Ultrafilter Semipermeable MembraneThe invention also concerns a method of testing the integrity of an ultrafilter membrane of an ultrafilter. The ultrafilter may be part of an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus. For instance, the method may be used for testing the integrity of the membrane of one or all the ultrafilters described above in connection with the apparatus of
The method of the invention detects if the ultrafilter membrane is subject to multi-fiber breaks or to a single fiber break. The method comprises executing the following steps (please refer again to
- step 110: emptying the first chamber of the ultrafilter from liquid and filling the first chamber with air,
- step 111: after the first chamber has been filled with air, continue extracting liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter,
- step 112: verifying, while extracting liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter, if the pressure in the ultrafilter second chamber reaches a set negative pressure threshold,
- step 113: determining that the ultrafilter semipermeable membrane has a multi-fiber break if the pressure in the second chamber during the step of extracting liquid does not reach said set negative pressure threshold within a set time interval. The set time interval of said verifying step is a set time interval calculated from start of the step of extraction of liquid from the second chamber, or calculated from end of filling with air the first chamber of the ultrafilter under test.
After conclusion of steps 110-113, if no multi-fiber break has been detected the method continues with the following further steps:
- step 114: hydraulically isolating the ultrafilter;
- step 115: waiting a given transitory period;
- step 116: verifying if two stability conditions are met, one stability condition checking the ability to reach a certain negative pressure, while the other condition checking the stability of pressure.
In greater detail step 116 comprises the following sub-steps:
- sub-step 116a: verifying if the values of pressure in the second chamber of the ultrafilter at the end of the transitory period are below an auxiliary negative pressure threshold, for example below -300 or below -350 mmHg, and
- sub-step 116b: verifying if the variation by unit of time (dP/dt) of the pressure values in the second chamber of the ultrafilter at the end of the transitory period is below a set pressure differential, for example below 4 mmHg/s.
If the verifications of sub-steps 116a and 116b are not both positively passed, the method determines that the membrane of the ultrafilter has a multi-fiber break. In other words, it is sufficient that one of the two conditions of sub-steps 116a, 116b not be met to conclude for the presence of a multi-fiber break.
Finally, after conclusion of steps 110-113, and in one aspect, after conclusion also of steps 114-116, the method provides for a sequence of steps, namely steps 117-120) aimed at determining the possible presence in the membrane of a single fiber break. In particular, the method may comprise the following additional steps:
- step 118: monitoring expiration of a further test time interval after said given transitory period;
- step 117: verifying if a variation by unit of time dP/dt of values of pressure during the further test interval after said given transitory period remains below a further set pressure differential; for example it may be checked if dP/dt during the further test interval remains below 2 mmHg/s, for at least a portion of said further test interval, for example for 4 s in the first 10s of the further test interval.
Then, at step 119, it is determined that the membrane of the ultrafilter has a single-fiber break if the above last condition is not met. If, instead, the above last condition is met, the method provides for informing an operator or for issuing a corresponding signal to the controller of the apparatus 1 (step 120) .
If the above test method is applied to an ultrafilter (for example the auxiliary ultrafilter 70 of
Finally, according to aspects of the invention, a method of testing ultrafilters may use only steps 110, 111 and 114 to 120 (without steps 112-113) to identify whether an hydraulically isolated ultrafilter has a single fiber break or a multiple fiber break, in particular by first creating a negative pressure in the second chamber of the ultrafilter (e.g., executing steps 110 and 111 described above) and then detecting the behavior of derivative dp/dt to decide whether the ultrafilter membrane is intact or has a single fiber break or multiple fiber breaks, as described above in connection with steps 116a and 116b and with steps 117 and 118, and as indicated in aspects from 53rd to 81st of the summary section.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method for testing an integrity of a semipermeable membrane of an ultrafilter of an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus, the extracorporeal treatment apparatus comprising: wherein the method comprises:
- a supply line including an inlet end connected to a source of treatment liquid and an outlet end connected to an inlet port of a blood treatment device, wherein the ultrafilter is inserted in the supply line and the semipermeable membrane divides the ultrafilter into a first chamber and a second chamber, the ultrafilter including a first port connecting a first tract of the supply line to the first chamber, and a second port connecting the second chamber to a second tract of the supply line;
- a waste line including an inlet end connected to an outlet port of the blood treatment device and an outlet end connected to a discharge of used treatment liquid;
- an air inlet line connected to the first chamber of the ultrafilter or to the first tract of the supply line;
- at least one waste pump located on the waste line; and
- at least one pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure in one of: the second chamber of the ultrafilter, the second tract of the supply line, or the waste line,
- filling the first chamber of the ultrafilter with air through the air inlet line,
- verifying when, while the waste pump is running, the pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor reaches a set negative pressure threshold (Pt), and
- determining that the ultrafilter semipermeable membrane has a multi-fiber break when the sensed pressure does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) within a set time interval (T), the pressure being considered relative to atmospheric pressure present in a location where the extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus operates.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein, after filling the first chamber with air, the waste pump is operated to make pressure in the second chamber more negative or to create a negative pressure in the second chamber.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein verifying the measured pressure does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) comprises detecting pressure by the pressure sensor after expiration of the set time interval (T).
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein verifying the measured pressure does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) comprises detecting pressure by the pressure sensor and measuring an actual time interval at which the negative pressure threshold (Pt) is reached.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein filling the first chamber with air comprises opening an air valve or operating an air pump located on the air inlet line.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein operating the waste pump causes extracting or continuing to extract liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter, and wherein operating the waste pump after filling the first chamber with air makes pressure in the second chamber more negative or creates a negative pressure in the second chamber.
7. A method for testing an integrity of a semipermeable membrane of an ultrafilter, wherein the semipermeable membrane separates the ultrafilter into a first and a second chamber, the method comprising: wherein the pressure in the second chamber is considered relative to atmospheric pressure present in a location where the ultrafilter operates.
- emptying the first chamber of the ultrafilter from liquid and filling the first chamber with air;
- after the first chamber has been filled with air, extracting or continuing to extract liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter;
- verifying, while extracting liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter, when the pressure in the second chamber of the ultrafilter reaches a set negative pressure threshold (Pt);
- determining that the semipermeable membrane has a multi-fiber break when the pressure in the second chamber during the step of extracting liquid does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) within a set time interval (T),
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein verifying the measured pressure does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) comprises detecting the pressure in one of:
- the second chamber of the ultrafilter, or
- a line connected to the second chamber of the ultrafilter, after expiration of the set time interval (T).
9. The method according to claim 7, wherein verifying the measured pressure does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) comprises detecting the pressure in one of:
- the second chamber of the ultrafilter, and
- a line connected to the second chamber of the ultrafilter; and
- measuring an actual time interval at which the negative pressure threshold (Pt) is reached.
10. The method according to claim 7, wherein an air inlet line is connected to the first chamber of the ultrafilter, and wherein the steps of emptying the first chamber of the ultrafilter from liquid and filling the first chamber with air comprise opening an air valve or operating an air pump located on the air inlet line.
11. The method according to claim 7, wherein extracting or continuing to extract liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter after filling the first chamber with air makes pressure in the second chamber more negative or creates a negative pressure in the second chamber.
12. The method according to claim 7, wherein:
- the ultrafilter is inserted in a supply line including an inlet end connected to a source of treatment liquid and an outlet end connected to an inlet port of a blood treatment device, the ultrafilter having a first port connecting a first tract of the supply line to the first chamber of the same ultrafilter, and a second port connecting the second chamber of the ultrafilter to a second tract of the supply line;
- a waste line including an inlet end is connected to an outlet port of the blood treatment device and an outlet end is connected to a discharge of used treatment liquid;
- a waste pump is positioned on the waste line; and
- an air inlet line is connected to the first chamber of the ultrafilter or to the first tract of the supply line,
- wherein said step of extracting liquid from the second chamber is achieved by operating the waste pump, and
- wherein said step of verifying takes place while the waste pump is running.
13. A method for testing an integrity of a semipermeable membrane of an ultrafilter of an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus, the extracorporeal treatment apparatus comprising: the method comprising the following steps:
- a supply line including an inlet end connected to a source of treatment liquid and an outlet end connected to an inlet port of a blood treatment device, wherein the ultrafilter is inserted in the supply line and the semipermeable membrane divides the ultrafilter into a first chamber and a second chamber, the ultrafilter including a first port connecting a first tract of the supply line to the first chamber, and a second port connecting the second chamber to a second tract of the supply line;
- a waste line including an inlet end connected to an outlet port of the blood treatment device and an outlet end connected to a discharge of used treatment liquid; and
- a waste pump located on the waste line,
- emptying the first chamber of the ultrafilter from liquid and filling the first chamber with air,
- operating the waste pump to extract or to continue extracting liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter,
- verifying, while the waste pump is operating, when the pressure in the second chamber of the ultrafilter reaches a set negative pressure threshold (Pt), and
- determining that the semipermeable membrane has a fiber break when, while operating the waste pump, the pressure in the second chamber does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) within a set time interval (T), the pressure being considered relative to atmospheric pressure present in a location where the extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus operates.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein verifying the measured pressure does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) comprises detecting the pressure in one of:
- the second chamber of the ultrafilter, or
- a line connected to the second chamber of the ultrafilter, after expiration of the set time interval (T).
15. The method according to claim 13, wherein verifying the measured pressure does not reach the set negative pressure threshold (Pt) comprises detecting pressure in one of: and measuring an actual time interval at which the negative pressure threshold (Pt) is reached.
- the second chamber of the ultrafilter, or
- a line connected to the second chamber of the ultrafilter; and
16. The method according to claim 13, wherein an air inlet line is connected to the first chamber of the ultrafilter, and wherein the steps of emptying the first chamber of the ultrafilter from liquid and filling the first chamber with air comprise opening an air valve or operating an air pump located on the air inlet line.
17. The method according to claim 13, wherein operating the waste pump to extract or to continue extracting liquid from the second chamber of the ultrafilter takes place until after the first chamber has been filled with air.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein operating the waste pump after filling the first chamber with air makes pressure in the second chamber more negative or creates a negative pressure in the second chamber.
19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the method further includes:
- while filling the first chamber of the ultrafilter with air, operating the waste pump based on a first set negative pressure value (P1), which is a desired set value to be reached by the pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor; and
- after the step of filling the first chamber of the ultrafilter with air, once the first chamber has been emptied from liquid and filled with air, operating the waste pump based on a second set negative pressure value (P2), which is a desired set value to be reached by the pressure sensed by the at least one pressure sensor and which is more negative than the first pressure value,
- wherein the set negative pressure threshold (Pt), which is checked during the verifying step, has a negative value intermediate between the first set pressure value (P1) and the second set pressure value (P2).
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein:
- the first set pressure value (P1) is selected in a pressure range between -150 mmHg and -450 mmHg; and
- the second set pressure value (P2) is selected in a pressure range between -300 mmHg and -700 mmHg, with the condition that the second pressure value be at least 100 mmHg more negative than the first set pressure value.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 6, 2023
Publication Date: Jun 15, 2023
Inventors: Mauro SUFFRITTI (Medolla (MO)), Michela CARPANI (San Felice Sul Panaro (MO))
Application Number: 18/105,977