HAPLOIDIZATION IN SORGHUM

Abstract

Sorghum plants are provided which are capable of inducing haploidy by modifications in the genome related to a pollen-specific expressed patatin phospholipid producing haploid offspring and can be produced for hybrid breeding in short time by chromosome doubling inbred lines, that is, homozygous father and mother lines. In addition, methods are provided for producing transgenic and non-transgenic plant haploid inducers and improving the induction performance of plants.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application of Ser. No. 16/489,201 filed Aug. 27, 2019, which is a U.S. national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2018/054901, filed Feb. 28, 2018, and claims benefit of priority to European Patent Application No. 17158439.4, filed Feb. 28, 2017. The entire contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in XML format via Patent Center and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on Feb. 9, 2023, is named 245761_000203_SL.xml, and is 103,915 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of simplification of laborious breeding programs by means of molecular biological methods, marker technology and genetic engineering. In particular, sorghum plants are provided which are capable of inducing haploidy through modifications in the genome concerning a preferably pollen-specific expressed patatin phospholipase, thereby producing haploid offspring and capable of producing inbred lines for hybrid breeding in a short time by chromosome doubling. In particular, sorghum plants are provided which have mutations in the patatin phospholipase, methods for producing and identifying these mutations or the mutated plant and the corresponding nucleic acid molecule which encodes the mutated patatin phospholipase and vectors and host cells, in particular plant cells containing the nucleic acid molecule and plants generated from such plant cells which are capable of producing haploidy and their offspring, crossbred products, inbred lines and their respective plant parts and products.

Based on the knowledge of sorghum, the present invention provides methods for the production and identification of transgenic and non-transgenic plant haploid inducers and the corresponding plants which have obtained the property of haploidy induction or whose induction performance has been improved. Furthermore, the invention also encompasses seeds or offspring, organs, plant parts, tissues or cells of the plant according to the invention and their use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Sorghum is a relatively new crop in Germany, but due to its mass growth, drought tolerance and good water and nutrient efficiency, it comes into the focus of science and practice in the search for further high-yield crops for substrate production, in particular with regard to biogas production but also for use as feed, food and for ethanol production.

General breeding goals for sorghum are adaptation to the climate of Central Europe, that is, improved cold tolerance, improved yield, stability coupled with good youth development and development of disease and pest resistance.

Sorghum can be improved by breeding like a self-pollinating crop. The improvement of the population can be achieved by elaborate selection breeding by a targeted selection of the best plants for seed production for the next crop year. In addition, hybrid breeding has created new options for improving varieties. However, the process of hybrid breeding relies on several generations of continuing generation of homozygous father and mother lines, which also makes the process of hybrid breeding time consuming and costly, despite good results.

The object of the present invention was therefore to provide an efficient system for breeding sorghum.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of simplification of laborious breeding programs, marker technology and genetic engineering. The invention provides sorghum plants which are capable of inducing haploidy by modifications in the genome which concern a pollen-specific expressed patatin phospholipase, thereby producing haploid offspring and can be made for hybrid breeding in short time by chromosome doubling inbred lines, that is, homozygous father and mother lines. In addition, the findings can be used to produce transgenic and non-transgenic plant haploid inducers or to improve the induction performance of plants.

The present invention therefore relates to the embodiments listed in the following items [1] to [29] and illustrated in the examples.

• • [1] Sorghum plant which is capable of inducing haploidy, characterized in that the plant has one or more modifications relating to an endogenous patatin phospholipase, which is preferably expressed pollen-specific.
  • [2] Plant according to [1], characterized in that the patatin phospholipase is encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 or by a nucleotide sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 or is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes with the sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 under stringent conditions, or which comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No.: 3 or a homologous amino acid sequence.
  • [3] Plant according to [1] or [2], wherein the modification of the patatin phospholipase is the cause of the suitability as haploid inducer.
  • [4] Plant according to one of [1] to [3], characterized in that the one or more modifications
    • a) are one or more mutations in the endogenous gene encoding the patatin phospholipase defined in [2], preferably substitutions, resulting in one or more amino acid exchanges or generation of a stop codon;
    • b) one or more insertions of an expression cassette which comprises a promoter operatively linked to
      • (i) a nucleic acid molecule encoding dsRNA, wherein the dsRNA comprises at least 19 nucleotides, which is complementary to a partial sequence of the nucleotide sequence defined in [2]; or
      • (ii) a nucleic acid molecule encoding the patatin phospholipase defined in [2] or a functional part of the patatin phospholipase, wherein the encoded patatin phospholipase or functional part thereof has one or more mutations resulting in one or more amino acid exchanges or generation of a stop codon; or
    • c) causes a knock-out of the patatin phospholipase.
  • [5] Plant according to [4], characterized in that the one or more mutations result in an amino acid exchange
    • a) in the range of amino acid positions 37 to 240 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, preferably wherein this range corresponds to the functional domain of the patatin phospholipase; and/or
    • b) in the range of amino acid positions 241 to 385 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, or
    • c) in the generation of a stop codon in the range of amino acid positions 241 to 385 according to SEQ ID No.: 3.
  • [6] Plant according to [4] or [5], characterized in that the one or more mutations for an amino acid exchange in the range of amino acid positions 40-93, 135-204 and/or 270-320 according to SEQ ID NO.: 3, preferably in the range of amino acid positions 53-85, 150-192 and/or 285-311 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, or more preferably in the range of amino acid positions 55-75, 157-167 and/or 285-298 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, or generating a stop codon in the range of amino acid positions 322-402 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, preferably in the range of amino acid positions 342-392 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, or more preferably in the range of amino acid positions 362-382 according to SEQ ID No.: 3.
  • [7] Plant according to one of [4] to [6], characterized in that the one or more mutations results in an amino acid exchange at the amino acid position 59, 162 and/or 291 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, and/or in a stop codon at amino acid position 372 according to SEQ ID No.: 3.
  • [8] Plant according to one of [1] to [7], characterized in that the modified patatin phospholipase
    • (i) comprises an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 3 or a homologous amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid exchange is present, wherein arginine (R) at position 59, valine (V) at position 162, and/or serine (S) at position 291 according to SEQ ID No.: 3 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably by glutamine (Q) at position 59, isoleucine (I) at position 162 and/or leucine (L) at position 291;
    • (ii) is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which comprises the coding sequence of the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 (derivable from the corresponding cDNA according to SEQ ID No.: 2) or a DNA sequence which is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID No.: 1, in which at least one nucleotide exchange is present, resulting in an amino acid exchange, wherein one or more nucleotides are exchanged at nucleotide positions 421-423, 815-817, 1420-1422 and/or 1663-1665 according to SEQ ID No.: 1 (corresponding to nucleotide positions 175-177, 484-486, 871-873 and/or 1114-1116 according to SEQ ID No.: 2);
    • (iii) comprises an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 6, 9 or 12; or
    • (iv) is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which comprises the coding sequence of the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 4 (derivable from the corresponding cDNA according to SEQ ID No.: 5), SEQ ID No.: 7 (derivable from the corresponding cDNA according to SEQ ID No.: 8), SEQ ID No.: 10 (derivable from the corresponding cDNA according to SEQ ID No.: 11) or SEQ ID No.: 13 (derivable from the corresponding cDNA according to SEQ ID No.: 14).
  • [9] Plant according to one of [1] to [8], characterized in that the plant is homozygous or heterozygous for the one or more mutations, preferably characterized in that the plant is homozygous for the one or more mutations.
  • [10] Nucleic acid molecule encoding one of the identified patatin phospholipase mutated in [4] to [8].
  • [11] Nucleic acid molecule according to [10], characterized in that its presence in a plant, preferably in the absence of a wild type patatin phospholipase, results in the plant being able to induce haploidy.
  • [12] Nucleic acid molecule of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, preferably at least 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, more preferably at least 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50, and most preferably at least 100, 200, 300, 500 or 1000 nucleotides in length that specifically hybridizes to a nucleotide sequence as defined in one of [5] to [8], and comprises one of the mutations or a pair of nucleic acid molecules that is suitable for a range containing at least one of the mutations, to amplify in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), preferably in the form of an oligonucleotide, preferably having a maximum length of 50 nucleotides, which preferably has one of the nucleotide sequences according to SEQ ID No.: 28-30, 32-34, 36-38 or 40-42.
  • [13] Vector, preferably a plant vector, comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to one of [10] to [12], or an expression cassette defined in [4].
  • [14] Host cell, preferably a plant cell, containing a nucleic acid molecule according to one of [10] to [12], an expression cassette defined in [4], a vector according to [13] or the nucleic acid molecule according to one of [10] to [12] as transgene, optionally under the control of a heterologous promoter, preferably a pollen-specific promoter.
  • [15] Method for obtaining a plant capable of inducing haploidy or having an increased induction rate with respect to the wild type, comprising the following steps:
    • (a) (i) mutagenizing plant cells and then regenerating plants from the mutagenized plant cells or mutagenizing plants;
      • (ii) identifying a plant from (i) having one or more mutations in an endogenous DNA sequence which correspond to and/or which result in one or more of the mutations identified in [4] to [8], where aspartic acid (D) at position 75, glycine (G) at position 79, and/or proline (P) at position 203 of the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 3 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably by asparagine (N) at position 75, arginine (R) at position 79 and/or leucine (L) at position 203, or which corresponds to these, and capable of inducing the obtaining of haploid offspring at an increased rate compared to a non-mutagenized plant; or
    • (b) (i) introducing the nucleic acid molecule having one or more mutations corresponding to one or more of the mutations identified in [4] to [8] and/or resulting in where aspartic acid (D) at position 75, glycine (G) at position 79, and/or proline (P) at position 203 of the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No: 3 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably by asparagine (N) at position 75, arginine (R) at position 79 and/or leucine (L) at position 203 or which correspond to them, in plant cells, or introducing the expression cassette defined in [4] into plant cells; and
      • (ii) regenerating a plant, for example, a transgenic plant, from the plant cells of (i).
  • [16] Method according to [15], wherein the endogenous DNA sequence or the nucleic acid molecule is a coding nucleotide sequence which comprises amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID No.: 3 for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), SEQ ID No.: 18 for sunflower (Helianthus annuus), SEQ ID No.: 21 for barley (Hordeum vulgare), or in SEQ ID No.: 24 or 27 for Beta vulgaris (for example, sugar beet).
  • [17] Method according to [16], wherein the introduction of the nucleic acid molecule can be carried out, for example, by Agrobacterium transformation, homologous recombination, for example, by means of CRISPR/Cas or CRISPR/Cpf1 and repair template, and comprises mutagenizing chemical and physical mutagenesis, TILLING, targeted mutagenesis, for example, by using zinc finger nucleases, of TALE (Transcription Activator-like Effector) nucleases, meganucleases, and the CRISPR/Cas or CRISPR/Cpf1 systems.
  • [18] Plant containing a plant cell according to [14] and/or obtainable by a method according to one of [15] to [17], preferably wherein the plant is sorghum, sunflower, rye, wheat, potato, barley or sugar beet.
  • [19] Organ, plant part, tissue or cell of the plant according to one of [1] to [9] or [18] or seeds or offspring of the plant according to one of [1] to [9] or [18], wherein the seed or the offspring have a mutation defined in [4] to [8] and/or a nucleic acid molecule according to one of [10] to [12], an expression cassette according to [4] or a vector according to [13].
  • [20] Method for obtaining a haploid plant, comprising the following steps:
    • (a) crossing a plant according to one of [1] to [9] or [18] with a plant of the same genus, preferably of the same species,
    • (b) selecting a fertilized haploid seed or embryo, and
    • (c) producing a haploid plant from the seed or embryo from (b).
  • [21] Haploid plant, haploid fertilized seed or embryo obtainable by the method according to [20].
  • [22] Organ, plant part, tissue, cell, seed or offspring of the plant according to [21].
  • [23] Method for obtaining diploid plants, comprising the following steps:
    • (a) producing a haploid plant according to a method according to [20];
    • (b) doubling the haploid chromosome set in at least one cell of the haploid plant, and
    • (c) regenerating the diploid plant from the cell of (b).
  • [24] Diploid plant obtainable by the method according to [23].
  • [25] Method for producing hybrid plants comprising the following steps:
    • (a) crossing a plant according to [24] with a second plant of the same genus, preferably of the same species,
    • (b) selecting the hybrid plants with respect to the desired trait.
  • [26] Hybrid plant obtainable by the method according to [25].
  • [27] Method of identifying a plant according to one of [1] to [9] or [18] by detecting a mutation in the patatin phospholipase gene, for example, a mutation defined in [4] to [9], or a marker allele, which is coupled to the mutation, preferably using nucleic acid according to [12] as a molecular marker.
  • [28] Use of the nucleic acid according to [10] or [11], the expression cassette defined in [4] or the vector according to [13] in a plant for conferring the property of a haploid inducer or for increasing the induction rate for the production of a plant or transgenic plant which is able to induce haploidy.
  • [29] Use of the plant according to one of [1] to [9] or [18] for the production of a haploid fertilized seed or embryo or a haploid plant.
  • [30] Use of the nucleic acid according to [12] as a molecular marker for detecting a mutation in the patatin phospholipase gene.

First, some of the terms used in this application are explained in more detail in the following:

“To confer the property of a haploid inducer” or “Conferring the property of a haploid inducer” or “to be able to induce haploidy” means an expression comparable to that of a plant, by use of a nucleic acid according to the invention or by modification of the genome, in particular by mutation a patatin phospholipase, being altered to be able to produce fertilized seeds or embryos having a simple (haploid) chromosome set from a crossing with a plant of the same genus, preferably the same species, which does not have the property of a haploid inducer. The property of a haploid inducer, given as the absolute haploid induction rate, means that at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9% or 1%, preferably at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5%, more preferably at least 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15%, or even more preferably at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% of fertilized seeds or embryos have a haploid chromosome set.

A “functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence means a section of a nucleotide sequence which has the identical or comparable functionality as the total nucleotide sequence from which the functional fragment is derived. As such, the functional fragment can have a nucleotide sequence which is identical or homologous with the total nucleotide sequence over a length of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%. Furthermore, a “functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence can also mean a section of a nucleotide sequence which alters the functionality of the entire nucleotide sequence, for example, in the course of post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing. As such, the functional fragment of a nucleotide sequence can comprise at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, preferably at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120 or 140, more preferably at least 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 consecutive nucleotides of the total nucleotide sequence.

A “functional part” of a protein means a section of a protein or a section of the amino acid sequence that encodes the protein, wherein the section can perform the identical or comparable functionality as the total protein in a plant cell. A functional part of a protein has a length of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of an identical or similar amino acid sequence, taking into account conservative and semi-conservative amino acid exchanges, as the protein from which the functional part is derived. “Haploid inducer” also means an in vivo haploid inducer.

The term “heterologous” means that the introduced polynucleotide, for example, originates from one cell or organism having another genetic background of the same species or another species, or is homologous to the prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, but is then located in a different genetic environment and thus differs from any naturally occurring corresponding polynucleotide. A heterologous polynucleotide can be present in addition to a corresponding endogenous gene.

“Hybridizing” or “hybridization” is understood to mean a process in which a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule attaches to a largely complementary nucleic acid strand, that is, enters into bases pairings with it. Standard methods for hybridization are described, for example, in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2001. Preferably, it is understood that at least 80% or 85%, preferably at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94% or 95%, particularly preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the bases of the nucleic acid molecule enter into a base pairing with the largely complementary nucleic acid strand. The possibility of such attachment depends on the stringency of the hybridization conditions. The term “stringency” refers to the hybridization conditions. High stringency is given when base pairing is difficult, low stringency when base pairing is facilitated. The stringency of the hybridization conditions depends, for example, on the salt concentration or ionic strength and the temperature. In general, the stringency can be increased by increasing the temperature and/or lowering the salt content. “Stringent hybridization conditions” are understood to mean those conditions in which a hybridization takes place predominantly only between homologous nucleic acid molecules and homologs. The term “hybridization conditions” does not only refer to the conditions prevailing in the actual attachment of the nucleic acids, but also to the conditions prevailing during the subsequent washing steps. Stringent hybridization conditions are, for example, conditions under which predominantly only those nucleic acid molecules which have at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% sequence identity hybridize. Stringent hybridization conditions are, for example: hybridization in 4×SSC at 65° C. followed by multiple washes in 0.1×SSC at 65° C. for a total of about 1 hour. The term “stringent hybridization conditions” used herein can also mean: hybridization at 68° C. in 0.25 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 7% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and 1% BSA for 16 hours and then washing twice with 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 68° C. Preferably, hybridization takes place under stringent conditions.

“Increasing the induction performance of a haploid inducer” or “the increase of the induction performance of a haploid inducer” or similar expressions mean that the haploid induction rate of a plant having the property of a haploid inducer is increased. Thus, the number of fertilized seeds which have a haploid chromosome set and a crossing of the haploid inducer with a plant of the same genus, preferably of the same species, which does not have the property of a haploid inducer, have increased to at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9% or 1%, preferably at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5%, and most preferably at least 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% or 50% higher than the number of haploid fertilized seeds, which is achieved without the use of the nucleic acid or without modification of the genome, in particular without mutation of a patatin phospholipase in the context of the present invention, that is, the haploid induction rate can be increased at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9% or 1%, preferably at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5%, and most preferably at least 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10, 1%, 20%, 30% or 50% relative to the previously achieved haploid induction rate.

“Complementary” nucleotide sequence with respect to a nucleic acid in the form of a double-stranded DNA means that the second DNA strand complementary to the first DNA strand has the nucleotides in accordance with the base pairing rules that correspond to the bases of the first strand corresponding to the Watson-Crick rules.

A “molecular marker” is a nucleic acid that is polymorphic in a plant population and is used as a reference or orientation point. A marker for detecting a recombination event should be capable of monitoring differences or polymorphisms within a plant population. Thus, such a marker is capable of detecting and distinguishing various allelic states (alleles). The term “molecular marker” also refers to nucleotide sequences which are complementary or at least largely complementary or homologous to genomic sequences, for example, nucleic acids, which are used as probes or primers. For markers, these differences can be found at the DNA level and are, for example, polynucleotide sequence differences such as SSRs (simple sequence repeats), RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms), FLPs (fragment length polymorphisms), or SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). The markers can be derived from genomic or expressed nucleic acids, such as spliced RNA, cDNA or ESTs, and can also refer to nucleic acids used and considered suitable as probe or primer pairs to amplify a sequence fragment using PCR-based methods. Markers that describe genetic polymorphisms (between parts of a population) can be detected using well-established methods according to the prior art (An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th Edition, Griffiths, Miller, Suzuki et al., 2000). These include, for example, DNA sequencing, PCR-based sequence-specific amplification, detection of RFLPs, detection of polynucleotide polymorphisms by means of allele-specific hybridization (ASH), detection of amplified variable sequences of the plant genome, detection of a 3SR (self-sustained sequence replication), detection of SSRs, SNPs, RFLPs or AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms). Furthermore, the methods for the detection of ESTs (expressed sequence tags) and SSR markers derived from EST sequences and RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) are also known. Depending on the context, the term marker in the specification can also mean a specific chromosome position in the genome of a species where a specific marker (for example, SNP) can be found.

“Operatively linked” means connected in a common nucleic acid molecule in a manner such that the combined elements are positioned and oriented to each other such that transcription of the nucleic acid molecule can take place. A DNA operatively linked to a promoter is under the transcriptional control of this promoter.

A “plant” in the context of the invention can, unless stated otherwise, be of any species of the dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Preference is given to plants in agriculture or horticulture or for the production of bioenergy (bioethanol, biogas, etc.). These include, by way of example, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Triticum spelta, Helianthus annuus, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Hordeum bulbosum, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica juncacea, Brassica nigra, Glycine max, Gossypium sp., Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense, triticale, Saccharum officinarium, Setaria italica, Oryza sativa, Oryza minuta, Oryza australiensis, Oryza alta, Brachypodium distachyon, Hordeum marinum, Aegilops tauschii, Daucus glochidiatus, Daucus pusillus, Daucus muricatus, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus grandis, Erythranthe guttata, Genlisea aurea, Musa sp., Avena sp., Nicotiana sylvestris, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana tomentosiformis, Solanum lycopersicum, Coffea canephora, Vitis vinifera, Cucumis sativus, Morus notabilis, Crucihimalaya himalaica, Crucihimalaya wallichii, Cardamine flexuosa, Lepidium virginicum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Olmarabidopsis pumila, Arabis hirsuta, Raphanus sativus, Eruca vesicaria sativa, Citrus sinensis, Jatropha curcas, Populus trichocarpa or Beta vulgaris.

A sorghum plant according to the invention is a plant of the genus Sorghum, in particular of the species Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum x almum (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum halepense), Sorghum arundinaceum, Sorghum x drummondii, Sorghum halepense and/or Sorghum propinquum or their hybrids and all varieties derived therefrom.

Plant “organs” mean, for example, leaves, stem axis, stem, roots, vegetative buds, meristems, embryos, anthers, ovules, seeds or fruits, in particular grains. The term “plant part” or “plant parts” includes, but is not limited to, the shoot axis or stem, leaves, flowers, inflorescences, roots, fruits and seeds and the pollen. Plant “parts” further mean a combination of several organs, for example, a flower or a seed, or a part of an organ, for example, a cross section from the shoot axis. Plant “tissues” are, for example, callus tissue, storage tissue, meristematic tissues, leaf tissue, shoot tissue, root tissue, plant tumor tissue or reproductive tissue and the formation tissue, ground tissue (the so-called parenchyma), xylem, supporting tissue and the cover tissue (the so-called epidermis). However, the tissue is not limited by this listing. Plant “cells” are understood to mean, for example, isolated cells having a cell wall or aggregates thereof or protoplasts.

A “promoter” is an untranslated DNA segment, typically upstream of a coding region, which includes the binding site for the RNA polymerase and initiates transcription of the DNA. A promoter also contains other elements that act as regulatory gene of gene expression (for example, cis-regulatory elements). A “core or minimal promoter” is a promoter that has at least the basic elements needed for transcription initiation (for example, TATA box and/or initiator).

In the context of the present invention, the term “modifications” refers to a nucleotide sequence which influences the specificity and/or the expression level, for example, in which the regulatory sequence mediates a specific tissue specificity. Such a regulatory sequence can be located upstream of, but also downstream of, the transcription initiation point of a minimal promoter, such as in a transcribed but untranslated leader sequence or within an intron.

A “transgenic plant” refers to a plant having integrated at least one polynucleotide, preferably a heterologous polynucleotide into its genome. Preferably, the polynucleotide is stably integrated, which means that the integrated polynucleotide is stably maintained in the plant, is expressed and can be stably inherited to the offspring. The stable introduction of a polynucleotide into the genome of a plant also includes integration into the genome of a plant of the previous parental generation, wherein the polynucleotide can be stably further inherited. The term “heterologous” means that the introduced polynucleotide, for example, originates from one cell or organism having another genetic background of the same species or another species, or is homologous to the prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, but is then located in a different genetic environment and thus differs from any naturally occurring corresponding polynucleotide. A heterologous polynucleotide can be present in addition to a corresponding endogenous gene.

“Suitable for use as a haploid inducer” or “is capable of inducing haploidy” means that a plant is capable producing fertilized seeds having a simple (haploid) chromosome set from a cross with a plant of the same genus, preferably the same species, which does not have the property of a haploid inducer. The use of a haploid inducer, given as the absolute haploid induction rate, means that at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9% or 1%, preferably at least 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5%, more preferably at least 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15%, or even more preferably at least 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50% of fertilized seeds or embryos have a haploid chromosome set.

Arrangements and embodiments of the present invention are described by way of example with reference to the attached figures and sequences:

FIG. 1: Sequence alignment (CLUSTAL O 1.2.4) of the amino acid sequences of the wild-type patatin phospholipase from sorghum (Sorghum_PPL_AA, SEQ ID No.: 3), of the patatin phospholipase from sorghum with an exchange of the amino acid arginine (R) by glutamine (Q) at amino acid position 59 (Sorghum PPL_R59Q, SEQ ID No.: 6), the patatin phospholipase from sorghum with an exchange of the amino acid valine (V) by isoleucine (I) at amino acid position 162 (Sorghum_PPL_V162I, SEQ ID No.: 9), the patatin phospholipase from sorghum with an exchange of the amino acid serine (S) by leucine (L) at amino acid position 291 (Sorghum_PPL_S291L, SEQ ID No.: 12) and the patatin phospholipase from sorghum with an exchange of the amino acid glutamine (Q) by a stop codon at amino acid position 372 (Sorghum_PPL_Q372Stop, SEQ ID No.: 15). Amino acid positions 59, 162 and 291 are highlighted in black.

FIG. 2: Sequence alignment (CLUSTAL O 1.2.4) of the amino acid sequences of the wild-type patatin phospholipase from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor_PPL_AA, SEQ ID No.: 3), of the patatin phospholipase from barley (Hordeum vulgare_PPL_AA, SEQ ID No.: 21), the patatin phospholipase from sunflower (Helianthus annuus_PPL_AA, SEQ ID No.: 46), the patatin phospholipase 1 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris_PPL1_AA, SEQ ID No.: 24), and the patatin phospholipase 2 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris phospholipase 2_AA, SEQ ID No.: 27). The amino acid positions which represent the functional domain of phospholipase are shown in bold.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a plant of the genus Sorghum, hereinafter also referred to as a sorghum plant, which is capable of inducing haploidy. By virtue of this property of haploid induction, the plant is able to produce fertilized seeds or embryos having a simple (haploid) chromosome set from a cross with a plant of the same genus, preferably of the same species, which does not possess the property of a haploid inducer. Through this system, the inventors have been able to provide an efficient system for breeding sorghum plants, because inoculation lines, that is, homozygous father and mother lines for hybrid breeding, can be generated by chromosome doubling in the haploid offspring.

The sorghum plants according to the invention are characterized in that they have one or more modifications which relate to the patatin phospholipase, which either confers the haploid induction property or also improves a naturally present ability for haploid induction or increases the induction performance. Thus, the modification concerning the patatin phospholipase is the cause of the suitability of the sorghum plant according to the invention as a haploid inducer in breeding programs.

Plants according to the invention are characterized in that they have an induction rate of preferably at least 0.5% and thus differ from wild-type plants or non-haploid inducers.

In the experiments carried out in the context of the present invention, it has been found that the patatin phospholipase in sorghum is pollen-specifically expressed and therefore presumably has an influence on the pollen tube growth or the interaction between the gametophytes. Thus, the sorghum plant according to the invention is preferably characterized in that the patatin phospholipase is pollen-specifically expressed and/or has an influence on the pollen tube growth or the interaction between the gametophytes.

In a preferred embodiment, the patatin phospholipase is encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2, or by a nucleotide sequence which is at least 80%, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% and is most preferably 99% identical to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 or is encoded by a nucleotide sequence having a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 under stringent conditions, or comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No: 3 or a homologous amino acid sequence. As already mentioned above, the sorghum plant according to the present invention comprises plants of any species of the genus Sorghum, in particular of the species Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanense and Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense or their hybrids and all the varieties derived therefrom. Accordingly, it is reasonable to assume that in the course of speciation and variety breeding, the nucleotide sequence and, correspondingly, the amino acid sequence of the patatin phospholipase have changed. In this context, the term homologous means that the genes in question (from two different plant species or varieties) have substantially the same function and a common precursor, and therefore typically exhibit a significant identity in their nucleic acid or encoded amino acid sequence, respectively preferably at least 80%.

In the context of the invention, a “homolog” is understood to mean a protein of the same phylogenetic origin, an “analog” is understood to mean a protein which performs the same function but has a different phylogenetic origin, and an “ortholog” is understood to mean a protein from another species that performs the same function and a “paralog” is understood to mean a protein that has been created by duplication within a species, wherein this copy either retains the same protein function, its expression pattern changes, but not the function, its protein function changes or the original gene function is divided between both copies.

A coded protein (or amino acid sequence) is in principle a homolog in the context of the present invention when it performs the same function, irrespective of whether it has the same or a different phylogenetic origin or originates from the same or a different species. A homolog is further capable of complementing the property of haploid induction, that is, by a modification of the homolog-encoding gene product of the plant from which the gene originates to confer the property of a haploid inducer or to increase the induction performance of a haploid inducer.

Accordingly, the relevant homolog to patatin phospholipase encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 or comprising the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 3 can preferably be characterized as being capable of complementing the property of a haploid inducer, which is observed in the sorghum plant according to the invention.

Additionally or alternatively, the patatin phospholipase homolog can preferably be characterized by mediating the property of a haploid inducer or increasing the induction performance of a haploid inducer by modifying the gene product encoded by the homolog.

Corresponding techniques and methods for complementation genetics in sorghum are known to the person skilled in the art, for example, from the publication by Li et al., J Genet. 94 (2015), 445-452, in which the sorghum phenotype, which is characterized by a brown midrib and is caused by a point mutation in the bmr-6 gene, was complemented by introduction of the wildtype bmr-6 gene.

As shown in Example 2, an amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the patatin phospholipase from sorghum (SEQ ID No.: 3) in sorghum results in a haploid induction rate of in part greater than 1.5%. It can be assumed that a further increase in the induction rate can result from further amino acid exchanges, which results in a further modification of the coding sequence of the patatin phospholipase. Thus, sorghum plants comprising one or more modifications or mutations related to patatin phospholipase are included in the present invention.

In the context of the present invention, the abovementioned modifications which relate to patatin phospholipase are preferably characterized in that they are mutations which result in one or more amino acid exchanges or in the production of a stop codon in the endogenous DNA sequence coding for the patatin phospholipase.

A mutation means a modification at the DNA level, that is, a change in genetics and/or epigenetics. For example, a change in genetics can be the exchange of at least one nucleobase in the endogenous DNA sequence or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence. If such a nucleobase exchange takes place, for example, in a promoter, this can result in an altered activity of the promoter since, for example, cis-regulatory elements are modified in such a way that the affinity of a transcription factor for the mutated cis-regulatory element in comparison to the wild-type promoter is altered so that the activity of the promoter with the mutated cis-regulatory element is increased or decreased, depending on whether the transcription factor is a repressor or inducer, or whether the affinity of the transcription factor for the mutated cis-regulatory element is enhanced or attenuated. If such a nucleobase exchange takes place, for example, in a coding region of the endogenous DNA sequence, this can result in an amino acid exchange in the encoded protein, which can cause a change in the activity or stability of the protein in comparison to the wild-type protein. A further example of a change in genetics is the deletion of nucleotides in the regulatory sequence and/or the endogenous DNA sequence and the addition of nucleotides in the regulatory sequence and/or the endogenous DNA sequence. A change in the epigenetics can take place, for example, by an altered methylation pattern of the DNA.

Methods of mutagenizing DNA sequences are described in more detail in the context of the method of obtaining a plant haploid inducer.

Since the described mutations result in an alteration or shortening of the amino acid sequence of the patatin phospholipase, it can be assumed that the mutations change the activity or stability of the patatin phospholipase encoded by the endogenous DNA sequence in the sorghum plant in comparison to a wild-type plant, that is, increase or decrease.

The generation of stop codons in the functional domains of a protein usually results in a loss of function of the protein, whereas the generation of a stop codon after the functional domain could also result in an increase in the activity or stabilization of the protein. In the case of mutations, which are preferably amino acid exchanges, there can be an increase in the activity of the protein, for example, by optimization of the sequence or equally well to inhibition or loss of the activity. Mutations in the promoter region can also result in a change in the expression of the gene.

In accordance with the present invention, therefore, the mutation described changes the biological activity of the patatin phospholipase so that its original function in pollen is no longer performed to the same extent as is the case in the wild-type sorghum.

This can be done, on the one hand, by overexpression of the gene associated with an increased amount of protein and activity, for example, by mutations in the promoter region, by increasing the stability of the protein, for example, by shortening the protein by the generation of a stop codon, or by the formation of a more active form of the patatin phospholipase, for example, by amino acid exchanges in the functional domain, for example, which could result in a faster growth of the pollen tube, a decoupling of the transport of generative cells in the pollen tube with its growth or a disturbed interaction of gametophytes followed by incomplete fertilization followed by chromosome elimination. On the other hand, the overexpression of the gene could also inhibit, prevent or reduce the correct formation, folding and/or stability of the patatin phospholipase. However, there could also be decreased formation or no formation of a functional patatin phospholipase, for example, by mutations in the promoter region, to the formation of a less active, inactive or unstable form of the patatin phospholipase, for example, by the generation of a stop codon or by amino acid exchanges in the functional domain, which in turn could result in faulty fertilization. Likewise, the localization of the patatin phospholipase could be altered by the described mutations, so that it is no longer pollen-specifically expressed, for example.

As a result, sorghum plants having one or more insertions of an expression cassette are also encompassed in the present invention, which is a nucleic acid molecule encoding the patatin phospholipase, which, through the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 or through a nucleic acid sequence which is at least 80%, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% and most preferably 99% identical to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2, or encoding a functional part of this patatin phospholipase, or comprising a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes with the sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No: 1 or 2 under stringent conditions, or which comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the patatin phospholipase having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No: 3 or a homologous amino acid sequence or a functional part thereof, and operatively linked to a promoter, preferably a pollen-specific promoter, wherein the encoded patatin phospholipase or functional portion thereof has one or more mutations resulting in one or more amino acid exchanges or generation of a stop codon and thus providing patatin phospholipase coding for overexpression of the gene encoding in a plant or part thereof as compared to a wild-type plant or corresponding part thereof.

Likewise encompassed in the present invention are sorghum plants in which the expression of the patatin phospholipase is partially or completely inhibited or a reduced amount of the patatin phospholipase protein is present or no functional patatin phospholipase is formed. Thus, the present invention also comprises sorghum plants in which the expression of said patatin phospholipase is partially or completely inhibited by an RNAi approach (Fire et al., Nature 391 (1998), 806-811). Accordingly, the plant according to the invention is further characterized in that it has one or more insertions of an expression cassette comprising a promoter and optionally a terminator which is operatively linked to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a dsRNA which comprises at least 19 or 20, preferably at least 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, more preferably at least 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50, and most preferably at least 100, 200, 300 or 500 nucleotides complementary to a partial sequence of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 or a partial sequence of the nucleotide sequence which is at least 80%, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% and most preferably 99% identical to a partial sequence of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2.

In addition, the present invention also encompasses sorghum plants in which there is a knock-out of patatin phospholipase by mutation.

Suitable promoters useful in the expression cassettes can be promoters that are constitutively induced (for example: 35S promoter from the “Cauliflower mosaic virus” (Odell et al., Nature 313 (1985), 810-812), suitable promoters are those which are development-specific (for example: flower-specific promoters) or tissue-specific, in particular those which are specifically active in pollen (examples: Chen et al., Molecular Biology Reports 37 (2010), 737-744, Zhao et al., Planta 224 (2006), 405-412 or Twell et al. Genes & Development 5(1991), 496-507).

Suitable promoters can also be synthetic or chimeric promoters, which do not occur in nature, are composed of several elements and contain a minimal promoter and upstream of the minimal promoter have at least one cis-regulatory element which serves as a binding site for specific transcription factors. Chimeric promoters can be designed according to the desired specificities and are induced or repressed by different factors. Examples of such promoters can be found in Gurr and Rushton (TRENDS in Biotechnology 23 (2005), 275-282) or Venter (Trends in Plant Science 12 (2007), 118-1249. A suitable terminator is, for example, the nos terminator (Depicker et al., Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics 126 (1982), 561-573). Promoters and other transcriptional regulatory elements are well known and are available to those skilled in the art; see, for example, WO 00/75359 on page 23, line 5 to page 24, line 17.

As shown in Example 2, an exchange of the amino acid arginine by glutamine at amino acid position 59 according to the amino acid sequence of the patatin phospholipase shown in SEQ ID No.: 6 or an exchange of the amino acid valine by isoleucine at amino acid position 162 according to the amino acid sequence of the patatin phospholipase shown in SEQ ID No.: 9 in sorghum plants results in a haploid induction rate greater than 0.5%. It can be seen from FIG. 2 that these amino acid positions lie in the functional domain of the patatin phospholipase, which corresponds to the range of amino acid positions 37 to 240.

Thus, the present invention provides sorghum plants having one or more mutations resulting in amino acid exchange in the range of amino acid positions 37 to 240 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, which preferably corresponds to the functional domain of patatin phospholipase. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more mutations in the range of amino acid positions 40 to 93 or 135 to 204, preferably in the range of amino acid positions 53-85 or 150-192, more preferably in the range of amino acid positions 55-75 or 157-167 result in an amino acid exchange.

Furthermore, exchange of the amino acid serine for leucine at amino acid position 291 according to the amino acid sequence of the patatin phospholipase shown in SEQ ID No.: 12 in sorghum plants results in a haploid induction rate of more than 1.5%. Also, a sorghum haploid inducer could be generated by a mutation in the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1, which resulted in a stop codon at amino acid position 372 according to SEQ ID No.: 3. This mutation replaced the amino acid glutamine (Q) at position 372 with a stop codon.

It can be seen from FIG. 2 that these positions lie outside the functional domain of the patatin phospholipase.

Thus, the present invention also provides sorghum plants having one or more mutations resulting in amino acid exchange in the range of amino acid positions 241 to 385 according to SEQ ID No.: 3, which preferably corresponds to a region outside the functional domain of the patatin phospholipase, wherein the mutation can also result in a stop codon and thus to a shortening of the patatin phospholipase. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more mutations in the range of amino acid positions 270 to 320, preferably in the range of amino acid positions 285 to 311, more preferably in the range of amino acid positions 285 to 298, result in an amino acid exchange and/or a stop codon in the range of amino acid positions 322-402, preferably in the range of amino acid positions 342-392, more preferably in the range of amino acid positions 362-382.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plant according to the invention is characterized in that the one or more mutations result in an amino acid exchange at amino acid position 59, 162 and/or 291 and/or in a stop codon at amino acid position 372 according to SEQ ID: 3.

In this connection, in one embodiment of the present invention, the modified patatin phospholipase comprises an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 3, in which at least one amino acid exchange is present, wherein arginine (R) at position 59, valine (V) at position 162, and/or serine (S) at position 291 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably by glutamine (Q) at position 59, isoleucine (I) at position 162 and/or leucine (L) at position 291 or is encoded by a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1, in which at least one nucleotide exchange is present, resulting in an amino acid exchange and/or a stop codon, wherein one or more nucleotides are exchanged at positions 421-423, 815-817, 1420-1422 and/or 1663-1665 according to SEQ ID No.: 1 (corresponding to nucleotide positions 175-177, 484-486, 871-873 and/or 1114-1116 according to SEQ ID No.: 2).

Plants, as eukaryotes, have two or more copies of their genetic information per cell. Each gene is usually represented by two alleles, which can be identical in the homozygous state or different in the heterozygous state. The phenotype of the plant according to the invention is caused by one or more mutations in the patatin phospholipase, wherein the plant according to the invention is homozygous or heterozygous, preferably homozygous for the mutated patatin phospholipase.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, a nucleic acid molecule is claimed which comprises the previously defined specific mutations resulting in the amino acid exchanges R59Q, V162I, S291L and/or Q372stop based on the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 3. In this case, the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention is characterized in that its presence in a plant results in the plant being able to induce haploidy or that the induction performance of a plant already capable of inducing haploid is improved. Preferably, the presence of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention in the absence of a wild-type patatin phospholipase in a plant results in the plant being able to induce haploidy or in improving the induction performance of a plant already capable of inducing haploid.

The nucleic acid molecule according to the invention can be used as a transgene in order to confer the property of a haploid inducer in a plant or to increase the induction performance of a haploid inducer. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule which has been dissolved out of its natural or original environment, that is, the genetic context. A nucleic acid molecule can be double-stranded or single-stranded, linear or circular. This can be genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, cDNA or an RNA type, for example, siRNA or miRNA, wherein the nucleobase uracil occurs in RNA instead of the nucleobase thymine.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid according to the invention or an RNA encoded by the nucleic acid or a protein or polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid has an effect on pollen tube growth in a plant, on the interaction between the gametophytes or on the fertilization as such.

DNA hybridization probes derived from the modified patatin phospholipase sequence, that is, comprising any of the mutations described above, can be used to identify plants according to the invention, that is, be used to detect the mutations in the patatin phospholipase gene. To achieve specific hybridization, such probes should be specific and have at least a length of 15 nucleotides, preferably at least 20 nucleotides. A detailed guidance on the hybridization of nucleic acids can be found in Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part 1, Chapter 2, “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid assay assays,” Elsevier, New York (1993); and in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2, Ausubel, et al., eds, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York (1995). The probes can also be used to amplify a range of the modified sequence of the patatin phospholipase that receives at least one of the previously described mutations by the known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process.

Therefore, a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, preferably at least 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, more preferably at least 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50, and most preferably at least 100, 200, 300, 500 or 1000 nucleotides in length is a subject of the present invention, wherein said nucleic acid molecule specifically hybridizes to a previously described nucleotide sequence comprising the modified patatin phospholipase gene, and comprises one of the mutations or a pair of nucleic acid molecules suitable in a region containing at least one of the mutations to amplify in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), preferably in the form of an oligonucleotide, preferably with a maximum length of 50 nucleotides. The nucleic acid molecule preferably has the embodiment described under point [12].

A further subject of the invention is vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention or the aforementioned expression cassette. A vector according to the invention can comprise the mutant patatin phospholipase gene having the aforementioned characteristics of the nucleotide sequence operatively linked to a heterologous promoter or can comprise the mutant patatin phospholipase gene together with its natural promoter.

Another vector can comprise the wild-type gene of patatin phospholipase operably linked to a heterologous promoter. Furthermore, a vector can contain a recombinant DNA molecule which has a nucleotide sequence which codes for a double-stranded RNA and thus results in the expression of the patatin phospholipase gene after expression in a plant cell.

Furthermore, a vector can contain the previously described nucleic acid molecule that specifically binds to the mutated nucleotide sequence of the patatin phospholipase. The described vector can be a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage or an expression vector, a transformation vector, shuttle vector or cloning vector, it can be double or single stranded, linear or circular or can transform a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host either by integration into its genome or extrachromosomally. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention is operably linked in an expression vector having one or more regulatory sequences which permit transcription and optionally expression in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell; see, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2001 and international application WO 00/75359 at page 21, line 20 to page 22, line 32. A regulatory sequence, preferably DNA, can be homologous or heterologous to the nucleic acid according to the invention. Preferably, these regulatory sequences are promoters or terminators, in particular a transcription initiation start point, a ribosome binding site, an RNA processing signal, a transcription termination site and/or a polyadenylation signal. In addition, the vectors usually contain indicator/reporter genes or resistance genes to detect the transfer of the desired vector or DNA molecule/nucleic acid molecule and to select the individuals containing them, since direct detection of the expression of the gene is rather difficult. In a preferred embodiment, the vector is a plant vector.

In addition to the vectors described above, the present invention also provides a method comprising the introduction of a described vector into a host cell. The vector can be introduced, for example, by conjugation, mobilization, biolistic transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, transfection, transduction, vacuum infiltration or electroporation. Such methods and methods for the preparation of described vectors are familiar to the person skilled in the art (Sambrook et al. 2001).

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to host cells containing the described vectors, nucleic acid molecules or expression cassettes. A host cell in the context of the invention can be a prokaryotic (for example, bacterial) or eukaryotic cell (for example, a plant cell or a yeast cell). Preferably, the host cell is an Agrobacterium such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes or a plant cell comprising the nucleic acid according to the invention, the vector or the expression cassette described. Numerous methods such as both conjugation or electroporation are known to the person skilled in the art, with which methods he can introduce the nucleic acid according to the invention, the vector of the present invention or the expression cassette into an Agrobacterium, and methods such as various transformation methods (biolistic transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation), with which he can introduce the nucleic acid according to the invention, the vector or the expression cassette of the present invention into a plant cell (Sambrook et al. 2001).

More preferably, the present invention relates to a transgenic plant cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention as transgene, the vector of the present invention, or the expression cassette, and a transgenic plant or a part thereof which comprises the transgenic plant cell. Such a transgenic plant cell or plant is, for example, a plant cell or plant which is preferably stably transformed with the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, with the vector of the present invention, or the expression cassette. A transgenic plant of the present invention is preferably suitable for use as a haploid inducer. In a preferred embodiment of the transgenic plant cell, the nucleic acid molecule is operatively linked to one or more regulatory sequences which allow transcription and optionally expression in the plant cell. A regulatory sequence, preferably DNA, can be homologous or heterologous to the nucleic acid according to the invention. The total construct of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention and of the regulatory sequence(s) then represents the transgene. A part of a plant can be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, a pollen, a tissue, an organ or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, embryo or pollen is produced on the transgenic plant and in its genome, the nucleic acid according to the invention is integrated as a transgene, the vector or the expression cassette. Likewise, the present invention also includes an offspring of the transgenic plant in the genome of which the nucleic acid according to the invention is integrated as a transgene, the vector or the expression cassette and which is suitable for use as a haploid inducer.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method of producing a plant suitable for use as a haploid inducer. The method can comprise the following steps:

• • (a) mutagenizing plant cells and then regenerating plants from the mutagenized plant cells or mutagenizing plants; and
  • (b) identifying a plant of (a) having one or more mutations in an endogenous DNA sequence encoding the above-described patatin phospholipase resulting in one or more amino acid exchanges or generation of a stop codon, preferably one or more of the described amino acid exchanges S291L, R59Q, V162I and Q372stop according to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No.: 3 or result in one or more amino acid exchanges in sequences of plant patatin phospholipases corresponding to the amino acid exchange S291L, R59Q, V162I and Q372stop according to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No.: 3 and which is capable of inducing the obtaining of haploid offspring at an increased rate compared to a non-mutagenized plant. In this case, at least one mutation causes the property of a haploid inducer to be conferred in the identified plant or the induction performance of a haploid inducer to be increased.

In addition, further investigations indicate that further potential mutagenic sites exist which are suitable for conferring the property of haploid induction to plants or for increasing their induction performance. These mutations result in the exchange of aspartic acid (D) at position 75, glycine (G) at position 79, and/or proline (P) at position 203 of the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 3 by another amino acid, preferably by asparagine (N) at position 75, arginine (R) at position 79 and/or leucine (L) at position 203 or that amino acid exchanges corresponding to this amino acid exchange taking place in plant patatin phospholipases.

The endogenous DNA sequence from step (b) of the above method can in principle code for any plant patatin phospholipase. Preferably, the endogenous DNA sequence encodes a patatin phospholipase from sorghum (SEQ ID No.: 3), sunflower (SEQ ID No.: 18), barley (SEQ ID No.: 21), or sugar beet, with sugar beet having two putative patatin phospholipases (SEQ ID No.: 24 and 27). The plant patatin phospholipases mentioned in step (b) are preferably those from sunflower (SEQ ID No.: 18), barley (SEQ ID No.: 21) or sugar beet, wherein sugar beet has two putative patatin phospholipases (SEQ ID No: 24 and 27).

It is known to the person skilled in the art how a mutation in the context of the invention can be achieved by the process of a mutagenization in step (a) of the method for the production of a plant which is suitable for use as a haploid inducer. The mutagenization here includes both conventional mutagenesis and site-specific mutagenesis or “genome editing”. The modification at the DNA level is not deliberately induced in conventional mutagenesis. The plant cell or plant is exposed to mutagenic conditions, for example, TILLING by UV light irradiation or the use of chemicals (Till et al., BMC Plant Biology 4 (2004), 12). A further method of random mutagenesis is mutagenesis with the aid of a transposon. Site-specific mutagenesis enables the introduction of modification at the DNA level targeted at predefined sites of the DNA. For example, TALENS (WO 2010/079430, WO 2011/072246), meganucleases (Silva et al., Current Gene Therapy 11 (2011), 11), homing endonucleases (Chevalier, Molecular Cell 10 (2002), 895-905), zinc finger nucleases (Lloyd et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005), 2232-237 or a CRISPR/Cas system (Gaj et al., Trends in Biotechnology 31 (2013), 397-405) can be used.

The identification of a plant in step (b) can be carried out, for example, by means of molecular markers or probes. DNA probes are, for example, primers or primer pairs, which can be used in a PCR reaction. For example, tilling mutants can be detected or identified by sequencing the target gene in a Tilling population or other methods that detect mismatches in the DNA, such as melting point analyses or use of mismatch-specific nucleases. The present invention also includes primer/primer pairs that can be used for this purpose, for example, primers for patatin phospholipase.

Further, mutants generated by means of transposons can be detected by using transposon specific primers and target gene specific primers in PCR over the entire population and subsequent sequencing of PCR products. Such primers are also encompassed by the present invention. Those skilled in the art know of other means and methods which they can use to identify a plant in step (b). The present invention also relates to molecular markers which detect the presence or absence of a mutation in the endogenous DNA sequence or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence. For example, such markers are based on an SNP and are specific for the mutation (examples: KASPar or TaqMan markers).

The identification of a plant in step (b) can also be carried out by testing the induction performance as described in pending Example 1. Thus, the present invention also relates to a method for identifying a plant according to the invention by detecting the mutation in the patatin phospholipase gene or by detecting a marker allele which is coupled to the mutation, preferably using molecular markers described above.

An example of a plant produced and identified by such a method is the sorghum plant according to the invention.

The present invention also relates to a plant which is can be produced or is produced by the above method, or a part of this plant, wherein a part of a plant can be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, a pollen, a tissue, an organ or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, the embryo or the pollen are produced on the transgenic plant and in the genome of which the at least one mutation is present. Likewise, the present invention also includes an offspring of the plant which has the at least one mutation and is suitable for use as a haploid inducer. In principle, the method can be applied to any plant containing a patatin phospholipase and thus can be given the property of haploid induction. Preferably, this plant is sorghum, sunflower, barley, sugar beet, rye, wheat or potato.

In another aspect, the present invention also relates to a method of producing a transgenic plant suitable for use as a haploid inducer. The method can comprise the following steps:

• • (a) introducing the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention which encodes the patatin phospholipases described above and has therein one or more mutations resulting in one or more of the described amino acid exchanges or in the generation of a stop codon, preferably resulting in one or more amino acid exchanges selected from S291L, R59Q, V162I and Q372stop according to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 3, introducing a nucleic acid molecule having one or more mutations resulting in one or more amino acid exchanges in sequences of plant patatin phospholipases corresponding to the amino acid exchanges S291L, R59Q, V162I and Q372stop according to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 3, introducing the previously described expression cassette comprising either a nucleic acid molecule encoding the modified patatin phospholipase according to the invention and being operatively linked to a promoter, or comprising a promoter and optionally a terminator being operatively linked to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a dsRNA comprising at least 19 nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2 or having a nucleotide sequence of at least 80% identity to the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 1 or 2, or introducing the vector according to the invention into a plant cell; and
  • (b) regenerating transgenic plants from the plant cells (a).

The method of producing a transgenic plant suitable for use as a haploid inducer also includes providing two or more of the nucleic acids described above, selectively also different embodiments of the nucleic acid according to the invention and optionally in one or more vectors, and transforming plant cells by introducing the two or more nucleic acids. Alternatively or additionally, in addition to the nucleic acid according to the invention, one or more further nucleic acids known to be useful for generating a haploid inducer (for example, manipulated cenh3 gene (Ravi and Chan, Nature 464 (2010), 615-618, EP 2 989 889 A1; EP 3 037 540 A1, WO 2016/138021 A1) are provided and transformed or introduced into the breeding system.

The nucleic acid molecule of step (a) of the method of producing a plant suitable for use as a haploid inducer can encode any plant patatin phospholipase. Preferably, the endogenous DNA sequence encodes a patatin phospholipase from sorghum (SEQ ID No.: 3), sunflower (SEQ ID No.: 18), barley (SEQ ID No.: 21), or sugar beet, with sugar beet having two putative patatin phospholipases (SEQ ID No.: 24 and 27). The plant patatin phospholipases mentioned in the same step (b) are preferably those from sunflower (SEQ ID No.: 18), barley (SEQ ID No.: 21) or sugar beet, wherein sugar beet has two putative patatin phospholipases (SEQ ID No: 24 and 27).

The introduction of the nucleic acid molecule or of the vector from (a) takes place by means of transformation, preferably by means of stable transformation of plant cells. The vector can be introduced, for example, by conjugation, mobilization, biolistic transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, transfection, transduction, vacuum infiltration or electroporation. Such methods are familiar to the person skilled in the art (Sambrook et al., 2001). In addition, a nucleic acid molecule can also be introduced into the plant genome via homologous recombination, for example, by means of CRISPR/Cas or CRISPR/Cpf1 and repair template.

The present invention also relates to a transgenic plant which is can be produced or is produced by this method, or a part of this plant, wherein a part of a plant can be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, a pollen, a tissue, an organ or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, the embryo or the pollen are produced on the transgenic plant and in the genome of which the introduced nucleic acid is integrated as a transgene or the vector. Likewise, the present invention also includes an offspring of the transgenic plant which has the introduced nucleic acid as a transgene and is suitable for use as a haploid inducer. In principle, the method can be applied to any plant containing a patatin phospholipase and thus can be given the property of haploid induction. Preferably, this plant is sorghum, sunflower, barley, sugar beet, rye, wheat or potato.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing a haploid plant comprising the following steps:

• • (a) crossing a non-transgenic or transgenic inducer plant of the present invention which is suitable for use as a haploid inducer with a plant of the same genus, preferably of the same species,
  • (b) selecting a fertilized haploid seed or embryo, and
  • (c) producing a haploid plant from the seed or embryo from (b).

Preferably, the plant suitable for use as a haploid inducer is used as a pollen parent and crossed with a seed parent of the same genus, preferably of the same species. The plant suitable for use as a haploid inducer can also be used as a seed parent and crossed with a pollen parent of the same genus, preferably of the same species. Both crossing partners in step (a), that is, seed and pollen parents, can also be the same individual. The crossing step then represents a selfing. Selecting the haploid fertilized seed or embryo can comprise a step of detecting haploidy and the separating of the haploid fertilized seed or embryo from polyploid fertilized seeds or embryos. The detection of haploidy of a fertilized semen or embryo can be phenotypic or genotypic, for example, by providing the inducer with an embryo-specific dominant marker which is visible in all diploid offspring but not in the induced haploid offspring. Furthermore, the ploidy status can be determined by flow cytometry. In addition, a completely homozygous pattern of molecular markers indicates haploid plants. The separation can be automated, for example, based on data from the detection of haploidy.

The present invention also relates to a haploid fertilized seed or embryo which results from crossing in step (a) of the method for producing a haploid plant and to a haploid plant which is can be produced or is produced by this method, or a part of this plant, wherein a part of a plant can be a seed, an embryo, a tissue, an organ or a plant cell. Likewise, the present invention also includes an offspring of the plant.

Furthermore, the present invention also encompasses a double-haploid (diploid) plant or a part thereof, wherein the double-haploid (diploid) plant or part thereof has been produced by chromosome doubling of the haploid plant or part thereof. These double-haploid (diploid) plants can be produced by the following method:

• • (a) producing a haploid plant by means of the method according to the invention;
  • (b) doubling the haploid chromosome set in at least one cell of the haploid plant, and
  • (c) regenerating the diploid plant from the cell of (b).

In the method according to the invention for producing double-haploid plants, the haploid plants from (a) are treated with the cell division inhibitor colchicine. This results in a doubling of the chromosomes. The person skilled in the art knows of this process and it is described, for example, in Segui-Simarro and Nuez, Cytogenetic and Genome Research 120 (2008), 358-369.

General methods for the production of haploid and double haploid plants are known to the person skilled in the art, for example, from Dwivedi et al., Biotechnol. Adv. 33 (2015), 812-29 and Murovec & Bohanec, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology “Plant Breeding” (2012), eds. Abdurakhmonov, chapter 5 and can be applied to the present invention.

A further embodiment of the present invention comprises a method of producing hybrid plants by the following steps:

• • (a) crossing the double-haploid (diploid) plant according to the invention with a second plant of the same genus, preferably of the same species,
  • (b) selecting the hybrid plants with respect to the desired trait.

The double-haploid plants are homozygous and the known heterosis effect occurs by crossing two homozygous plants, which results in a particularly pronounced performance of hybrid plants. Accordingly, the hybrid plants obtained by such a method are also the subject of the present invention.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the nucleic acid according to the invention, the vector according to the invention or the above-described expression cassette in a plant for conferring the property of a haploid inducer or for increasing the induction performance of a haploid inducer or the use of the nucleic acid according to the invention, the vector according to the invention or previously described expression cassette for the production of a plant or transgenic plant suitable for use as a haploid inducer. Furthermore, the present invention also includes the use of a plant according to the invention described above which is suitable for use as a haploid inducer for the production of a haploid fertilized seed or embryo or a haploid plant. The foregoing explanations of objects and methods of the present invention are also applicable to the mentioned uses.

In experiments with sorghum plants according to the invention, a gene could be found, in particular the gene of the patatin phospholipase having one or more mutations which were suitable to confer on the plant the property of a haploidy inducer and an induction performance of at least 0.4% up to 1.5% or more, so that for the first time an efficient and therefore economically applicable system for the production of haploid and double haploid sorghum plants for hybrid breeding could be provided. The method according to the invention for producing such haploid inducers and the identification of patatin phospholipases in further crops can also be transferred to this system.

The following examples illustrate the invention without, however, limiting the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, standard molecular biology methods were used, see for example, (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2001), Fritsch et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1989; Mayer et al., Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology, eds., Academic Press, London, 1987) and Weir et al., Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV, Blackwell, eds., 1986).

Examples

1. Identification of Patatin Phospholipase as a Target for Conferring the Property of Haploid Induction in Sorghum

• • In a TILLING population, a sorghum plant was found which was able to induce haploidy with an efficiency of about 1%. There was a focus on various genes as potential targets in the search for the genetic basis that confers this property in the identified sorghum plant. The selection of genes was made based on the fact that they are preferentially expressed in reproductive organs of the plant and in some way play a role in fertilization, because chromosome elimination can occur through defective or incomplete fertilization, for example, by a missing or incorrect transport of the generative cells to the female ovules or by acting on the energy metabolism of the pollen, resulting in a haploid chromosome set.
  • According to preliminary investigations in the context of the present invention, a mutated gene was then found, which could be identified as patatin phospholipase in sorghum by means of the bioinformatic methods BLASTP and Synteny Study (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 25 (1997), 3389-3402) the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of which are illustrated in SEQ ID No.: 1 or SEQ ID No.: 3, and were identified as a pollen-specific expressed patatin phospholipase by RNA sequencing (RNASeq). The mutated gene had a point mutation in the nucleotide sequence of the patatin phospholipase (see SEQ ID No.: 10), which caused an amino acid change from serine to leucine at position 291 (see SEQ ID No.: 12). The point mutation in the nucleotide sequence of the patatin phospholipase was identified using the PCR method with the primers according to SEQ ID Nos.: 44 and 45.
  • To verify the mutated gene as the cause of the observed haploid induction, the locus containing the gene was introduced into the genetic background of a non-inducer by breeding and biotechnological methods. This made it possible to introduce the property of a haploid inducer into the non-inducer with an average efficiency of 1.5% when the mutation was homozygous and 1.2% when the mutation was heterozygous. During the verification, the mutated gene could be followed by means of PCR with the primers according to SEQ ID Nos.: 36 to 38. The induction performance of a potential inducer was carried out by pollinating sorghum plants with the mutant sorghum plants (containing the mutated gene). In this case, the wild-type sorghum plants used differed genetically from several markers of the potential inducer line. These markers were used to identify homozygous plants, which were subsequently tested for haploidy by means of flow cytometry.

2. Creation of Further In Vivo Sorghum Haploid Inducers

• • After verifying with the previously described experiment that the patatin phospholipase in the sorghum was a suitable target for conferring the property of haploid induction in the sorghum, further mutations were introduced into the wild-type endogenous gene. A mutation was introduced which resulted in the exchange of the amino acid glutamine (Q) with a stop codon at position 372. This resulted in a shortening of the patatin phospholipase protein and gave the sorghum plant containing this mutation the property of haploid induction with an average efficiency of between 1% and 3%. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the previously described mutations S291L and Q372stop are outside the functional domain of the patatin phospholipase. Therefore, in a next experiment, mutations were introduced into the gene of the patatin phospholipase, which on the one hand, caused an R59Q amino acid exchange and, on the other hand, a V162I amino acid exchange. These two mutations are within the functional domain and cause the sorghum to acquire a haploid-inducer property, wherein initial experiments showed that the induction rate lies above about 0.5%. A sequence alignment of the four mutants together with the wild-type protein is illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • It is expected that additional or different mutations or the combination of multiple mutations in the patatin phospholipase would result in an increased or further increased induction rate, so that further experiments to screen TILLING populations can be carried out to identify a plant having increased induction performance.
  • Furthermore, the mutations could also be introduced into the patatin phospholipase not only by means of TILLING or other mutagenesis methods in the various sorghum species and varieties derived therefrom, but, for example, further haploid inducers can be produced by transgenic expression of the patatin phospholipase. For this purpose, the corresponding genes including their promoters from the sorghum inducer lines having the mutations S291L, R59Q, V162I and/or Q372stop in the patatin phospholipase according to SEQ ID No.: 3 are to be cloned. These genes can be cloned into a suitable transformation vector and transformed into the desired plant.
  • The induction property of the sorghum plants described above can be attributed to the illustrated mutations in the patatin phospholipase, which usually results in a change in the biological activity thereof. However, the biological activity can be changed not only by introducing the described mutations but also by numerous further genetic engineering methods.
  • For example, the wild-type gene of the patatin phospholipase together with a suitable promoter can be cloned into a transformation vector and transformed into the desired plant, resulting in overexpression of the patatin phospholipase. Furthermore, the patatin phospholipase could be reduced in its activity via RNAi. For this purpose, for example, hairpin constructs are to be produced, which are then cloned into a suitable transformation vector and transformed into the desired plant, including a suitable promoter and terminator, which allow transcription of the hairpin construct before or at the time of pollen formation. Alternatively, knockout mutants that further reduce activity could be found.

3. Creation of New In Vivo Haploid Inducers

• • First investigations in the context of the present invention give reasonable grounds to stipulate that in some further crops, the property of the haploid induction or an improvement of this property can be conferred via modifications of the patatin phospholipase, in particular via corresponding mutations described above for the sorghum plant or according to the method according to the invention described above. These are target genes encoding putative patatin phospholipases having one of the following amino acid sequences in sunflower (SEQ ID No.: 18), barley (SEQ ID No.: 21), and sugar beet, wherein sugar beet has two potential phospholipases (SEQ ID No.: 24 and 27). A sequence alignment of the protein sequences from sorghum, sunflower, barley and sugar beet is illustrated in FIG. 2, in which additionally the putative functional domain is characterized (bold). The expression of these genes in pollen can be carried out, for example, via RNASeq of pollen.
  • In accordance with the process according to the invention described above, modifications relating to the patatin phospholipase can now be selectively introduced into sunflower, barley (and other grains such as wheat, rye and oats) and sugar beet. For example, with the aid of the sequence alignment in FIG. 2, the amino acids corresponding to and exchanging those at positions 291, 59, 162 and 372 according to SEQ ID No.: 3 can be identified. Accordingly, sunflower, barley or grain and sugar beet plants are also the subject of the present invention, which are able to induce haploidy, and are characterized in that they have one or more modifications, the one endogenous, preferably pollen-specific, expressed patatin phospholipase correspondingly relating to one of the embodiments characterized in the above items [ ] or claims, in particular for sorghum plants, and/or obtainable by the method according to the invention described above or in the claims. There are already first indications that amino acid exchanges at position 75 (aspartic acid (D) is replaced by asparagine (N) (D75N)), at position 79 (glycine (G) is replaced by arginine (R) (G79R)) and/or at position 203 (proline (P) is replaced by leucine (L) (P203L)) of the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No.: 3 can also confer induction of haploids both in sorghum and in other crops.

Claims

1-15. (canceled)

16. A sorghum plant which is capable of inducing haploidy, wherein the plant has one or more modifications relating to an endogenous gene encoding a patatin phospholipase,

wherein the patatin phospholipase is encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 or by a nucleotide sequence which is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, or which comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homologous amino acid sequence,

wherein the one or more modifications are one or more mutations in the endogenous gene encoding the patatin phospholipase, and

wherein the one or more mutations result in an amino acid exchange at one or more of amino acid positions 53-85, 150-192 and/or 285-311 according to SEQ ID NO: 3.

17. The plant according to claim 16, wherein the one or more mutations results in an amino acid exchange at the amino acid position 59, 162 and/or 291 according to SEQ ID NO: 3.

18. The plant according to claim 16, wherein the modified patatin phospholipase

(i) comprises an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homologous amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid exchange is present, wherein arginine (R) at position 59, valine (V) at position 162, and/or serine (S) at position 291 according to SEQ ID NO: 3 is replaced by another amino acid;

(ii) is encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the coding sequence of the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or a DNA sequence which is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, in which at least one nucleotide exchange is present, resulting in an amino acid exchange, wherein one or more nucleotides are exchanged at positions 421-423, 815-817, and/or 1420-1422 according to SEQ ID NO: 1;

(iii) comprises an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 6, 9 or 12; or

(iv) is encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the coding sequence of the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 7, or SEQ ID NO: 10.

19. A nucleic acid molecule which encodes the mutated patatin phospholipase characterized in claim 18, wherein the one or more mutations results in an amino acid exchange at the amino acid position 59, 162 and/or 291 according to SEQ ID NO: 3.

20. The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 19, wherein the presence of the nucleic acid molecule in a plant in the absence of a wild-type patatin phospholipase results in the plant being able to induce haploidy.

21. A nucleic acid molecule of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 nucleotides in length that specifically hybridizes to a nucleotide sequence as defined in claim 18, and comprises one of the mutations or a pair of nucleic acid molecules that is suitable for a range containing at least one of the mutations, to amplify in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

22. A plant cell containing the nucleic acid molecule according to claim 19, a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule or the nucleic acid molecule as a transgene, optionally under the control of a heterologous promoter.

23. A method for obtaining a plant capable of inducing haploidy or having an increased induction rate with respect to the wild type, comprising the following steps:

(a) (i) mutagenizing plant cells and then regenerating plants from the mutagenized plant cells or mutagenizing plants; (ii) identifying a plant from (i) having one or more mutations in an endogenous DNA sequence which correspond to one or more of the mutations identified in claim 32 and/or which result in aspartic acid (D) at position 75, glycine (G) at position 79, and/or proline (P) at position 203 of the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3 is replaced by another amino acid, preferably by asparagine (N) at position 75, arginine (R) at position 79 and/or leucine (L) at position 203, or which corresponds to these, and capable of inducing the obtaining of haploid offspring at an increased rate compared to a non-mutagenized plant; or

(b) (i) introducing the nucleic acid molecule having one or more mutations which correspond to the one or more identified mutations characterized in claim 32 and/or which result in aspartic acid (D) at position 75, glycine (G) at position 79, and/or proline (P) at position 203 of the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3 being replaced by another amino acid, preferably by asparagine (N) at position 75, arginine (R) at position 79 and/or leucine (L) at position 203 or which correspond to them, in a plant cell, and

(ii) regenerating a plant from the plant cell (i),

preferably wherein the endogenous DNA sequence or the nucleic acid molecule is a coding nucleotide sequence which comprises amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), SEQ ID NO: 18 for sunflower (Helianthus annuus), SEQ ID NO: 21 for barley (Hordeum vulgare), or in SEQ ID NO: 24 or 27 for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).

24. A plant containing the plant cell according to claim 22.

25. An organ, plant part, tissue or cell of the plant according to claim 16 or seeds or offspring of the plant, wherein

(i) the seed or the offspring has one or more mutations in the endogenous gene encoding the patatin phospholipase; and/or

(ii) the seed or the offspring comprises a nucleic acid molecule according to or a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes a mutated patatin phospholipase comprising one or more mutations resulting in an amino acid exchange at the amino acid position 59, 162 and/or 291 according to SEQ ID NO: 3.

26. A method for obtaining a haploid plant, comprising the following steps:

(a) crossing a plant according to claim 16 with a plant of the same genus, preferably of the same species,

(b) selecting a fertilized haploid seed or embryo, and

(c) producing a haploid plant from the seed or embryo from (b).

27. A haploid plant, haploid fertilized seed or embryo obtainable by the method according to claim 26, the haploid plant, haploid fertilized seed or embryo comprising a patatin phospholipase encoded by the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 or by a nucleotide sequence which is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, or which comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homologous amino acid sequence,

wherein the one or more modifications are one or more mutations in the endogenous gene encoding the patatin phospholipase, and

wherein the one or more mutations result in an amino acid exchange at one or more of amino acid positions 53-85, 150-192 and/or 285-311 according to SEQ ID NO: 3.

28. The organ, plant part, tissue, cell, seed or offspring of the plant according to claim 27.

29. The plant according to claim 16, wherein the one or more mutations in the endogenous gene encoding the patatin phospholipase is a substitution which results in one or more amino acid exchanges.

30. The plant according to claim 16, wherein the one or more mutations results in an amino acid exchange

a) in the range of amino acid positions 55 to 75 according to SEQ ID NO: 3, preferably wherein this region corresponds to the functional domain of the patatin phospholipase; and/or

b) in the range of amino acid positions 157 to 167 according to SEQ ID NO: 3, preferably wherein this region corresponds to the functional domain of the patatin phospholipase; and/or

c) in the range of amino acid positions 285 to 298 according to SEQ ID NO: 3.

31. The plant according to claim 24, wherein the plant is sorghum, sunflower, rye, wheat, potato, barley, or sugar beet.

32. The plant according to claim 18, wherein the arginine (R) at position 59 is replaced by glutamine (Q), the valine (V) at position 162 is replaced by isoleucine (I), and/or the serine (S) at position 291 is replaced by leucine (L).