Complex formed to separate nitrated phenolic compounds from other phenolic compounds
A process is disclosed for separating nitrated phenolic compounds from other nitrated and unnitrated phenolics by treating a mixture of the phenolics with a metal halide salt. The metal halide salt preferentially forms a complex with one of the phenolics over other related phenolics in the mixture. The preferentially-formed complex of one of the phenolics may then be isolated from the mixture and the complex decomposed to provide a product substantially enriched in, or substantially entirely composed of, one phenolic. The process is particularly suitable for resolving a mixture comprising phenol or cresol from their ortho-nitrated derivatives, or a mixture of two isomeric nitrated phenols or cresols or a mixture of mono-and dinitrated phenols or cresols.
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1. Field of the Invention
Preferential complexation of one organic compound in a mixture of related compounds is a known technique for resolving mixtures of closely related compounds. Of particular interest herein are methods for resolving mixtures of phenolic compounds, at least one of which is a nitrated phenolic, by preferential complexation of one of the phenolics.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Pure nitrophenols are desirable compounds for the preparation of other organic compounds usually via the corresponding amino phenols which can be obtained by hydrogenation. A nitrated phenolic of commercial importance is 4-nitro-m-cresol which is the precursor for a contact insecticide and acaricide, known generically as fenitrothion, i.e., O,O-dimethyl-O-(4-nitro-m-tolyl) phosphoro thioate. However, the nitration of phenolic compounds is not selective, usually leading to mixtures of ortho- and para- and 2,4-nitrated derivatives. The isolation and purification of individual nitrated phenolics is cumbersome, expensive and, possibly, dangerous by the use of conventional separation methods such as fractional distillation, which tends to cause decomposition and, possibly, explosions. Steam distillation, which has been used to separate ortho- from para-nitrated phenols, is energy intensive.
There are chemical processes known for separating closely-related organic compounds by methods other than, or in addition to, energy-intensive physical separation techniques such as fractional distillation or fractional crystallization. These chemical processes involve a step of preferential complexation of one component of a mixture of closely-boiling compounds over other components of the mixture. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,389 to Leston, describes treating a phenolic mixture comprising para-cresol, methylated phenols and ethylated phenols with an inorganic halide salt, such as calcium bromide, to remove para-cresol from the mixture. Removal of para-cresol from the mixture involves formation of a complex between para-cresol and calcium bromide, which complex forms preferentially over complexes between calcium bromide and other components of the phenolic mixture.
Mixtures of various alcohols may be resolved by treatment with a halide salt. For example, in Sharpless et al., J. Org. Chem., Vol. 40, No. 9, p.p. 1252-1257 (1975), there is reported a study of competition between pairs of mono-hydroxy alcohols and mono-hydroxy phenols for complex formation with a halide salt. This study finds that phenols as a class form poorer complexes than alcohols of comparable melting point, probably because the phenols are weaker bases than the comparable alcohols.
There remains need, therefore, for methods for resolution of mixtures of closely-related phenolics by chemical complexation methods, rather than by fractional crystallization or distillation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONA mixture of two or more phenolics, some or all of which are nitrated, may be resolved into individual phenolic components by a process involving a step of forming a solid complex preferentially between a metal halide salt and one of the phenolics in the mixture containing at least one nitrated phenolic. A metal halide salt suitable for forming the solid complex may be selected from the group consisting of calcium bromide, calcium chloride, lithium bromide, magnesium chloride and magnesium bromide. Resolution of such a phenolic mixture may be accomplished by either of the following two preferred methods.
A first method involves bringing together a mixture of two or more phenolics at least one of which is a nitrated phenolic, and a selected metal halide salt, the metal halide being selected such that a complex forms with one of the phenolics in preference to, or preferentially over, other phenolics in the mixture. This preferentially formed complex constitutes a solid material in contact with a liquid phase such as may be provided by aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and their chlorinated derivatives, esters and ketones. Also, any combination of such solvents may be used. Alcohols are specifically excluded as solvents inasmuch as they form complexes with the metal halide salt solvent. The solid complex may then be removed or isolated from the liquid phase and thereafter decomposed to a product comprising a predominantly greater amount of the preferentially-complexed phenolic than other phenolics, as compared to the relative amounts of phenolics present in the original mixture. The product may also contain phenolic derived from complexes which form with the selected metal halide salt, but in lesser amount than the amount of phenolic derived from the preferentially-formed complex.
A second method involves forming a mixture of two or more phenolics, at least one of which is a nitrated phenolic, in contact with a selected metal halide salt, the metal halide salt initially present in an amount relative to one phenolic and selected such that one or more complexes form between the selected metal halide salt and one or more of the phenolics, but such that at least one of the phenolics forms no complex or forms a significantly lesser amount of complex with the selected metal halide salt than the preferentially-complexed phenolic. This phenolic which forms no complex, or which forms a complex in a significantly lesser amount than other phenolics, relative to amounts of phenolics originally present in the mixture, remains dissolved in the liquid phase. The solvent providing the liquid phase may then be removed or isolated from the preferentially-complexed phenolics which are present as solid material. Removal of the solvent provides a product containing an enriched amount of the phenolic which did not preferentially complex with the selected metal halide salt, as compared to the original mixture of phenolics.
One advantage provided by the process of the invention is good resolution or mutual separation of pairs of phenolics can be outlined from a mixture of two or more phenolics which separation would be substantially impossible to accomplish in a one-stage fractional distillation or separation because of possible decomposition. A second advantage resides in this chemical-separation process requiring significantly less energy to accomplish good resolution of the phenolics than physical-separation methods such as fractional distillation, steam distillation or crystallization.
The chemical-separation process of the invention may also be used advantageously in conjunction with conventional physical-separation processes. For example, calcium bromide complexation may be used in an initial treatment of a phenolic mixture for separating three or more compounds. Then, a resulting mixture of compounds having boiling points further apart can be treated by distillation or crystallization for more complete resolution of the mixture.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONThe terms "phenol," "phenols," "phenolic" or "phenolics" as used herein includes phenol, cresols and nitrated derivatives of phenol and cresols. The term "nitrated derivative" as used herein designates a phenolic wherein one or more of the hydrogens on the aromatic ring is replaced by a nitro group. The phrases "resolving a mixture of phenolics" and "resolution of a mixture of phenolics" relate to a mechanism or a result in which the individual phenolic components of a mixture containing two or more phenolics may be separated or isolated from each other. Thus, the separation of a significant amount of one phenolic from a mixture of two phenolics constitutes a resolution of the mixture. The phrases also embrace separation of a multi-component mixture into groups of phenolics, each group containing two or more phenolics. Also included within the definition are treatments resulting in a significant increase in the amount of one or more phenolics as compared to the composition of the original mixture of phenolics, even where the original mixture contained relatively small amounts of the enriched phenolic. It is contemplated that a differentation or enrichment in the relative amounts of phenolics is a "significant enrichment" if treatment of a mixture provides an increase of at least about 20 weight percent in one or more of the phenolics as compared to the composition of the original mixture.
The phrases "preferentially-formed complex" and "predominantly-complexed phenolic" are intended as abbreviated descriptions of the complex comprising a selected metal halide salt and a phenolic which forms in an amount significantly greater than an amount of any other complex of another phenolic resulting from treatment of the phenolic mixture with the selected metal halide salt. Any complex formed will preferably be comprised substantially entirely of a complex of a single type of phenolic. It is recognized, however, that other phenolics in a starting mixture may form complexes with the selected salt in secondary or lesser amounts than the primary, predominantly-formed complex. Such secondary complex formation in lesser amounts is not deleterious provided that the ratio of the predominant complex to the secondary complex in the resulting solid material is sufficiently high to provide a useful resolution of a phenolic mixture. It is contemplated that a primary/secondary or predominant/lesser ratio of the relative amounts of complexes of the treated mixture constitutes a significant and usefully-resolved mixture of phenolics.
Mixtures of phenolics susceptible to treatment with the process of the invention include mixtures of two or more phenolics, one or more of which is nitrated. Such phenolics include phenol, o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, m-cresol, o-cresol, 4-nitro-m-cresol, 5-nitro-m-cresol, 4,6-dinitro-m-cresol, p-cresol, 2-nitro-p-cresol, 3-nitro-p-cresol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, o-cresol, 6-nitro-o-cresol, 4-nitro-o-cresol and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol.
The family of metal halide salts which may be used in the process of the present invention is characterized by several common properties. For example, in addition to each member of the family being an inorganic salt of a metallic chloride or bromide, these halide salts are characterized in taking on water of hydration. The hydratable nature of these metal halide salts is believed to be significant in the mechanism of complex formation with the phenolics, even though no water is involved in the complexation reaction. Of the family of metal halide salts suitable for use in the invention, calcium bromide is preferred. It is also preferred, whether calcium bromide or calcium chloride or any other of the halide salts is used, that the salt have a water content, either as hydrate or occluded, of less than about ten weight percent. Also, it is preferred that the salt have a particle size less than about 200 mesh.
Solvents which may be used in the complexation reaction include those organic compounds which dissolve the phenolic mixtures but do not preferentially react with the metal halide salt. Solvents suitable include aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, their chlorinated derivatives, ethers, esters and ketones. Alcohols are specifically excluded since they may form complexes with the metal halide salt. Mixtures of solvents may also be used.
The process of the invention is particularly suitable for resolving, mixtures of closely related phenolics, one or more of which is a nitrated phenolic. Examples of such mixtures include the following: phenol and o-nitrophenol; m-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol; o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol; p-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol; m-cresol and 6-nitro-m-cresol; 6-nitro-m-cresol and 4-nitro-m-cresol; 4-nitro-m-cresol and 4,6-dinitro-m-cresol; p-cresol and 2-nitro-p-cresol. Generally, in a mixture containing the parent unnitrated phenolic and its o-nitrated phenolic derivative, the unnitrated phenolic is preferentially complexed with calcium bromide. Generally, in a mixture containing an ortho-nitrated phenolic and a para-nitrated phenolic, the para-nitrated phenolic is preferentially complexed. Generally, in a mixture containing a para-nitrated phenolic and a o,p-dinitrated phenolic, the para-nitrated phenolic is preferentially complexed with calcium bromide.
Generally, the metal halide salt is added to the mixture of phenolics dissolved in, or in contact with, a solvent. For calcium bromide, for example, the salt is preferably added in amount in a range fron about 0.1 mole to about 4 moles to one mole of the phenolic to be preferentially complexed. Usually, the complexation reaction takes place in the presence of a catalyst such as a lower aliphatic alcohol. A typical catalytic amount of the alcohol would be approximately five mole percent of the alcohol based on the total phenolic content.
After the aforementioned components are brought together as a mixture, usually in the form of a slurry, the mixture is agitated for a period of time sufficient for the phenolic-metal halide salt complex to form. A typical mixing time is in a range from about one hour to about 24 hours. Mixing is typically conducted at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure, although the complexation reaction may be conducted at practically any temperature in a range from about 0.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. Super atmospheric pressure may be used to avoid escape of reactants and solvents. Also, care must be taken to exclude ambient moisture from the reaction mixture.
After the mixing period, the mixture contains a fluffy, white, gray, or yellow solid material component in contact with a liquid component. The solid material may be separated from the liquid component by any conventional separation techniques such as by decanting, by centrifugation, or by filtration. If filtration is used to separate the solid material from the liquid, the filtration may be conducted with the aid of pressure gradient applied across the filter medium. The separated solid material may be washed with small portions of solvent, and the washings thereafter may be combined with the filtrate. After the washing step, the separated solid material may be optionally dried, usually by means of low heat or in a desiccator under reduced pressure. The drying step is carried out until the solid material reaches a constant weight.
The solid material, which contains the phenolic-metal halide salt complex, is then decomposed to provide the desired phenolic. Decomposition may be accomplished by hydrolysis of the complex in water, by heating of the complex at a temperature usually in a range of from about 150.degree. C. to about 350.degree. C., or by treatment with an alcohol, such as a lower boiling aliphatic alcohol. Preferred decomposition methods include water hydrolysis and heat treatment of the complex. In decomposition of the complex by water hydrolysis, the phenolic may be recovered by treating the water with an organic solvent, typically ether. In decomposition of the complex with heat, the phenolic may be separated by filtration, centrifugation or distillation from the metal halide salt residue. In either of these decomposition methods, the metal halide salt may be recovered and recycled for treatment of another mixture of phenolics, or for subsequent treatment of the separated phenolics in the event of incomplete separation of the mixture of phenolics.
It is an important feature of the invention that the liquid portion of the mixture treated with the metal halide salt contains the phenolic which less predominantly forms a complex with the metal halide salt or which forms substantially no complex with the metal halide salt. Thus the liquid portion of the treated mixtured will be enriched in this phenolic and depleted in the phenolic which predominantly complexes with the metal halide salt. This phenolic may be recovered from this liquid portion by conventional distillation or fractionation techniques.
In order to demonstrate the invention a series of individual nitrated phenolics were treated with calcium bromide to show the formation of a nitrated phenolic-CaBr.sub.2 complex, as described in Examples I and II.
EXAMPLE IA reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer was charged with 20.85 g p-nitrophenol (150 mmole), 0.2 ml absolute ethanol and 50 ml ether as a solvent for the organic components. To the reaction vessel was added 7.5 g powdered anhydrous calcium bromide (38 mmole) to form a slurry-like mixture. The reaction vessel was equipped with a drying tube filled with a desiccant, such as anhydrous calcium sulfate, for the purpose of excluding atmospheric moisture from the reaction mixture during the reaction period. A complexation reaction was run by stirring this mixture for about 24 hours at room temperature. The mixture was observed to contain a large amount of fluffy, solid material suspended in the liquid solution. The mixture was filtered under suction, in a manner to minimize exposure of the mixture to ambient moisture, so as to separate the fluffy solid material from the liquid component. The separated solid material was washed with small portions of ether and the washings were combined with the filtrate. The washed solid material was dried in a desiccator under a pressure of 1 mm Hg absolute for a period of time until a substantially constant weight was recorded of 15.2 g. Inasmuch as the dried solid material weighed 15.2 g, it was determined that 7.7 g p-nitrophenol complexed with the calcium bromide so that the molar ratio of p-nitrophenol:calcium bromide in the complex was 1.5:1.0. The filtrate left 13.2 g of starting material after the solvent had been boiled off.
EXAMPLE IIA complexation reaction was run generally as described in Example I with a mixture of 20.85 g o-nitrophenol (150 mmol), 0.1 ml absolute ethanol and 7.5 g powdered anhydrous calcium bromide (38 mmole) in 70 ml toluene. After the mixture was stirred for a total of 20 hours it was filtered. A washed-and-dried solid material was obtained in an amount of 8.25 g. This corresponds to an o-nitrophenol/calcium bromide molar ratio of 0.14. The filtrate was extracted with base and acidification gave 19.25 g of filtered solid.
As shown in Examples III to VII, various synthetic mixtures of phenolics, containing one or more nitrated phenolics, were prepared for treatment with calcium bromide to show the preferential complexation of one phenolic over another phenolic, so as to allow separation of two or more phenolics.
EXAMPLE IIIA mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol, totalling 10.98 g, and 0.2 mL of ethanol were dissolved in 100 mL of hot benzene. A sample of the solution was analyzed by GC. The gently refluxing mixture was stirred magnetically with 10.00 g (50 m moles) of dry, powdered CaBr.sub.2 in the absence of moisture (drying tube). After the weekend, the solid was filtered by suction from the hot benzene solution, washed with hot benzene and dried in vacuo to a constant weight of 12.11 g. A sample of this solid was dissolved in a water-acetone mixture and injected into the GC as was the combined filtrate and benzene washings. The GC results were as follows (in area %):
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o-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol
Sample (2.4 min.) (11.1 min.)
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Feed 63.0 37.0
Solid 0.5 99.5
Filtrate 70.7, 75.5 29.2, 24.5
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EXAMPLE IV
A solution of 5.40 g of phenol (57.4 m moles), 5.40 g of o-nitrophenol, 0.2 mL ethanol in 50 mL of benzene was stirred magnetically at room temperature overnight with 10.00 g of dry, powdered CaBr.sub.2 in the absence of moisture (Drierite drying tube). The following morning, the solid was filtered by suction, washed with benzene and dried in vacuo to a constant weight of 12.39 g. A sample of the solid was hydrolyzed in a water-acetone mixture and injected into the GC. This showed 100% phenol (retention time 1.7 min.) on a solvent-free basis. The combined filtrate and washings showed 39.5% phenol and 60.5% o-nitrophenol (retention time 3.9 min.) while the original solution showed ca. 65% phenol and ca. 35% o-nitrophenol on the GC.
EXAMPLE VA mixture of p-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol totalling 12.15 g in solution in 50 mL of warm benzene was sampled for GC analysis. Then 0.2 mL of ethanol was added and the solution was stirred magnetically with 8.00 g (40.0 m moles) of dry, powdered CaBr.sub.2. After the weekend, the solid was filtered, by suction, washed with benzene and dried in vacuo to a constant weight of 12.12 g. A sample of the solid was dissolved in water-acetone mixture for GC analysis. The combined filtrate and washings were also analyzed by GC. The analytical results were as follows (in area %):
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p-Nitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Sample (11.1 min.) (10.0 min.)
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Feed 34.7, 32.4 65.3, 67.6
Solid 100, 100 0, 0
Filtrate 0, 0 100, 100
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EXAMPLE VI
A solution of 5.4 g (50.0 m moles) of p-cresol, 5.4 g of 2-nitro-p-cresol, and 0.2 mL of ethanol in 100 mL of benzene was sampled and stirred magnetically with 10.00 g (50.0 m moles) of freshly dried, powdered CaBr.sub.2. The following morning the mixture was thick and it was diluted with 50 mL of benzene. After a few minutes of stirring, the solid was filtered by suction washed with benzene and dried in vacuo to a constant weight of 14.02 g. A sample of the solid was dissolved in a water-acetone mixture and a sample injected for GC analysis. The combined filtrate and washings and the original solution were also analyzed by GC with the following results (in area %):
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p-Cresol
Sample (2.73 min.) 2-Nitro-p-cresol
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Feed 62.3 37.7
Solid 96.7, 97.1 3.3, 2.9
Filtrate 30.5, 30.7 69.5, 69.3
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EXAMPLE VII
A solution of 1.39 g (10.0 m moles) of each meta- and para-nitrophenol and 0.1 ml ethanol in 50 ml of benzene was stirred magnetically with 2.00 g (10.0 m moles) of dry, powdered CaBr.sub.2 in the absence of moisture (drying tube) at 60.degree. C. The following morning, the solid was filtered by suction, washed with hot benzene and dried in vacuo to a constant weight of 2.46 g. A sample of the solid was hydrolyzed in a water-acetone mixture and analyzed by GC. The combined filtrate and benzene washings were also analyzed as follows (in area %):
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m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol
Sample (9.0 min.) (11.2 min.)
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Solid 0, 1.3, 0 100, 98.7, 100
Filtrate 76.1, 76.9, 76.1
23.9, 23.2, 23.9
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Claims
1. A complex consisting essentially of p-nitrophenol and calcium bromide.
2. A complex consisting essentially of 4-nitro-m-cresol and calcium bromide.
Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 21, 1984
Date of Patent: Oct 23, 1984
Assignee: Koppers Company, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA)
Inventor: Gerd Leston (Pittsburgh, PA)
Primary Examiner: Werren B. Lone
Attorneys: Daniel J. Long, Herbert J. Zeh, Jr.
Application Number: 6/582,083
International Classification: C07C 7932;
