Mammalian guanine nucleotide binding protein with an ADP-rybosylation factor domain
The invention provides a method for detecting the presence of ARD 1 protein in a sample. The method includes the steps of providing labeled or immobilized anti-ARD 1 antibody in a reaction zone, introducing sample into the reaction zone such that ARD 1 protein in the sample, if present, will react with said antibody to form an immunological complex, and detecting the formation of said immunological complex. Cells, nucleotide and amino acid sequences and vectors associated with ARD 1 are also described.
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Monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of the ras superfamily of 18-30 kDa function in a variety of cellular processes including signaling, growth, immunity, and protein transport (Barbacid, H. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56: 779-828 (1987); Bourne, H. R. Cell 53:669-671 (1988); Bourne, et al. Nature (London) 349: 117-127 (1991); Gabig, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 1685-1690 (1987); Goud, et al. Nature (London) 345: 553-556 (1990); Hall, A. Science 249: 635-640 (1990); Knaus, et al. Science 254: 1512-1515 (1991)) . ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) constitute one family of the ras superfamily.
ARF was initially identified as a factor required for cholera toxdin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of G.sub.sa, the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein of the adenylylcyclase system (Kahn, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 6228-6234 (1984); Serventi, et al. In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 175, (Aktories, K. ed) pp. 43-67, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (1992). In the presence of GTP or a nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue, ARF serves as an allosteric activator of cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Noda, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034: 195-199 (1990); Tsai, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 1768-1772 (1988); Tsai, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 84: 5139-5142 (1987)). It stimulates the toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of proteins unrelated to G.sub.sa and simple guanidino compounds such as arginine and agmatine as well as auto-ADP-ribosylation of the toxin A1 protein (Noda, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034: 195-199 (1990); Tsai, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 1768-1772 (1988); Tsai, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 84: 5139-5142 (1987)).
ARFs are evolutionarily well conserved and present in all eukaryotes from Giardia to mammals (Kahn, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 8282-8287 (1988); Murtagh, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 9654-9662 (1992); Tsai, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 8213-8219 (1991); Tsuchiya, et al. Biochemistry 28: 9668-9673 (1989); Tsuchiya, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2772-2777 (1991)). Immunologically, they have been localized to the Golgi apparatus of several types of cells (Stearns et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 87: 1238-1242 (1990)). ARFs are required for association of nonclathrin coat proteins with intracellular transport vesicles (Serafini, et al. Cell 67: 239-253 (1991)) and also appear to be critical during an early step in endocytosis as well as in nuclear vesicle fusion (Boman, et al. Nature (London) 358: 512-514 (1992); Lenhard, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 13047-13052 (1992)). GTP binding and hydrolysis may be involved in binding of ARF to membranes, and the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue GTP.sub..gamma. S, but not GTP or GDP, promotes the association of cytosolic ARF with Golgi (Regazzi, et al. Biochem. J. 275: 639-644 (1991)) 1991) or phospholipid membranes (Kahn, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 15595-15597 (1991); Walker, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 3230-3235 (1992)).
By molecular cloning from cDNA and genomic libraries, and PCR amplification of RNA transcripts, six mammalian ARFs, two yeast ARFs, and two Giardia ARFs have been identified (Bobak, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86: 6101-6105 (1989); Monaco, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 87: 2206-2210 (1990); Murtagh, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 9654-9662 (1992); Price, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85: 5488-5491 (1988); Sewell, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85: 4620-4624 (1988); Stearns, et al. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 6690-6699 (1990); Tsuchiya, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2772-2777 (1991)). Mammalian ARFs fall into three classes based on deduced amino acid sequences, gene structure, phylogenetic analysis, and size (Lee, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 9028-9034 (1992); Tsuchiya, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2772-2777 (1991)). Class I ARFs are ARFs 1-3; class II includes ARFs 4 and 5; and class III has ARFs 6. Some lipids and/or detergents, e.g., SDS, cardiolipin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)/cholate, enhance ARF activities (Bobak, et al. Biochemistry 29: 855-861 (1990); Noda, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034: 195-199 (1990); Tsai, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 1768-1772 (1988)). Members of the ARF multigene family, when expressed as recombinant proteins in E. coli, display different phospholipid and detergent requirements (Price, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17766-17772 (1992)). Following synthesis in E. coli all of these ARFs had enhanced cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in the presence of GTP (Kahn, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2606-2614 (1991); Price, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17766-17772 (1992); Weiss, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 21066-21072 (1989)).
In general, differences in the various ARF sequences are concentrated in the amino-terminal regions and the carboxyl portions of the proteins. Only three of 17 amino acids includin Met.sup.1 and Gly.sup.2, in the amino termini are identical among ARFs, and four amino acids in this region of ARFs 1-5 are missing in ARF 6 (Tsuchiya, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2772-2777 (1991)). It was recently reported (Kahn, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 13039-13046 (1992)) that the amino-terminal regions of ARF proteins form an .alpha.-helix, and that this domain is required for membrane targeting, interaction with lipid, and ARF activity.
Schliefer et al., (J. Biol. Chem. 257: 20-23 (1991)) described a protein distinctly larger than ARF that possessed ARF-like activity. At the time of those studies however, it had not been demonstrated that ARF requires GTP for activity, so functional characterization of the protein did not include assessment of that property.
SUMMARYThe present invention relates to a novel 64 kDa protein styled ARD 1. This protein includes an 18 kDa region that exhibits significant homology to known ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), but lacks a 15 amino acid domain previously thought necessary for ARF stimulation. The remaining 46 kDa sequence is apparently unlike any known protein. Both rat and human sequences are specifically disclosed.
One aspect of the present invention, therefore, comprises a polynucleotide encoding ARD 1 (which substantially has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or which otherwise substantially encodes the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2) in isolated or purified form. An isolated polynucleotide is one that has been largely separated from other nucleotides, so that the polynucleotide in any composition of which it is a part is at least 1%, preferably 5% or 10%, and more preferably at least about 20%, 30%, or 50% the particular polynucleotide of interest. Mammalian ARD 1 sequences are of particular interest, and vertebrate sequences such as rat and human sequences are particularly preferred.
The present invention also includes a recombinant DNA sequence in the form of a nucleic acid expression vector, comprising the DNA of SEQ ID NO:1 operably linked to a promoter. The promoter may be a heterologous promoter, for example, and is preferably adapted to direct expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell.
The present invention also includes a cell transfected with the expression vector discussed above. Such a cell is preferably capable of expressing ARD 1 protein. Secretion sequences of the type well known in the art may be included in the expression vector that are adapted to promote secretion of the protein in the cell in question. Although the transfected cell may be procaryotic, it is preferably a eukaryotic cell line. CHO cells, for example, are suitable for use in the present invention. Other mammalian cell lines, including human cell lines, may be used, as well other vertebrate cell lines. Alternatively, insect cell lines may be used for expressing the protein of the present invention.
One preferred embodiment of the present invention is an ARD 1 protein composition, comprising the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 in a concentration of at least about 0.01 .mu.g/g. The composition of claim 3, wherein the polypeptide is in substantially purified form.
Also disclosed is an immunoassay kit, comprising ARD 1 protein as a polypeptide reagent, a reaction unit including a reaction zone in which the polypeptide reagent can interact with antibodies (if any) in the sample directed against ARD 1 to form an immunological complex, and means for detecting the reaction or lack of reaction of the polypeptide with the antibodies. Similarly, the present invention includes an immunoassay kit where anti-ARD 1 antibodies are used as a reagent to react with ARD 1 (if any) in a sample, and the reaction of the antibody and ARD 1 are detected.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to isolated or purified antibody against ARD 1 protein. Both polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibody against ARD 1 protein are contemplated. Moreover, the monoclonal antibody of the present invention is not necessarily isolated or purified.
A further aspect of the present invention is a method for detecting the presence of ARD 1 protein in a sample, comprising the steps of providing labeled or immobilized anti-ARD 1 antibody in a reaction zone, introducing sample into the reaction zone such that ARD 1 protein in the sample, if present, will react with the antibody to form an immunological complex, and detecting the formation of the immunological complex.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESFIG. 1 is a table showing a comparison of amino acid sequences of ARD 1 and mammalian ARFs. The deduced amino acid sequence of reported human and bovine ARFs and the ARF domain of human ARD 1 were aligned using PC/Gene CLUSTAL. hARF 1, human ARF (Bobak, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86: 6101-6105 (1989)); bARF 2, bovine ARF 2 (Price, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85: 5488-5491 (1988); hARF 3, human ARF 3 ((Bobak, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86: 6101-6105 (1989)); hARF 4 human ARF 4 (Monaco, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 87: 2206-2210 (1990)); hARF 5 and hARF 6, human ARF 5 and human ARF 6, respectively (Tsuchiya, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2772-2777 (1991)); hARD 1, the ARF domain of human ARD 1. Gap penalty and window size were both 10. Asterisks and hyphens indicate amino acids identical to hARF 1 and gaps, respectively.
FIG. 2 is a copy of a Northern blot showing the hybridization of poly(A).sup.+ RNA from rat tissues with ARD 1 coding region cDNA. Poly(A).sup.+ RNA from rat skeletal muscle (SM), testis (Ts), spleen (Sp), kidney (Kd), liver (Lv), lung (Ln), heart (Hr) and brain (Br) was hybridized with human ARD 1 coding region cDNA. Positions (kb) of standards (left and ARD 1 mRNA (3.7, 4.1, right) are indicated.
FIG. 3 is a copy of a Northern blot illustrating the hybridization of poly (A).sup.+ RNA from different species with ARD 1 coding region cDNA. Poly(A).sup.+ RNA from human fibroblasts (FB), HL-60 (HL), and IMR-32 (IM) cells and brain from chicken (Ch), rabbit (Rb), mouse (Mo), and rat (Rt) was hybridized with human ARD 1 coding region cDNA FIG. 3A or human ARF 1 coding region cDNA FIG. 3B as described below. Positions of standards (kb) are indicated.
FIG. 4 is copy of a protein gel illustrating the binding of GTP to recombinant ARD 1. p3 (2 .mu.g), p8 (Mg) and sARF II (0.2 .mu.g) were subjected to 4-20% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. [.alpha.-.sup.32 P] GTP binding was carried out in the presence of 0.3% Tween 20 as described below.
FIG. 5 is a bar graph illustrating the effects of lipids/detergents on ARF activity. Cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of agmatine was assayed in the presence of GST-p3 (4 .mu.g), GST-p8 (8 .mu.g), sARF II (2 .mu.g) or no ARF as described below. The lipids/detergents used were 0.003% SDS ( , 1 mg/ml cardiolipin (striped rectangles), 3 mM DMPC/0.4% cholate (dotted rectangles) or 0.4% cholate (hollow rectangles).
FIG. 6 is a line graph showing the effect of the increasing concentration of ARD 1 on cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. Cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of agmatine was assayed in the presence of indicated concentrations of recombinant ARD 1; GST-p8 ( , p8 (o), GST-p3 , p3 (.DELTA.).
FIG. 7 is a line graph illustrating the effect of GTP concentration on ARF activity in the presence of 0.3% Tween 20. Cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of agmatine with 20 .mu.g of GST-p8 (o), 14 .mu.g of p8 ( ), 25 .mu.g of GST-p3 (hollow box), 2 .mu.g of sARF II (.DELTA.) or no ARF ( ) was assayed in the presence of indicated concentration of GTP. The activities without GTP (0.1 mM GDP.beta.S) was 0.51 nmol/h (GST-p8), 0.64 nmol/h (p8), 0.61 nmol/h (GST-p3), 0.70 nmol/h (sARF II) and 0.46 nmol/h (no ARF).
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONThe present invention includes the discovery of a newly recognized member of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) super family termed ARD 1. We have isolated the polynucleotide encoding ARD 1 from both human and rat libraries, as described below. In addition, ARD 1 has been transfected into a host cell and expressed. Upon expression, a 64-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding protein containing an 18-kDa, functional ARF domain at its carboxy terminus termed ARD 1 (for ARF domain) was found.
Recombinant human ARD 1, and a recombinant truncated species containing only the ARF domain following expression, activated cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase in a GTP-dependent manner, consistent with the conclusion that 15 amino acids adjacent to the amino terminus of ARF proteins are not required for toxin activation.
The ARD 1 protein of the present invention is useful for stimulation of cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase. Thus, as a reagent for synthetic biochemistry, it can stimulate toxin-catalyzed ribosylation of such molecules as agmatine in a GTP-dependent manner. It can also be used as a reagent in diagnosis of ADP-ribosylation deficiency disease. ARD 1 includes a GTP binding region, and may be used for binding GTP. It is also useful for generation of anti-ARD 1 antibodies, and as a reagent in assays for ARD 1 and for antibodies against ARD 1. Moreover, ARD 1 is a member of the ARF superfamily, and may be used in general in the same way as known ARF proteins.
ARD 1, a new member of the ARF family, was identified by molecular cloning from cDNA libraries and by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) type PCR. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human and rat ARD 1 are, respectively, 92% and 96% identical. In all rat tissues tested, 3.7-kb and 4.1-kb ARD 1 mRNAs were detected. A cDNA probe specific for the ARD 1 coding region hybridized with poly(A).sup.+ RNA of similar sizes from rat, mouse and rabbit brains, and human cultured cells. The specific probe additionally hybridized to a somewhat different size mRNA from chicken brain. Sequence and hybridization data are thus consistent with the conclusion that these ARF-related proteins are highly conserved in eukaryotic cells.
The unique 64-kDa ARD 1 protein is much larger than other monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and consists of two distinct domains. One domain is a carboxy-terminal ARF domain and the remainder, doesn't have homology with other known ARF domains. In fact, the sequence of the non-ARF domain has no homology to any sequences in the GenBank data base and contains no motif known to be conserved in any guanine nucleotide-binding proteins.
These conserved motifs, denoted GX.sub.1 X.sub.2 X.sub.3 X.sub.4 GK, DX.sub.1 X.sub.2 G, and NKXD using the single letter amino acid code, are conserved in other GTP-binding proteins including heterotrimeric G proteins, and ras, rho, and rab proteins. Unlike rab, ras, rho, and G.sub.60, ARF and ARD 1 have an Aspartic Acid (D) at position X.sub.2 in GX.sub.1 X.sub.2 X.sub.3 X.sub.4 GK. Like G.sub.60 , but unlike the ras super family, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 in the DX.sub.1 X.sub.2 G sequence of ARD 1 and ARFs are Valine (V) and Glycine (G), respectively. The ARF domain contains several motifs common to all ARFs, such as GLDGAGK, DVGG, and NKQD, which are considered to be responsible for GTP-binding (see FIG. 1). The CAT sequence is, however, represented by DAR. The conserved alanine, based on homology to ras, is thought to be involved in guanine nucleotide-binding. In fact, a recombinant protein, representing the ARF domain of ARD 1 had the ability to bind GTP, while the entire ARD 1 protein, under the same conditions did not bind GTP. The reason is unclear, although it is possible that when bound to a nitrocellulose membrane, the conformation of the larger protein limits accessibility of GTP to the binding site.
It has been suggested that the amino terminus of ARF is critical for its function, since mutant ARF 1 protein lacking the amino-terminal 17 amino acids was unable to stimulate cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of G.sub.S.alpha. in the presence of DMPC/cholate, although it still possessed GTP.sub..gamma. S binding activity that no longer required DMPC/cholate (Kahn, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 13039-13046 (1992)). Similarly, ARD 1 fusion protein or its ARF domain fusion protein did not have demonstrable ARF activity in the presence of SDS, DMPC/cholate or cardiolipin, all of which are effective in supporting activity of ARFs (Noda, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034: 195-199 (1990); Serventi, et al. In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 175, (Aktories, K. ed) pp. 43-67, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (1992); Tsai, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 84: 5139-5142 (1987)).
In the presence of Tween 20, however, ARD 1 protein stimulated toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of agmatine in a GTP-dependent manner. Removal of the non-ARF domain from ARD 1 protein significantly diminished its ARF activity and increased the GTP concentration required for half maximal activity, suggesting some role for the non-ARF domain in its ARF-like activity. Clearly, however, these data are consistent with the notion that toxin activation does not require the amino-terminal 15 amino acids of ARF, although they may contribute to interaction with phospholipids.
As a first step, we isolated cDNA from a human HL-60 lambda library that had homology with known ARF sequences.
Materials[.alpha.-.sup.32 P]dATP (6,000 Ci/mmol), [.alpha.-thio.sup.35 S]dATP (1,350 Ci/mmol), and [.alpha.-.sup.32 P]GTP (800 Ci/mmol) were purchased from DuPont-New England Nuclear; [adenine-.sup.14 C]NAD (273 Ci/mol) from Amersham (Arlington Heights, Ill.); random-primed DNA labeling kit and GDP.beta.S from Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, IN); human fetal brain cDNA and rat brain cDNA Lambda ZAP library from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.); competent E. coli DH5.alpha. (maximal efficiency), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and pSPORT 1 from Life Technology (Gaithersburg, Md.); plasmid purification kit from Qiagen (Chatsworth, Calif.); DNA sequencing kit from United States Biochemical Corp. (Cleveland, Ohio); AMV reverse transcriptase, NotI, SalI, RNase inhibitor (RNasin) and T4 DNA ligase from Promega (Madison, Wis.); Centricon 100 from Amicon (Danvers, Mass.); nylon membrane (Nytran) and nitrocellulose membrane from Schleicher and Schuell (Keene, NH); Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase from Perkin-Elmer/Cetus (Norwalk, Conn.); glutathione, glutathione-agarose, cardiolipin, DMPC, cholate, and NAD from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.); and AG1-X2 from Bio-Rad (Richmond, Calif.). Oligonucleotides were synthesized using an Applied Biosystems 380B DNA synthesizer.
Experiment 1 Analysis of ARD 1 cDNAA cyclic, AMP-differentiated HL-60 Lambda ZAP library (5 .times.10.sup.5 plaques) was screened by plaque hybridization with ARF 2B cDNA (Price, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85: 5488-5491 (1988)) and a mixture of oligonucleotides denoted XARFC as described by Tsuchiya et al., (J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2772-2777 (1991)). The only clone (#76) that was positive with the ARF 2B cDNA and negative with oligonucleotides specific for ARFs 1-6 (Tsuchiya et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2772-2777 (1991)) was plaque-purified, the insert was excised in vivo by the method of Short et al.(Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 7583-7600 (1988)). The insert was then purified using Qiagen, and sequenced by the Sanger et al. method (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 74: 5463-5467 (1977)). The 1660-bp insert (nucleotides 706-2365 in Table I) included an open reading frame (1207-1722) encoding an ARF domain of 172 amino acids.
3 TABLE I
Nucleotide and Protein Alignment of Human and Rat ARD I
-22 CTGTGGCGCTTCCCCTGCGAGG HUMAN 1 MATLVVNKLG AGVDSGRQGS RGTAVVKVLE
(SEQ ID NO:2) HUMAN 1 ATGGCTACCCTGGTTGTAAACAAGCTCGGA GCGGGAGTAGACAGTGGCCG
GCAGGGCAGC CGGGGGACAGCTGTAGTGAAGGTGCTAGAG (SEQ ID NO:1) RAT ------------
------------------ -------- --------------------- --------G-----G--------T
--G--- HUMAN 31 CGVCEDVFSL QGDKVPRLLL CGHTVCHDCL HUMAN 91 TGTGGAGTTTGTGAAG
ATGTCTTTTCTTTG CAAGGAGACAAAGTTCCCCGTCTTTTGCTT TGTGGCCATACCGTCTGTCATGACTGTC
TC RAT -----T-----------------C---C-- --------T--------T--C-----C---
--------C--A------------------ HUMAN 61 TRLPLHGRAI RCPFDRQVTD LGDSGVWGLK
HUMAN 181 ACTCGCCTACCTCTTCATGGAAGAGCAATC CGTTGCCCATTTGATCGACAAGTAACAGAC T
A
CGTGATTCAGGTGTCTGGGGATTGAAA RAT T-----T--G----G--------------A ---------
--------------G------ --- --A-----------------T------ HUMAN 91 KNFALLELLE
RLQNGPIGQY GAAEESIGIS HUMAN 271 AAAAATTTTGCTTTATTGGAGCTTTTGGAA CGACTGCAG
AATGGGCCTATTGGTCAGTAT GGAGCTGCAGAAGAATCCATTGGGATATCT RAT ------------C--
------- ---A--- --TT----A-----A-A------------- ---------------G--C-------
---- HUMAN 121 GESIIRCDED EAHLASVYCT VCATHLCSEC HUMAN 361 GGAGAGAGCATCATTC
G
TTGTGATGAAGAT GAAGCTCACCTTGCCTCTGTA TATTGCACT GTGTGTGCAACTCATTTGTGCTCTGAG
TGT RAT --------T--------C------------ ---------G----A-----G--C------
--------G-----C--------A------ HUMAN 151 SQVTHSTXTL AKHRRVPLAD KPHEKTMCSQ
HUMAN 451 TCTCAAGTTACTCATTCTACAAAGACATTA GCAAAGCACAGGCGAGTTCCTCTAGCTGAT
AAACCTCATGAGAAAACTATGTGCTCTCAG RAT --------------------------TC-G
--C-----T------ --G------------ --------------G--C--G HUMAN 181 HQVHAIEFVC
LEEGCQTSPL MCCVCKEYGK HUMAN 541 CACCAGGTGCATGCCATTGAGTTTGTTTGC TTGGAAGAAG
GTTGTCAAACTAGCCCACTC ATGTGCTGTGTCTGCAAAGAATATGGAAAA RAT --------A----- -
--------------- ----------C------------T--T--- --------------------------
---- HUMAN 211 HQGHKHSVLE PEANQIRASI LDMARCIRTF HUMAN 631 CACCAGGGTCACAAG
CAT TCAGTATTGGAA CCAGAAGCTAATCAGATCCGAGCATCAATT TTAGATATGGCTCACTGCATACGGAC
C
RAT -----------------C------C----G -----------C-----------G------ C
------------- ---------A------ HUMAN 241 TEEISDYSRK LVGIVQHIBG GEQIVEDGIG
HUMAN 721 ACAGAGGAAATCTCAGATTATTCCAGAAAA TTAGTTGGAATTGTGCAGCACATTGAAGGA
GGAGAACAAATCGTGGAAGATGGAATTGGA RAT --T-----G---------------------
--- -----G-----T--------------- -----------A------------------ HUMAN 231 M
A
AENARSCIRA YFYDLHETLC HUMAN 811 ATGGCTCACACAGAACATGTACCAGGGACT GCAGAGAATG
CCCGGTCATGTATTCGAGCT TATTTTTAT GATCTACATGAAACTCTGTCT RAT -----------G---
--C--C-----T--- -----------A--A------G-CA----- -------C----T-G-----------T
--- HUMAN 301 RQEEMALSVV DA HVREKLIW LRQQQEDMTI HUMAN 901 CGTCAAGAAGAAATG
GCTCTAAGTGTTGTT GATGCTCATGTTCGTGAAAAATTGATTTGG CTCAGGCAGCAACAAGAAGATATGACT
A
RAT --------------------C--------- -----C--------A------C---- ----
--T--------------G------------ HUMAN 331 LLSEVSAACL HCEKTLQQDD CRVVLAKQEI
HUMAN 991 TTGTTGTCAGAGGTTTCTGCAGCCTGCCTC CACTGTGAAAAGACTTTGCAGCAGGATGAT
TGTAGAGTTGTCTTGGCAAAACAGGAAATT RAT C-C-----CC------- AA-------T---
--T--------------------------- --C--------------------A-----C HUHAN 361 R
L
T QQQFTEVADH IQLQASIPVT HUMAN 1081 ACAAGGTTACTGGAAACATTGCAGAAACAG A
G
CAGCAGCTTTACAGAAGTTGCAGATCAC ATTCAGTTGGATGCCAGCATCCCTGTCACT RAT
-----A---T-A------C----------- ------------------------------ -----------
------T --T--A------ HUMAN 391 FTKDNRVHIG PKMEIRVVTL GLDGAGKTTI HUMAN
1171 TTTACAAAGGATAATCGAGTTCACATTGGA CCAAAAATGGAAATTCGGGTCGTTACGTTA
GGATTGGATGGTGCTGGAAAAACTACTATC RAT -----------C--CA-----T-T------
--C------- ----A--A--A--C--A--- -----A-----------------------T HUMAN 421 L
F
QPIPTIGFNV ETVEYKNLKF HUMAN 1261 TTGTTTAAGTTAAAACAGGATGAATTCATG T
C
CAGCCCATGTTTTAACGTG GAAACTGTAGAATATAAAAATC TAAAATTC RAT -----C----------
-A--------T--- -----T--------------------T--- --------G-----C------------
--- HUMAN 451 TIWDVGGKHK LRPLW KHYYL NTQAVVFVVD HUMAN 1351 ACTATTTGGGATGTA
G
GTGGAAAACACAAA TTAAGACCATTGTGGAAACATTATTACCTC AATACTCAAGCTGTTGTGTTTGTTGTAG
AT RAT --C-----------G----A---------- --------------------------- ---
-----A-----------A--------T--C HUMAN 481 SSHRDRISEA HSELAKLLTE KELRDALLLI
HUMAN 1441 AGCAGTCATAGAGACAGAATTAGTGAAGCA CACAGCGAACTTGCAAAGTTGTTAACGGAA
AAAGAACTCCGAGATGCTCTGCTCCTGATT RAT --------C------ ---------------
--------------G-----------A--- --------T--------CT-A---T---- HUMAN 511 N
K
FA LSVEEITELL SLHKLCCGRS HUMAN 1531 TTTGCTAACAAACAGGATGTTGCTGGAGCA A
G
C TGTCTAGAAGAAATCACTGAACTACTC AGTCTCCATAAATTATGCTGTGGCCGTAGC RAT
--------------------C-----G--- --T--G--T-----------C-----T--- -----------
--------- C--AA-G--- HUMAN 541 wYIQGCDARS GMGLYEGLDW LSRQLVAAGV HUMAN
1621 TGGTATATTCAGGGCTGTGATGCTCGAAGT GGTATGGGACTGTATGAAGGGTTGGACTGG C
G
CTCTCAGCAACTTGTAGCTGCTGGAGTA RAT ------------------------------ G
----------C--C --------------- --G--C-----------G-----C-----G HUMAN 571 D
V
L HUMAN 1711 TTGGATGTTGCTTGATTTTAAAGGCAGCAG TTGTTTGAAGTTTTGTGGTTAAAAGTAACT
TTGCACATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATGCA RAT --------------- 1801 TCTCAAAAGATGGT
AATTTAGGATGCATAT ATATATATATATATATAAAGGAATCTTGGA TTGGGAATTCAGTACTTTGCTTTAA
AAAAA 1891 TTTTGTGGCAGAATTAAATTTCTAATTGAC GCAGATTAGATTGAATTAAATAGAAACTTA
TTGAATATACATTCTTTTAAAAAGTATATT 1981 TGTTATTTAAGTTTTTCAGATAATATGTGA
CCAATATACTGGGAAAGAGGTAGTCACAGA GAAAGGGTAAGTGAAGGTTTATTCTTTCAG 2071
TGAAAAAAGAATAGCCAATTGAGTGCCTAA TGAGACCTCTGTGTGAAGCAAGTGAAGTAT AGCTGCTTCTT
TTAACCTGCCTTTTCACTG 2161 AATGTTGGCAGCATTTAGTAGTAGAAATGA CAGTTGCTTAATGAAA
TAGAATCCAAACTA CATATTTGGATAATAGGATTACTTTATGTT 2251 TATGTTCAGAGTTAACAGAAC
ACCTTTAAT GCTAAGAACTATAAGGTACAGAAAATTAAT ACTTTATATAGTGTTTTATTAACTTTCTCC
2341 TACAGCATTTTGTATAAAACACAATGAGGG AGTGAAATGTTACCCAATTAGGCTTGTCAG
GTTAGTAATAAACTGAACAGTAATAAAACT 2431 GTGGAAGTAATTGGATCTGAATTTATGAAA
GACCCATTTCCAGGACTGAACCTAGGTCAG AGCTCTAAATTGGTCCTTCTATTTTTCAAC 2521
AAATTTAAAGTAATATTTCTTTCTAATATA ATATTGCATCCTTTGTGGGAATGACTATAG GTAAAATGTAG
TAAGTAACGCAGAACCAGG 2611 GTTGGCTTTATTTAAAAGCTAGTGACCTAA ATAGAAAGCGAACTTC
AAGAGAAGTTGTAA GTACAGTGGCAAATGCTTATTACTTACTTC 2701 AAACTGTTTCCCAAAATAAGT
GCATTTATT TTGACAATAAAACTTAAGGCTGTTCATGAG AAGGCCTTGAAAAGTTACTCTAGAGGAAAA
2791 ATGTCTAAAGAAAAAAAAAATTCAAAAAGT TTACATTAATTATTCAGTGTTGTGAGTAAA
TAAAAATGTGTGCTCTTTACTGTTTTTCAT 2881 TTTTAAAGAATATTATTATGGAAGCACGAT
TTATTTAAATAGGTACATTGAGACTTTTTT TTTTAATGTTCTGATACATTAGGATGAAGT 2971
TAAATCTTAAATCTTATTAGTTGAATTGTT GTAAGGACAGTGATGTCTGGTAACAAGATG TGACTTTTTGG
TAGCACTGTTGTGGTTCAT 3061 TCTTTTCAAATCTATTTTTGTTTAAAAACA ATACAAGTTTTAGAAA
ACAAAGCATTAAAA AAAAAGCCTATCAGTATTATGGGCAATATG 3151 TAAATAAATAAATGTAATATT
TCATCCTTT ATTTTTCAGGTAAAAGGTCATGCTGTTACA GGTGTAGTTTGTGTGCATAAATAATACTTC
3241 CGAATTAAATTATTTAATATTTGACTGATT TCAATAACTGTGAAAATAAAAAGGTGTTGT
ATTGCTTGTGAG
Table I illustrates the Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of human and rat ARD 1 cDNA. The human ARD 1 deduced amino acid sequence is shown in single-letter code above the nucleotide sequence on the respective codon of the human ARD 1 coding region. Differences in rat ARD nucleotide sequences are shown below the human sequence. The rat ARD 1 sequence is available from positions corresponding to 61 to 1726 of human ARD 1. The human nucleotide sequence shown is SEQ ID NO:1 the rat nucleotide sequence shown is SEQ ID NO:3 and the translated human amino acid sequence shown is SEQ ID NO:2.
An oligonucleotide specific for this sequence (J1R) is shown in Table II and was used to screen a human fetal brain cDNA Lambda ZAP library (5.times.10.sup.5 plaques). Among eight positive clones, #7-3 contained nucleotides 7-1826 and clone #7-8 contained nucleotides 726-3225. In this sequence, about 1200 nucleotides preceded the ARF region without a stop codon in the same reading frame.
TABLE II
__________________________________________________________________________
Oligonucleotides used in the analysis of ARD 1
Sequence
Name
##STR1##
__________________________________________________________________________
JlR AATGGGCTGCATGAATTCATCCTGTTTTAA (SEQ ID NO:3)
complementary to bases 1270 to 1299 of human ARD 1.
JK721RC
CCTCCTTCAATGTGCTGCACAATTCC (SEQ ID NO:4)
complementary to bases 757 to 782 of human ARD 1.
JK723RII
TGAGTAACTTGAGAACACTC (SEQ ID NO:5)
complementary to bases 445 to 464 of human ARD 1.
JK728R
TGCCCTGCCGGCCACTGTCTACTCCCGCTCCGAGCTTGTTTA (SEQ ID NO:6)
complementary to bases 17 to 58 of human ARD 1.
JKNOT GACTAGTTCTAGATCGCGAGCGGCCGCCCTTCACCTAGGTCTGTTACTTGTCG
(SEQ ID NO:7)
complementary to bases 226 to 248 of human ARD 1 with 30 bases
added at 5' end to introduce NotI site.
JK8EX GGCCTGGTTCCGCGGATGGCTACCCTGGTTGTA (SEQ ID NO:8)
bases 1 to 18 of human ARD 1 with 15 bases added at 5' end to
introduce ligation-independent cloning site.
JK3EX GGCCTGGTTCCGCGGATGGAAATTCGGGTC (SEQ ID NO:9)
bases 1207 to 1221 of human ARD 1 with 15 bases added at 5' end to
introduce ligation-independent cloning site.
JKEXR CTGCGCCTCG CTCCTCAAGCAACATCCAA (SEQ ID NO:10)
complementary to bases 1711 to 1725 of human ARD I with 14 bases
added at 5' end to introduce ligation-independent cloning site.
JK5EXR
CTGCGCCTCGCTCCTTTTGGTCCAATGTG (SEQ ID NO:ll)
complementary to bases 1192 to 1206 of human ARD 1 with 14 bases
added at 5' end to introduce ligation-independent cloning
__________________________________________________________________________
site.
To further characterize the 5' -terminus of this cDNA, 5' -RACE was carried with the poly(A).sup.+ RNA from IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells.
Experiment 2 5' -RACE with IMR-32 Poly(A).sup.+ RNAPoly(A).sup.+ RNA (5 .mu.g) from IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells was reverse-transcribed with the primer JK721RC, as shown in Table II (100 ng) by AMV reverse transcriptase (20 units) in 50 mM Tris-HCl , pH 8.3, 7 mM MgCl.sub.2, 40 mM KCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol, dNTPs (1 mM each), bovine serum albumin (0.1 mg/ml), RNasin, 20 units (total volume 20 .mu.l ) at 42.degree. C. for 3 hours. TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA), 1 ml, was added and the mixture was concentrated (Centricon 100). After addition of 2 ml of 0.2.times.TE, it was concentrated again to 50 .mu.l.
The reverse transcribed products (46 .mu.l ) were tailed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (30 units) at 37.degree. C. for 5 minutes in 0.1M potassium cacodylate, pH 7.2, 2 mM CaCl.sub.2, 0.2 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2 mM dATP followed by heat inactivation of the enzyme (65.degree. C., 5 min). The preparation (20 .mu.l ) was subjected to PCR (40 cycles: 95.degree. C., 30 seconds; 50.degree. C., 30 seconds; 72.degree. C., 60 seconds) with 200 ng each of primers SALAD and SALADTT (Table III) and 400 ng of primer JK723RII (Table II) in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.01% gelatin, dNTP, 200 .mu.M each, 0.1% Tween, Taq DNA polymerase, 2.5 units (total volume, 100 .mu.l).
TE (1 ml) was added to the PCR products and the mixture was concentrated (Centricon 100). TE (2 ml) was added followed by concentration to 30 .mu.l and transfer of a sample (1 .mu.l ) to a second PCR amplification (40 cycles: 95.degree. C., 30 seconds; 50.degree. C., 30 seconds; 72.degree. C., 30 seconds) with 400 ng each of primers SALAD (Table III) and JKNOT (Table II). Preparations were digested with NotI and SalI, ligated into plasmid pSPORT1, and used to transform competent DH5.alpha. cells, which were then grown on LB/agar plates containing ampicillin, 100 .mu.g/ml.
TABLE III
__________________________________________________________________________
Oligonucleotides used in the analysis of ARD 1
Name Sequence, 5'-3'
__________________________________________________________________________
RA4CF ATGGGCCTCACCAT
(SEQ ID NO:12)
Bases 1 to 14 of rat ARF 4.
HARF4-codAR
TCTCACTGATGGCCATAGCA
(SEQ ID NO:13)
Complementary to bases 396 to 415 of rat and human ARF 4
cDNA.
HRA4CR TCATTTGACAGCCA
(SEQ ID NO:14)
Complementary to bases 514 to 527 of rat and human ARF 4
cDNA.
REKNOT GACTAGTTCTACATCGCGAGCGGCCGCCCTGGATATCTAACCAAGGACAT
(SEQ ID NO.:34)
Bases 552 to 571 of rat ARF 4 with 40 bases added at 5'
##STR2##
RDKlCF TTGATAGAATTGGTCTAGGCTTGTTACAAC
(SEQ ID NO:15)
Bases 574 to 603 of rat ARF 4 CDNA (just after stop codon).
RDKlR GTTGTAACAAGCCTAGACCAATTCTATCAA
(SEQ ID NO:16)
Complementary to RDK1CF
RDK3R GGCTAAACAGCAACATTGTTCTTGGTAAACAATAATTGGCAACAAAAC
(SEQ ID NO:17)
Complementary to bases 677 to 724 of rat ARF 4 CDNA (after
first polyadenylation signal).
RDK4R TCAGTGAGTTCCAAGGGGGTAACTTTAAAACATTATTGGTGTGGGCTC
(SEQ ID NO:18)
Complementary to bases 855 to 902 of rat ARF 4 CDNA (after
second polyadenylation signal).
RAKRIIa TGGAATCGGAACTTCCAGATCCTCATCGTCCGAGTCCGATTCACTCTG
(SEQ ID NO:19)
Complementary to bases 127 to 174 of rat RII.alpha.CDNA
(regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase) (30).
SALADTT CTCGTGGACGATGTTGCTGTCGACCCACGCGTCCG(T)20
(SEQ ID NO:20)
##STR3##
SALAD CTCGTGGACGATGTTGCTGTCGACCCACGCGTCCG
(SEQ ID NO:21)
R2SCR TTTGTACAAGATCGTCGTTTTGCCAGCTGCATCTAAGCC
(SEQ ID NO:22)
Used for screening.
RDK5NOT GACTAGTTCTAGATCGCGAGCGGCCGCCACCACCGCTATGGGC
(SEQ ID NO:23)
##STR4##
site.
RDKSAL1 CTCGTGGACGATGTGCTGGTCGACAGCTGCCCAAACCGTCTCAG
(SEQ ID NO:24)
Complementary to bases 638 to 655 with 26 bases added at S'
##STR5##
RDKSAL2 CTCGTGGACGATGTGCTGGTCGACGTTAACACTCAAAACAGATTT
(SEQ ID NO:25)
Complementary to bases 833 to 850 with 27 bases added at 5'
##STR6##
RDKSAL3 CTCGTGGACGATGTGCTGGTCGACTCGAAAAATCATTTTATTAGGAATAATTCCA
(SEQ ID NO:26)
Complementary to bases 1362 to 1389 with 27 baseo added at
##STR7##
__________________________________________________________________________
Following transfection of the reverse transcribed, PCR amplified sequences into competent DH5.alpha. cells, we isolated clones corresponding to ARD 1.
Experiment 3 Isolation of ARD 1 from Human and RatColonies were screened with probe JK728R (Table II) that had been labeled with [.alpha.-.sup.32 P]dATP and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Positive clones (33) were selected and grown in LB containing ampicillin, 100 .mu.g/ml. Plasmid DNA was purified and digested with Sal I and Not I. Longer inserts (.about.350 bp) from seven clones were sequenced. A consensus sequence of the 5' -terminal sequences of four are shown in Table I; three clones had shorter inserts.
Four clones with the longest inserts had an initiation codon ATG accompanied by A at -3 and G at position 4. This sequence is believed favorable for translation initiation (Kozak, et al. J. Cell. Biol. 108: 229-241 (1989)). The putative open reading frame of this gene, termed ARD 1, consisted of 1722 nucleotides encoding a protein of 574 amino acids with an ARF related domain at the carboxyl terminus. We anticipated that human and rat ARD 1 were likely similar, so we isolated clones corresponding to rat ARD 1.
A rat brain Lambda ZAP II library (6.times.10.sup.5 plaques) was screened with an oligonucleotide R2SCR (TABLE III) that yielded clone 2.sup.a containing an insert that corresponded to nucleotides 61-1973 of human ARD 1. A comparison of the rat and human sequences is provided in Table I.
Nucleotide and deduced amine acid sequences of ARD 1 coding regions from rat and human are 92% and 98% identical, respectively, without any gaps. The nucleotide sequence of the ARF domain of human ARD 1 is 60-66% identical to those of the mammalian ARFs; the deduced amino acid sequences are 55-60% identical or 69-72% similar including conservative placements (Table IV).
TABLE IV
______________________________________
Comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences
of the ARF domain of human ARD 1 (172 amino acids) to those
of mammalian ARFs
Mammalian Percentage identity to hARD 1
ARF Nucleotides
Amino acids
______________________________________
hARF 1 62 59 (71)*
hARF 2 66 59 (72)
hARF 3 65 60 (72)
hARF 4 66 59 (72)
hARF 5 62 56 (72)
hARF 6 60 55 (69)
______________________________________
*identical plus conservative replacements
Programs used were PC/Gene FASTSCAN for nucleotide sequence and PC/Gene
PALIGN (open gap cost, 1; unit gap cost, 1) for amino acid sequence
Some of the regions common to ARFs thus far identified that are believed to be involved in guanine nucleotide binding and TP hydrolysis are also conserved in ARD 1 (FIG. 1), i.e., GLDGAGK (411-417), DVGG (454-457), and NKQD (513-516); CAT, however, is missing and replaced with DAR (547-549 ) .
To analyze the expression of ARD 1, we probed Northern blots of RNA from various tissues.
Experiment 4 Northern Analysis of ARD 1Poly(A).sup.+ RNA was isolated from total RNA (Chomyczynski, et al. Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159 (1987)) using oligo(dT) chromatography (Chirgwin, et al. Biochemistry 18: 5294-5299 (1979)). Poly(A).sup.+ RNA (5 .mu.g) was then fractionated by electrophoresis in 1.2% agarose/formaldehyde gels and transferred to Nytran.
Prehybridization and hybridization were carried out at 42.degree. C. in hybridizaton buffer of 5.times. SSC (1.times.=0.15M NaCl, 0.015M sodium citrate, pH 7.0), 5.times. Denhardt's solution (1.times.=0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.02% bovine serum albumin), 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 0.1% SDS, 10% dextran sulfate, denatured salmon sperm DNA, 0.1 mg/ml, 40% formamide. Filters were washed at 55.degree. C. once with 2.times. SSC, 0.5% SDS and twice with 0.5.times. SSC, 0.5% SDS. Filters were exposed to Kodak XAR film at -80.degree. C. with an intensifying screen. Human ARF 1 coding region cDNA was prepared as described by Bobak et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86: 6101-6105 (1989)). Human ARD 1 coding region cDNA was generated by PCR as described above.
An ARD 1 coding region cDNA clone hybridized with 4.2-kb and 3.7-kb mRNAs from all rat tissues examined (FIG. 2). This probe also hybridized with bands of similar size in poly(A).sup.+ RNA from mouse and rabbit brain and human fibroblasts. Poly(A).sup.+ RNA from IMR-32 cells, however, hybridized very weakly while RNA from undifferentiated HL-60 cells did not hybridize detectably. However, all samples of poly(A).sup.+ RNA hybridized essentially equally well with a human ARF 1 coding region cDNA (FIG. 3).
To assess the ability of ARD 1 to enhance cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase, recombinant GST-ARD 1 fusion proteins were prepared.
Experiment 5 Expression of the Fusion ProteinsThree ARD 1 fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) were synthesized employing a ligation-independent cloning method (Haun et al. Gene 112: 39-43 (1992)), using clone #7-3 and oligonucleotide primers as indicated in Table II. For GST-p8 (containing the entire sequence from Met.sup.1 to Ala .sup.574), oligonucleotides JK8EX and JKEXR (Table II) were used. For GST-p3 (the ARF domain from Met.sup.403 to Ala.sup.574), oligonucleotides JK3EX and JKEXR (Table II) were used. For GST-p5 (the non-ARF sequence from Met.sup.1 to Lys.sup.402) oligonucleotides JK8EX and JK5EXR (Table II) were used. The fusion proteins were purified with glutathione-agarose by well known methods as described in Smith et al. (Gene 67: 31-40 (1988)). To test the ability of each fusion protien to bind GTP we performed the following experiments.
Experiment 6 GTP-binding Assay with Recombinant ARD1Fragment p3 (2.mu.g), p8 (4 .mu.g), and sARF II (0.2 .mu.g) were subjected to electrophoresis in 4-20% polyacrylamide gels with SDS and transferred to nitrocellulose. The membrane was incubated in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NAc1, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 2.5 mM EDTA, soybean trypsin inhibitor, 10 .mu.g/ml, 0.5 mM PMSF, 0.3% bovine serum albumin, 0.#% Tween 20 (binding buffer) at room temperature for 2 h, transferred to fresh binding buffer containing 8 mM MgCl.sub.2 and [.alpha.-.sup.32 P]GTP (800 Ci/mmol), 1 .mu.Ci/ml, for 2 h, washed three times with binding buffer for 5 min, briefly dried, and exposed to Kodak XAR film at -80.degree. C. overnight with intensifying screen.
The affinity of GST-p3 for GTP was apparently lower than that of GST-p8, p8 or sARF II. GTP concentrations required for half-maximal activation were less than 10 .mu.M with GST-p8, p8, and sARF II and .about.50 .mu.M with GST-p3.
Through the use of specific primers, as discussed above, GST-p8 contained the entire ARD 1 protein, GST-p3 contained the carboxy-terminal ARF domain, and GST-p5 contained the non-ARF domain. The recombinant ARF domain of ARD 1 bound GTP after SDS-PAGE and transfer to nitrocellulose membrane, whereas p8, which contained the entire sequence of ARD 1, exhibited no detectable binding (FIG. 4). It is possible that the longer p8 protein was unable to bind GTP due to a conformational change when attached to the nitrocellulose membrane. The shorter GST-p3 protein, however, was able to bind GTP even after attachment to the nitrocellulose membrane.
As shown in FIG. 5, ARD 1 fusion proteins did not stimulate ADP-ribosylation by cholera toxin in the presence of SDS, DMPC/cholate, or cardiolipin, which to differing degrees enhanced the activity of sARF II. In the presence of 0.3% Tween 20, however, recombinant ARD 1, p8, and GST-p8 increased the toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase in a dose-dependent manner (FIG. 6).
Experiment 7 NAD/Agmatine ADP-ribosylation AssayStimulation of cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of agmatine was assayed to evaluate ARF activity of the recombinant proteins. Reaction mixtures contained 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.5), 4 mM MgCl.sub.2, 30 mM dithiothreitol, ovalbumin (0.3 mg/ml), 0.2 mM [adenine-.sup.14 C]NAD (0.05 .mu.Ci), 20 mM agmatine, 0.3% Tween 20, cholera toxin (0.5 .mu.g), 1 mM GTP or 0.1 mM GDP.beta.S, and the indicated amount of sARF II or recombinant protein (total volume 200 .mu.l ). After incubation at 30.degree. C. for 1 hour, duplicate samples (80 .mu.l ) were transferred to columns of AG1-X2, equilibrated with water and eluted five times with five 1 ml washes of water. The eluate, containing [.sup.14 C]ADP-ribosylagmatine, was collected for radioassay.
In the presence of 0.3% Tween 20, recombinant ARD 1, p8, and GST-p8, increased the toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase in a dose-dependent manner (FIG. 6). The activity of GST-p3 was clearly less, whereas p3 had little if any activity. Maximal activation seemed to be similar; half-maximal activation was achieved with 0.5 .mu.M p8, 0.75 .mu.M GST-p8 and 2 .mu.M GST-3 (FIG. 6). sARF II also stimulated the toxin transferase activity in Tween 20 (FIG. 7), although to a lesser extent than it did in the presence of SDS, DMPC/cholate, or cardiolipin (FIG. 5). GST-p5, p5, or GST did not enhance cholera toxin activity (data not shown). Activity of the recombinant ARD 1 proteins was dependent on GTP (FIG. 7), as is the case with the ARFs.
Monoclonal antibodies against ARD 1 could be useful for the reasons cited above and can be produced by the following method.
Example 8 Production of Monoclonal AntibodiesMonoclonal antibodies to ARD 1 are generated using conventional techniques, such as those disclosed in Basic Methods in Molecular Biology 351 (Davis, et al., 1986). Briefly, ten mice are each innoculated intraperitoneally with 500 .mu.g of human ARD 1 antigen in a 1:1 emulsion with complete Freund's adjuvant. Thereafter, the mice are boosted with three additional injections at 15 day intervals of the same amount of antigen in a 1:1 emulsion with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Three days following the third booster injection, the mice are sacrificed and the spleens are harvested. The spleen cells are separated and fused with myeloma cells according to the method of Kohler and Milstein by combining the spleen cells with mouse myeloma cells in a ratio of 6:1, centrifuging at 4000.times.g for 10 minutes, loosening the pellet with 1 ml 50% PEG, adding 9 ml DMEM, centrifuging again at 600.times.g for 10 minutes, and growing the cells in HAT in a 96 well tissue culture plate. Positive clones are expanded and the supernatant is screened against ARD 1.
Once antibodies against ARD 1 have been produced they can be used in assays such as an ELISA, as discussed below.
Example 9 ELISA for Antibodies Against ARD 1A sample from either an organism or a hybridoma is screened for the presence of ARD 1 using a conventional ELISA. Briefly, 200 .mu.l of purified ARD 1 is added to a well of a microtiter plate and is permitted to bind to the plastic plate for 48 hours at 4.degree. C. The well is washed with 0.15M NaCl containing 0.05% Tween 20. Sample is mixed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 and BSA at 0.1mg/ml, and aliquots are added to the treated plastic well. Plates are incubated for 1 hr at room temperature, washed, and 200.mu.l of 1:400 goat-antimouse IgG conjugated to alkaline phosphatase is added. After a 1 hour incubation, the well is again washed, after which 200 .mu.l of p-nitrophenyl phosphate is added. Color development takes about one hour; development of color indicates a positive assay.
From the above data it is tempting to speculate that ARD 1 is related to a new family of larger ARF proteins and representing larger GTP-binding proteins that contain a domain with ARF structure and function as well as another domain whose function is at present unknown.
It can be appreciated that the previous experiments are only illustrative of specific embodiements of the present invention. This invention should not be limited to those embodiments disclosed by the aforementioned experiments, but only by the following claims.
__________________________________________________________________________
SEQUENCE LISTING
(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:
(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 34
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 3312 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(ix) FEATURE:
(A) NAME/KEY: CDS
(B) LOCATION: 1..1725
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:
ATGGCTACCCTGGTTGTAAACAAGCTCGGAGCGGGAGTAGACAGTGGC48
MetAlaThrLeuValValAsnLysLeuGlyAlaGlyValAspSerGly
151015
CGGCAGGGCAGCCGGGGGACAGCTGTAGTGAAGGTGCTAGAGTGTGGA96
ArgGlnGlySerArgGlyThrAlaValValLysValLeuGluCysGl y
202530
GTTTGTGAAGATGTCTTTTCTTTGCAAGGAGACAAAGTTCCCCGTCTT144
ValCysGluAspValPheSerLeuGlnGlyAspLysValProArgLeu
354045
TTGCTTTGTGGCCATACCGTCTGTCATGACTGTCTCACTCGCCTACCT192
LeuLeuCysGlyHisThrValCysHisAspCysLeuThrArgLeuPro
50 5560
CTTCATGGAAGAGCAATCCGTTGCCCATTTGATCGACAAGTAACAGAC240
LeuHisGlyArgAlaIleArgCysProPheAspArgGlnValThrAsp
65 707580
CTAGGTGATTCAGGTGTCTGGGGATTGAAAAAAAATTTTGCTTTATTG288
LeuGlyAspSerGlyValTrpGlyLeuLysLysAsnPheAlaLeuLeu
859095
GAGCTTTTGGAACGACTGCAGAATGGGCCTATTGGTCAGTATGGAGCT336
GluLeuLeuGluArgLeuGlnAsnGlyProIleGlyGlnTyrGlyAla
100105110
GCAGAAGAATCCATTGGGATATCTGGAGAGAGCATCATTCGTTGTGAT384
AlaGluGluSerIleGlyIleSerGlyGluSerIleIleArgCysAsp
115 120125
GAAGATGAAGCTCACCTTGCCTCTGTATATTGCACTGTGTGTGCAACT432
GluAspGluAlaHisLeuAlaSerValTyrCysThrValCysAlaThr
130 135140
CATTTGTGCTCTGAGTGTTCTCAAGTTACTCATTCTACAAAGACATTA480
HisLeuCysSerGluCysSerGlnValThrHisSerThrLysThrLeu
145150 155160
GCAAAGCACAGGCGAGTTCCTCTAGCTGATAAACCTCATGAGAAAACT528
AlaLysHisArgArgValProLeuAlaAspLysProHisGluLysThr
165 170175
ATGTGCTCTCAGCACCAGGTGCATGCCATTGAGTTTGTTTGCTTGGAA576
MetCysSerGlnHisGlnValHisAlaIleGluPheValCysLeuGlu
180 185190
GAAGGTTGTCAAACTAGCCCACTCATGTGCTGTGTCTGCAAAGAATAT624
GluGlyCysGlnThrSerProLeuMetCysCysValCysLysGluTyr
19520 0205
GGAAAACACCAGGGTCACAAGCATTCAGTATTGGAACCAGAAGCTAAT672
GlyLysHisGlnGlyHisLysHisSerValLeuGluProGluAlaAsn
210215 220
CAGATCCGAGCATCAATTTTAGATATGGCTCACTGCATACGGACCTTC720
GlnIleArgAlaSerIleLeuAspMetAlaHisCysIleArgThrPhe
225230235 240
ACAGAGGAAATCTCAGATTATTCCAGAAAATTAGTTGGAATTGTGCAG768
ThrGluGluIleSerAspTyrSerArgLysLeuValGlyIleValGln
245250 255
CACATTGAAGGAGGAGAACAAATCGTGGAAGATGGAATTGGAATGGCT816
HisIleGluGlyGlyGluGlnIleValGluAspGlyIleGlyMetAla
260265 270
CACACAGAACATGTACCAGGGACTGCAGAGAATGCCCGGTCATGTATT864
HisThrGluHisValProGlyThrAlaGluAsnAlaArgSerCysIle
275280 285
CGAGCTTATTTTTATGATCTACATGAAACTCTGTGTCGTCAAGAAGAA912
ArgAlaTyrPheTyrAspLeuHisGluThrLeuCysArgGlnGluGlu
290295300
AT GGCTCTAAGTGTTGTTGATGCTCATGTTCGTGAAAAATTGATTTGG960
MetAlaLeuSerValValAspAlaHisValArgGluLysLeuIleTrp
305310315320
CTCAGGCAGCAACAAGAAGATATGACTATTTTGTTGTCAGAGGTTTCT1008
LeuArgGlnGlnGlnGluAspMetThrIleLeuLeuSerGluValSer
32533033 5
GCAGCCTGCCTCCACTGTGAAAAGACTTTGCAGCAGGATGATTGTAGA1056
AlaAlaCysLeuHisCysGluLysThrLeuGlnGlnAspAspCysArg
340345350
GTTGTCTTGGCAAAACAGGAAATTACAAGGTTACTGGAAACATTGCAG1104
ValValLeuAlaLysGlnGluIleThrArgLeuLeuGluThrLeuGln
355360365
AAACA GCAGCAGCAGTTTACAGAAGTTGCAGATCACATTCAGTTGGAT1152
LysGlnGlnGlnGlnPheThrGluValAlaAspHisIleGlnLeuAsp
370375380
GCCAGCATCCCTG TCACTTTTACAAAGGATAATCGAGTTCACATTGGA1200
AlaSerIleProValThrPheThrLysAspAsnArgValHisIleGly
385390395400
CCAAAAATG GAAATTCGGGTCGTTACGTTAGGATTGGATGGTGCTGGA1248
ProLysMetGluIleArgValValThrLeuGlyLeuAspGlyAlaGly
405410415
AAAACTACT ATCTTGTTTAAGTTAAAACAGGATGAATTCATGCAGCCC1296
LysThrThrIleLeuPheLysLeuLysGlnAspGluPheMetGlnPro
420425430
ATTCCAACAAT TGGTTTTAACGTGGAAACTGTAGAATATAAAAATCTA1344
IleProThrIleGlyPheAsnValGluThrValGluTyrLysAsnLeu
435440445
AAATTCACTATTTGGG ATGTAGGTGGAAAACACAAATTAAGACCATTG1392
LysPheThrIleTrpAspValGlyGlyLysHisLysLeuArgProLeu
450455460
TGGAAACATTATTACCTCAATACT CAAGCTGTTGTGTTTGTTGTAGAT1440
TrpLysHisTyrTyrLeuAsnThrGlnAlaValValPheValValAsp
465470475480
AGCAGTCATAGAGACAGAATT AGTGAAGCACACAGCGAACTTGCAAAG1488
SerSerHisArgAspArgIleSerGluAlaHisSerGluLeuAlaLys
485490495
TTGTTAACGGAAAAAGAACT CCGAGATGCTCTGCTCCTGATTTTTGCT1536
LeuLeuThrGluLysGluLeuArgAspAlaLeuLeuLeuIlePheAla
500505510
AACAAACAGGATGTTGCTGGAG CACTGTCAGTAGAAGAAATCACTGAA1584
AsnLysGlnAspValAlaGlyAlaLeuSerValGluGluIleThrGlu
515520525
CTACTCAGTCTCCATAAATTATGCTGT GGCCGTAGCTGGTATATTCAG1632
LeuLeuSerLeuHisLysLeuCysCysGlyArgSerTrpTyrIleGln
530535540
GGCTGTGATGCTCGAAGTGGTATGGGACTGTATGAA GGGTTGGACTGG1680
GlyCysAspAlaArgSerGlyMetGlyLeuTyrGluGlyLeuAspTrp
545550555560
CTCTCACGGCAACTTGTAGCTGCTGGAGTATT GGATGTTGCTTGATTTTAAA1732
LeuSerArgGlnLeuValAlaAlaGlyValLeuAspValAla
565570575
GGCAGCAGTTGTTTGAAGTTTTGTGGTTAAAAGTAACTTTGCACA TAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1792
AAAATGCATCTCAAAAGATGGTAATTTAGGATGCATATATATATATATATATATAAAGGA1852
ATCTTGGATTGGGAATTCAGTACTTTGCTTTAAAAAAATTTTGTGGCAGAATTAAATTTC1912
TAATTGACGCAGATTAGATTGA ATTAAATAGAAACTTATTGAATATACATTCTTTTAAAA1972
AGTATATTTGTTATTTAAGTTTTTCAGATAATATGTGACCAATATACTGGGAAAGAGGTA2032
GTCACAGAGAAAGGGTAAGTGAAGGTTTATTCTTTCAGTGAAAAAAGAATAGCCAATTGA2092
GTGCCTAATGAGACCTCTGTGTGAAGCAAGTGAAGTATAGCTGCTTCTTTTAACCTGCCT2152
TTTCACTGAATGTTGGCAGCATTTAGTAGTAGAAATGACAGTTGCTTAATGAAATAGAAT2212
CCAAACTACATATTTGGATAATAGGATTACTTTATGTTTATGTTC AGAGTTAACAGAACA2272
CCTTTAATGCTAAGAACTATAAGGTACAGAAAATTAATACTTTATATAGTGTTTTATTAA2332
CTTTCTCCTACAGCATTTTGTATAAAACACAATGAGGGAGTGAAATGTTACCCAATTAGG2392
CTTGTCAGGTTAGTAATAAACT GAACAGTAATAAAACTGTGGAAGTAATTGGATCTGAAT2452
TTATGAAAGACCCATTTCCAGGACTGAACCTAGGTCAGAGCTCTAAATTGGTCCTTCTAT2512
TTTTCAACAAATTTAAAGTAATATTTCTTTCTAATATAATATTGCATCCTTTGTGGGAAT2572
GACTATAGGTAAAATGTAGTAAGTAACGCAGAACCAGGGTTGGCTTTATTTAAAAGCTAG2632
TGACCTAAATAGAAAGCGAACTTCAAGAGAAGTTGTAAGTACAGTGGCAAATGCTTATTA2692
CTTACTTCAAACTGTTTCCCAAAATAAGTGCATTTATTTTGACAA TAAAACTTAAGGCTG2752
TTCATGAGAAGGCCTTGAAAAGTTACTCTAGAGGAAAAATGTCTAAAGAAAAAAAAAATT2812
CAAAAAGTTTACATTAATTATTCAGTGTTGTGAGTAAATAAAAATGTGTGCTCTTTACTG2872
TTTTTCATTTTTAAAGAATATT ATTATGGAAGCACGATTTATTTAAATAGGTACATTGAG2932
ACTTTTTTTTTTAATGTTCTGATACATTAGGATGAAGTTAAATCTTAAATCTTATTAGTT2992
GAATTGTTGTAAGGACAGTGATGTCTGGTAACAAGATGTGACTTTTTGGTAGCACTGTTG3052
TGGTTCATTCTTTTCAAATCTATTTTTGTTTAAAAACAATACAAGTTTTAGAAAACAAAG3112
CATTAAAAAAAAAGCCTATCAGTATTATGGGCAATATGTAAATAAATAAATGTAATATTT3172
CATCCTTTATTTTTCAGGTAAAAGGTCATGCTGTTACAGGTGTAG TTTGTGTGCATAAAT3232
AATACTTCCGAATTAAATTATTTAATATTTGACTGATTTCAATAACTGTGAAAATAAAAA3292
GGTGTTGTATTGCTTGTGAG3312
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 574 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:
MetAlaThrLeuValValAsnLysLeuGlyAlaGlyValAspSerGly
1510 15
ArgGlnGlySerArgGlyThrAlaValValLysValLeuGluCysGly
202530
ValCysGluAspValPheSerLeuGlnGlyAspLysValProArgLeu
354045
LeuLeuCysGlyHisThrValCysHisAspCysLeuThrArgLeuPro
505560
LeuHisGlyArgAlaIleArgCys ProPheAspArgGlnValThrAsp
65707580
LeuGlyAspSerGlyValTrpGlyLeuLysLysAsnPheAlaLeuLeu
85 9095
GluLeuLeuGluArgLeuGlnAsnGlyProIleGlyGlnTyrGlyAla
100105110
AlaGluGluSerIleGlyIleSerGlyGluSerIleIl eArgCysAsp
115120125
GluAspGluAlaHisLeuAlaSerValTyrCysThrValCysAlaThr
130135140
HisLeuCysSer GluCysSerGlnValThrHisSerThrLysThrLeu
145150155160
AlaLysHisArgArgValProLeuAlaAspLysProHisGluLysThr
165 170175
MetCysSerGlnHisGlnValHisAlaIleGluPheValCysLeuGlu
180185190
GluGlyCysGlnThrSerProLeuMet CysCysValCysLysGluTyr
195200205
GlyLysHisGlnGlyHisLysHisSerValLeuGluProGluAlaAsn
210215220
G lnIleArgAlaSerIleLeuAspMetAlaHisCysIleArgThrPhe
225230235240
ThrGluGluIleSerAspTyrSerArgLysLeuValGlyIleValGln
245250255
HisIleGluGlyGlyGluGlnIleValGluAspGlyIleGlyMetAla
260265270
HisThrGluHisVal ProGlyThrAlaGluAsnAlaArgSerCysIle
275280285
ArgAlaTyrPheTyrAspLeuHisGluThrLeuCysArgGlnGluGlu
290295 300
MetAlaLeuSerValValAspAlaHisValArgGluLysLeuIleTrp
305310315320
LeuArgGlnGlnGlnGluAspMetThrIleLeuLeuSerGlu ValSer
325330335
AlaAlaCysLeuHisCysGluLysThrLeuGlnGlnAspAspCysArg
340345350
ValV alLeuAlaLysGlnGluIleThrArgLeuLeuGluThrLeuGln
355360365
LysGlnGlnGlnGlnPheThrGluValAlaAspHisIleGlnLeuAsp
370 375380
AlaSerIleProValThrPheThrLysAspAsnArgValHisIleGly
385390395400
ProLysMetGluIleArgValValThrLeu GlyLeuAspGlyAlaGly
405410415
LysThrThrIleLeuPheLysLeuLysGlnAspGluPheMetGlnPro
420425 430
IleProThrIleGlyPheAsnValGluThrValGluTyrLysAsnLeu
435440445
LysPheThrIleTrpAspValGlyGlyLysHisLysLeuArgProLeu
45 0455460
TrpLysHisTyrTyrLeuAsnThrGlnAlaValValPheValValAsp
465470475480
SerSerHisArgAspArgI leSerGluAlaHisSerGluLeuAlaLys
485490495
LeuLeuThrGluLysGluLeuArgAspAlaLeuLeuLeuIlePheAla
5005 05510
AsnLysGlnAspValAlaGlyAlaLeuSerValGluGluIleThrGlu
515520525
LeuLeuSerLeuHisLysLeuCysCysGlyArgSerTrpTyr IleGln
530535540
GlyCysAspAlaArgSerGlyMetGlyLeuTyrGluGlyLeuAspTrp
545550555560
LeuSerAr gGlnLeuValAlaAlaGlyValLeuAspValAla
565570
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:
AATGGGCTGCATGAATTCATCCTGTTTTAA30
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 26 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:
CCTCCTTCAATGTGCTGCACAATTCC26
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:
TGAGTAACTTGAGAACACTC20
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 42 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:
TGCCCTGCCGGCCACTGTCTACTCCCGCTCCGAGCTTGTTTA42
(2 ) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 53 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:
GACTAGTTCTAGATCGCGAGCGGCCGCCCTTCACCTAGGTCTGTTAC TTGTCG53
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:
GGCCTGGTTCCGCGGATGGCTA CCCTGGTTGTA33
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:
GGCCTGGTTCCGCGGATGGAAATTCGGGTC30
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:
CTGCGCCTCGCTCCTCAAGCAACATCCAA29
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:
CTGCGCCTCGCTCCTTTTGGTCCAATGTG29
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 14 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:
ATGGGCCTCACCAT14
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13:
TCTCACTGATGGCCATAGCA20
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 14 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14:
TCATTTGACAGCCA14
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15:
TTGATAGAATTGGTCTAGGCTTGTTACAAC 30
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16:
GTTGTAACAAGCCTAGACCAATTCTATCAA 30
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 48 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17:
GGCTAAA CAGCAACATTGTTCTTGGTAAACAATAATTGGCAACAAAAC48
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 48 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18:
TCAGTGAGTTCCAAGGGGGTAACTTTAAAACATTATTGGTGTGGGCTC48
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 48 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19:
TGGAATCGGAACTTCCAGATCCTCATCGTCCGAGTCCGATTCACTCTG48
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 36 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20:
CTCGTGGACGATGTTGCTGTCGACCCACGCGTCCGT36
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 35 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21:
CTCGTGGACGATGTTGCTGTCGACCCACGCGTCCG35
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 39 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22:
TTTGTACAAGATCGTCGTTTTGCCAGCTGCATCTAAGCC39
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 43 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23:
GACTAGTTCTAGATCGCGAGCGGCCGCCACCACCGCTATGG GC43
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 44 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24:
CTCGTGGACGATGTGCT GGTCGACAGCTGCCCAAACCGTCTCAG44
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 45 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi ) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25:
CTCGTGGACGATGTGCTGGTCGACGTTAACACTCAAAACAGATTT45
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 55 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(ii i) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26:
CTCGTGGACGATGTGCTGGTCGACTCGAAAAATCATTTTATTAGGAATAATTCCA55
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 181 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
( D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27:
MetGlyAsnIlePheAlaAsnLeuPheLysGlyLeuPheGlyLysLys
1510 15
GluMetArgIleLeuMetValGlyLeuAspAlaAlaGlyLysThrThr
202530
IleLeuTyrLysLeuLysLeuGlyGluIleValThrTh rIleProThr
354045
IleGlyPheAsnValGluThrValGluTyrLysAsnIleSerPheThr
505560
ValTrpAspValGlyGlyGlnAspLysIleArgProLeuTrpArgHis
65707580
TyrPheGlnAsnThrGlnGlyLeuIlePheValValAspSerAs nAsp
859095
ArgGluArgValAsnGluAlaArgGluGluLeuMetArgMetLeuAla
100105 110
GluAspGluLeuArgAspAlaValLeuLeuValPheAlaAsnLysGln
115120125
AspLeuProAsnAlaMetAsnAlaAlaGluIleThrAspLysLeu Gly
130135140
LeuHisSerLeuArgHisArgAsnTrpTyrIleGlnAlaThrCysAla
145150155160
ThrSerGlyAspGlyLeuTyrGluGlyLeuAspTrpLeuSerAsnGln
165170175
LeuArgAsnGlnLys
180
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 181 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28:
MetGlyAsnValPheGluLysLeuPheLysSe rLeuPheGlyLysLys
151015
GluMetArgIleLeuMetValGlyLeuAspAlaAlaGlyLysThrThr
2025 30
IleLeuTyrLysLeuLysLeuGlyGluIleValThrThrIleProThr
354045
IleGlyPheAsnValGluThrValGluTyrLysAs nIleSerPheThr
505560
ValTrpAspValGlyGlyGlnAspLysIleArgProLeuTrpArgHis
657075 80
TyrPheGlnAsnThrGlnGlyLeuIlePheValValAspSerAsnAsp
859095
ArgGluArgValAsnGluAlaArgGluGluLeuTh rArgMetLeuAla
100105110
GluAspGluLeuArgAspAlaValLeuLeuValPheValAsnLysGln
115120 125
AspLeuProAsnAlaMetAsnAlaAlaGluIleThrAspLysLeuGly
130135140
LeuHisSerLeuArgGlnArgAsnTrpTyrIleGlnAlaThrCys Ala
145150155160
ThrSerGlyAspGlyLeuTyrGluGlyLeuAspTrpLeuSerAsnGln
165170 175
LeuLysAsnGlnLys
180
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 181 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29:
MetGlyAsnIlePheGlyLysLeuLeuLysSerLeuIleGlyLysLys
151015
GluMetArgIleLeuMetValGl yLeuAspAlaAlaGlyLysThrThr
202530
IleLeuTyrLysLeuLysLeuGlyGluIleValThrThrIleProThr
35 4045
IleGlyPheAsnValGluThrValGluTyrLysAsnIleSerPheThr
505560
ValTrpAspValGlyGlyGlnAspLysIleArgPr oLeuTrpArgHis
65707580
TyrPheGlnAsnThrGlnGlyLeuIlePheValValAspSerAsnAsp
85 9095
ArgGluArgValAsnGluAlaArgGluGluLeuMetArgMetLeuAla
100105110
GluAspGluLeuArgAspAlaValLeuL euValPheAlaAsnLysGln
115120125
AspLeuProAsnAlaMetAsnAlaAlaGluIleThrAspLysLeuGly
130135 140
LeuHisSerLeuArgHisArgAsnTrpTyrIleGlnAlaThrCysAla
145150155160
ThrSerGlyAspGlyLeuTyrGluGlyLeuAs pTrpLeuAlaAsnGln
165170175
LeuLysAsnLysLys
180
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 180 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30:
MetGlyLeuThrIleSerSerLeuPheSerArgLeuPheGlyLysLys
15 1015
GlnMetArgIleLeuMetValGlyLeuAspAlaAlaGlyLysThrThr
202530
IleLeuTyrLysLeuLy sLeuGlyGluIleValThrThrIleProThr
354045
IleGlyPheAsnValGluThrValGluTyrLysAsnIleCysPheThr
50 5560
ValTrpAspValGlyGlyGlnAspArgIleArgProLeuTrpLysHis
65707580
TyrPheGlnAsnThrGlnGlyLe uIlePheValValAspSerAsnAsp
859095
ArgGluArgIleGlnGluValAlaAspGluLeuGlnLysMetLeuLeu
100 105110
ValAspGluLeuArgAspAlaValLeuLeuLeuPheAlaAsnLysGln
115120125
AspLeuProAsnAlaMetAlaIle SerGluMetThrAspLysLeuGly
130135140
LeuGlnSerLeuArgAsnArgThrTrpTyrValGlnAlaThrCysAla
145150 155160
ThrGlnGlyThrGlyLeuTyrGluGlyLeuAspTrpLeuSerAsnGlu
165170175
LeuSerLysArg
180
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 180 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31:
MetGlyLeuThrVa lSerAlaLeuPheSerArgIlePheGlyLysLys
151015
GlnMetArgIleLeuMetValGlyLeuAspAlaAlaGlyLysThrThr
202530
IleLeuTyrLysLeuLysLeuGlyGluIleValThrThrIleProThr
354045
IleGlyPheAsnValGl uThrValGluTyrLysAsnIleCysPheThr
505560
ValTrpAspValGlyGlyGlnAspLysIleArgProLeuTrpArgHis
6570 7580
TyrPheGlnAsnThrGlnGlyLeuIlePheValValAspSerAsnAsp
859095
ArgGluArgValGlnGl uSerAlaAspGluLeuGlnLysMetLeuGln
100105110
GluAspGluLeuArgAspAlaValLeuLeuValPheAlaAsnLysGln
115 120125
AspMetProAsnAlaMetProValSerGluLeuThrAspLysLeuGly
130135140
LeuGlnHisLeuArgSerArgArgTrp TyrValGlnAlaThrCysAla
145150155160
ThrGlnGlyThrGlyLeuTyrAspGlyLeuAspTrpLeuSerHisGlu
165 170175
LeuSerLysArg
180
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 179 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide
(iii ) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:32:
MetGlyLysValLeuSerLysLeuPheLysGlyIlePheGlyAsnLys
151015
GluMetAr gIleLeuMetLeuGlyLeuAspAlaAlaGlyLysThrThr
202530
IleLeuTyrLysLeuLysLeuGlyGlnSerValThrThrIleProThr
354045
ValGlyPheAsnValGluThrValThrTyrLysAsnValLysPheAsn
505560
ValTrpAspValGlyGlyGl nAspLysIleArgProLeuTrpArgHis
65707580
TyrTyrThrGlyThrGlnGlyLeuIlePheValValAspCysAlaAsp
859095
ArgAspArgIleAspGluAlaArgGlnGluLeuHisArgIleIleAsn
100105110
AspArgGluMetA rgAspAlaIleIleLeuIlePheAlaAsnLysGln
115120125
AspLeuProAspAlaMetLysProHisGluIleGlnGluLysLeuGly
130 135140
LeuThrArgIleArgAspArgAsnTrpTyrValGlnProSerCysAla
145150155160
ThrSerGlyAspGlyLe uTyrGluGlyLeuThrTrpLeuThrSerAsn
165170175
TyrLysSer
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:33:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 187 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:33:
MetGlyAsnIlePheAlaAsnLeuPheLysGlyLeuPheGlyLysLys
15 1015
GluIleArgValValThrLeuGlyLeuAspGlyAlaGlyLysThrThr
202530
IlePheTyrLysLeuGlnAspGly GluPheMetGlnProIleProThr
354045
IleGlyPheAsnValGluThrValGluTyrLysAsnLeuLysPheThr
5055 60
IleTrpAspValGlyGlyLysHisLysLeuArgProLeuTrpLysHis
65707580
TyrTyrLeuAsnThrGlnAlaValValPhe ValValAspSerSerHis
859095
ArgAspArgIleSerGluAlaHisSerGluLeuAlaLysLeuLeuThr
10010 5110
GluLysGluLeuArgAspAlaLeuLeuLeuIlePheAlaAsnLysGln
115120125
AspValAlaGlyAlaLeuSerValGluGluIl eThrGluLeuLeuSer
130135140
LeuHisLysLeuCysCysGlyArgSerTrpTyrIleGlnGlyCysAsp
145150155 160
AlaArgSerGlyMetGlyLeuTyrGluGlyLeuAspTrpLeuSerArg
165170175
GlnLeuValAlaAlaGlyValLeuAspVal Ala
180185
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:34:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 50 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:34:
GACTAGTTCTAGATCGCGAGCGGCCGCCCTGGATATCTAACCAAGGACAT50
Claims
1. An isolated polynucleotide encoding the ARD1 protein, said polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
2. A nucleic acid expression vector, said expression vector having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 operably linked to a promoter.
3. A cell transfected with the expression vector of claim 2.
4. An isolated polynucleotide encoding the ARD 1 protein, said ARD1 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
5. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 4, wherein said polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous promoter.
- Bobak, et al. "Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of human ADP-ribosylation factors: Two guanine nucleotide-dependent activators of cholera toxin" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: pp. 6101-6105 (1989). Boman, et al. "A role for ADP-ribosylation factor in nuclear vesicle dynamics" Nature 358: pp. 512-514 (1992). Kahn, et al. "The Amino Terminus of ADP-ribosylation Factor (ARF) Is a Critical Determinant of ARF Activities and Is a Potent and Specific Inhibitor of Protein Transport" J. Biol. Chem. 267:18 pp. 13039-13046 (1992). Kahn, et al. "Human ADP-Ribosylation Factors" J. Biol. Chem. 266:4 pp 2606-2614 (1991). Lee, et al. "Characterization of the Human Gene Encoding ADP-ribosylation Factor 1, a Guanine Nucleotide-binding Activator of Cholera Toxin" J. Biol. Chem. 267:13 pp. 9028-9034 (1990). Monaco, et al. Abstract: "Identification of a New form of ADP-ribosylation Factor by Poly Chain Reaction Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 87: pp. 2206-2210 (1990). Monaco, et al. "Selective amplification of an mRNA and related pseudogene for a human ADP-ribosylation factor, a guanine nucleotide-dependent protein activator of cholera toxin" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: pp. 2206-2210 (1990). Murtagh, et al. "Guanine Nucleotide-binding Proteins in the Intestinal Parasite Giardia lamblia" J. Biolog. Chem. 267:14 pp. 9654-9662 (1992). Price, et al. "Effects of Phospholipid and GTP on Recombinant ADP-ribosylation Factors (ARFS)" J. Biolog. Chem. 267:25 pp. 17766-17772 (1992). Price, et al. "Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that enhance choleragen ADP-ribosyltransferase activity: Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of an DP-ribosylation factor cDNA" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: pp. 5488-5491 (1988). Serafini, et al. "ADP-ribosylation Factor is a Subunit of the Coat of Golgi-derived COP-coated Vesicles: A Novel Role for a GTP-binding Protein" Cell 67: pp. 239-253 (1991). Sewell, et al. "Sequences of the Bovine and yeast ADP-ribosylation factor and comparison to other GTP-binding proteins" proc. natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: pp. 4620-4624 (1988). Stearns, et al. "ADP-ribosylation factor is functionally and physically associated with the Golgi complex" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: pp. 1238-1242 (1990). Tsai, et al. "Isolation and Characterization of the Human Gene for ADP-ribosylation Factor 3, a 20-kDa Guanine Nucleotide-binding Protein Activator of Cholera Toxin" J. Biol. Chem. 266:34 pp. 23053-23059 (1991). Tsai, et al. "Stimulation of Choleragen Enzymatic Activities by GTP and Two Soluble Proteins Purified from Bovine Brain" J.Biol. Chem. 263:4 1768-1772 (1988). Tsuchiya, et al. "Molecular Identification of ADP-Ribosylation Factor mRNAs and Their Expression in Mammalian Cells" J. Biolog. Chem. 266:5 pp. 2772-2777 (1991). Tsuchiya, et al. "Tissue and Species Distribution of mRNA Encoding Two ADP-ribosylation Factors, 20-kDa Guanine Nucleotide Binding Proteins" Biochemistry 28: pp. 9668-9673 (1989).
Type: Grant
Filed: Apr 19, 1993
Date of Patent: Jan 31, 1995
Assignee: The United States of America, as represented by the Department of Health & Human Services (Washington, DC)
Inventors: Joel Moss (Bethesda, MD), Koichi Mishima (Rockville, MD), Maria S. Nightingale (Bethesda, MD), Mikako Tsuchiya (Izumo)
Primary Examiner: Christine M. Nucker
Assistant Examiner: Laurie Scheiner
Law Firm: Knobbe, Martens, Olson & Bear
Application Number: 8/49,473
International Classification: C07H 1700;
