Ras-binding protein (PRE1)
Disclosed is a Ras-binding protein designated PRE1. PRE1 occurs naturally in various mammalian tissues and cell types. An isolated DNA encoding PRE1, vectors and cells containing the DNA, and PRE1-specific antibodies are also disclosed. Also disclosed is an in vitro screening method for identifying a substance which modulates PRE1-Ras binding, and an in vitro method for identifying a substance that modulates PRE1 gene expression.
The invention relates to recombinant DNA, cell biology and oncology.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn humans, mutations in the cellular Ras gene (c-ras) which render Ras constitutively active, have been associated with different types of cancers (Bos et al., Cancer Res. 94:4682-4689). Ras relays signals from receptor tyrosine kinases, (Fantl et al., 1993, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 62:453-481), non-tyrosine kinase receptors (Woodrow et al., 1993, J. Immunol., 150: 3853-3861) and heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (Van Corven et al., 1993, Proc. Nat'l . Acad. Sci., 90:1257-1261). Ras is located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Activation of cell surface receptors promotes the exchange of Ras-bound GDP for GTP, thereby causing a conformational change in Ras. This conformational change activates Ras so that it interacts with downstream targets or effectors (Wittinghofer et al., 1996, Trends In Biochem. Sci., 21:488-491.
Several candidate Ras effectors have been proposed based on their ability to bind to Ras through its effector loop. Among these are: Raf, PI-3 kinase, members of the Ral-GDS family, Rin-1, AF-6, diacylglycerol kinases, PKC .zeta., and MEKKl (See, e.g., Katz et al., 1997, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 7:75-79; Marshall, 1996, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 8:197-204). Activation of effectors such as these leads to activation of other downstream signal transduction molecules. This signaling cascade culminates in the modulation of gene expression, and thereby causes changes in cellular function, growth, and division.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONA Ras effector protein, designated PRE1, has been identified and characterized. PRE1 protein is expressed in various tissues and cell lines, and PRE1 binds to Ras.
The invention features an isolated DNA containing a nucleotide sequence that encodes a PRE1 protein. The PRE1 protein encoded by the DNA shares at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2, and it binds to Ras. The nucleotide sequence can define a DNA molecule whose complement hybridizes under high stringency conditions to a DNA whose nucleotide consists of SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably, the isolated DNA encodes a naturally-occuring mammalian PRE1. In some embodiments, the DNA encodes an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:2. The DNA can contain the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or the coding region of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or degenerate variants of those sequences. The invention also includes a vector containing the above-described DNA, which DNA can be operably linked to one or more expression control sequences. The invention also includes a cell containing such a vector.
The invention features a substantially pure PRE1 protein that includes an amino acid sequence that shares at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2 and binds to Ras. Preferably, the sequence identity is at least 85%, more preferably, it is at least 90%, and most preferably, it is at least 95%. The amino acid sequence of the PRE1 protein can differ from SEQ ID NO:2 solely by conservative amino acid substitutions (i.e., substitution of one amino for another of the same class) or by non-conservative sustitutions, deletions, or insertions located at positions that do not destroy the function of the protein. In some embodiments, the protein has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:2. Also included in the invention is any naturally-occurring homolog or isoform of SEQ ID NO:2. The invention includes Ras-binding domain-containing PRE1 protein fragments, e.g., amino acids 266-360 or 188-413, and heterologous fusion proteins containing a Ras-binding domain-containing PRE1 protein fragment.
The invention also features a PRE1-specific antibody, which can be polyclonal or monoclonal. The antibody can be conjugated to a detectable label.
The invention also features a screening method for identifying a substance that modulates binding of PRE1 protein to Ras. The method includes the following steps: (a) providing a sample solution of PRE1 protein; (b) adding to the sample solution a candidate substance; (c) adding to the sample solution a Ras sample; and (d) detecting an increase or decrease in binding of PRE1 protein to Ras in the presence of the candidate substance, compared to the binding of PRE1 to Ras in the absence of the candidate substance.
The invention also features a method of producing PRE1 protein. The method includes the following steps: (a) providing a cell transformed with an isolated DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein the amino acid sequence of which is SEQ ID NO:2; (b) culturing the cell; and (c) collecting the protein encoded by the nucleotide sequence.
The invention also features a screening method for identifying a substance that modulates PRE1 gene expression. The method includes the following steps: (a) providing a test cell; (b) contacting the test cell with a candidate substance; and (c) detecting an increase or decrease in the level of PRE1 gene expression in the presence of the candidate substance, compared to the level of PRE1 gene expression in the absence of the candidate substance.
The invention also features a method for isolating a PRE1-binding substance, e.g., Ras protein. The method includes the following steps: (a) providing a sample of immobilized PRE1 protein; (b) contacting a mixture containing the substance with said immobilized PRE1 protein; (c) separating unbound components of the mixture from bound components of the mixture; (d) recovering the PRE1-binding substance from said immobilized PRE1 protein.
As used herein, "high stringency conditions" means the following: hybridization at 42.degree. C. in the presence of 50% formamide; a first wash at 65.degree. C. with about 2.times.SSC containing 1% SDS; followed by a second wash at 65.degree. C. with 0.1.times.SSC.
As used herein, "isolated DNA" means DNA free of the genes that flank the gene of interest in the genome of the organism in which the gene of interest naturally occurs. The term therefore includes a recombinant DNA incorporated into a vector, into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus, or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. It also includes a separate molecule such as a cDNA, a genomic fragment, a fragment produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or a restriction fragment. It also includes a recombinant nucleotide sequence that is part of a hybrid gene, i.e., a gene encoding a fusion protein. Also included is a recombinant DNA that includes a portion of SEQ ID NO:1 and that encodes an alternative splice variant of PRE1.
As used herein, "operably linked" means incorporated into a genetic construct so that expression control sequences effectively control expression of a gene of interest.
As used herein, "protein" means any peptide-linked chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification, e.g., glycosylation or phosphorylation.
As used herein, "PRE1" means: (1) a protein, the amino acid sequence of which is SEQ ID NO:2, or (2) a protein that shares at least 80% amino acid sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2 and binds to Ras.
As used herein, "sequence identity" means the percentage of identical subunits at corresponding positions in two sequences when the two sequences are aligned to maximize subunit matching, i.e., taking into account gaps and insertions. When a subunit position in both of the two sequences is occupied by the same monomeric subunit, e.g., if a given position is occupied by an adenine in each of two DNA molecules, then the molecules are identical at that position. For example, if 7 positions in a sequence 10 nucleotides in length are identical to the corresponding positions in a second 10-nucleotide sequence, then the two sequences have 70% sequence identity. Preferably, the length of the compared sequences is at least 60 nucleotides, more preferably at least 75 nucleotides, and most preferably 100 nucleotides. Sequence identity is typically measured using sequence analysis software (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705).
As used herein, "PRE1-specific antibody" means an antibody that binds to a protein, the amino acid sequence of which is SEQ ID NO:2 and displays no substantial binding to other naturally-occuring proteins other than those sharing the same antigenic determinants as PRE1. The term includes polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
As used herein, "substantially pure protein" means a protein separated from components that naturally accompany it. Typically, the protein is substantially pure when it is at least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and other naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the purity of the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight. A substantially pure PRE1 protein can be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source, by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding an PRE1 polypeptide, or by chemical synthesis. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or HPLC analysis. A chemically-synthesized protein or a recombinant protein produced in a cell type other than the cell type in which it naturally occurs is, by definition, substantially free from components that naturally accompany it. Accordingly, substantially pure proteins include those having sequences derived from eukaryotic organisms but synthesized in E. coli or other prokaryotes.
As used herein, "fragment", as applied to a protein, means at least about 10 amino acids, usually about 20 contiguous amino acids, preferably at least 40 contiguous amino acids, more preferably at least 50 amino acids, and most preferably at least about 60 to 80 or more contiguous amino acids in length. Such peptides can be generated by methods known to those skilled in the art, including proteolytic cleavage of the protein, de novo synthesis of the fragment, or genetic engineering.
As used herein, "test cell" means a cell that expresses a PRE1 gene in the absence of a PRE1 gene repressor. Preferably, the PRE1 gene in the test cell is under the control of a promoter that is naturally associated with a PRE1 gene.
As used herein, "vector" means a replicable nucleic acid construct, e.g., a plasmid or viral nucleic acid.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Unless otherwise indicated, materials, methods, and examples described herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Various features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGFIG. 1 is the nucleotide sequence of a murine PRE1 cDNA, and the deduced amino acid sequence.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONPRE1 Structure and Function
A full-length murine PRE1 cDNA has been cloned and sequenced. The PRE1 cDNA clone contains 3018 bp (FIG. 1) and includes a complete open reading frame that encodes a protein 413 amino acids in length. The sequence of the 3018 bp cDNA is shown in FIG. 1. The cDNA sequence around the first ATG matches the Kozak consensus sequence for a translational start site. The open reading frame from this methionine includes 413 amino acids, yielding a highly basic polypeptide (PI=9.41) with a predicted molecular weight of 46.4 KD. One structural feature of PRE1 is the presence of a cysteine-histidine rich segment (a.a. 118-165, H--X.sub.13 --C--X.sub.2 --C--X.sub.10 --C--X.sub.2 --C--X.sub.4 --H--X.sub.2 --C--X.sub.7 --C) typical of a diacylglycerol/phorbol ester (DAG.sub.-- PE) binding site (Ono et al.,1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 86:4868-4871). PRE1's carboxyterminal region shares some homology to the putative Ras-binding domains of other proteins (Ponting et al., 1996, Trends In Biochem. Sci. 21:422-425). PRE1 also has a proline rich region in its aminoterminal region, with five PXXP sequences (aa 17-20 PEPP; 31-34 PPPP; 34-37 PARP; 77-80 PVRP and 105-108 PQDP), which are possible SH3 domain binding sites (Ren et al., 1993, Science 259:1157-1161).
Ras interacts with downstream effectors to cause changes in cellular function, growth, and division. Mutations in this signaling pathway can lead to abnormal cell proliferation or neoplasia. Substances that block the Ras-effector interaction can thus inhibit abnormal cell proliferation or neoplasia. Screening for substances that modulate Ras-PRE1 interaction is therefore useful for identifying potential cancer therapy agents.
PRE1 may be a catalytic signaling molecule. Preliminary experiments, however, indicate that prokaryotic recombinant PRE1 (a.a. 188-413) does not alter Ras-GTP exchange or Ras-GTPase activity in vitro. PRE1 may also be an adapter molecule, serving to link activated Ras with another, presumably catalytic, signaling molecule. The Ras binding domain (a.a. 266-360) in PRE1 is located in its carboxyterminal region, and there are potential SH3 binding sites in the aminoterminal region. PRE1 may link a SH3 domain-containing protein to activated Ras. PRE1 also contains a DAG.sub.-- PE binding consensus sequence motif also found in a variety of proteins involved in intracellular signaling including Raf (Rapp et al., 1988, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 53 Pt.1:173-184), PKC (Ono et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 86:4868-4871), VAV (Ahmed et al., 1992, Biochem. J., 287:995-999), n-chimerin (Ahmed et al., 1990, Biochem. J., 272:767-773) and DAG kinases (Sakane et al., 1990, Nature, 344:345-348). DAG may bind to the DAG.sub.-- PE site in PRE1 and regulate its function.
Expression Control Sequences and Vectors
The PRE1 protein-encoding DNA ("PRE1 DNA") of this invention can be used in a screening method to identify a substance that inhibits cell proliferation or neoplasia in a mammal. For such uses, the PRE1 DNA is typically cloned into an expression vector, i.e., a vector wherein PRE1 DNA is operably linked to expression control sequences. The need for, and identity of, expression control sequences will vary according to the type of cell in which the PRE1 DNA is to be expressed. Generally, expression control sequences include a transcriptional promoter, enhancer, suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and sequences that terminate transcription and translation. Suitable expression control sequences can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art. Standard methods can be used by the skilled person to construct expression vectors. See generally, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Edition), Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. Vectors useful in this invention include plasmid vectors and viral vectors. Preferred viral vectors are those derived from retroviruses, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, SV40 virus, or herpes viruses.
PRE1 DNA In Vitro
In some embodiments of the invention, PRE1 DNA is introduced into, and expressed in, a prokaryotic cell, e.g., Escherichia coli. For expression in a prokaryotic cell, PRE1 DNA can be integrated into a bacterial chromosome or expressed from an extrachromosomal DNA.
In other embodiments of the invention, the PRE1 DNA is introduced into, and expressed in, a eukaryotic cell in vitro. Eukaryotic cells useful for expressing PRE1 DNA in vitro include, but are not limited to, COS, CHO, and Sf9 cells. Transfection of the eukaryotic cell can be transient or stable. The PRE1 DNA can be, but is not necessarily, integrated into a chromosome of the eukaryotic cell.
PRE1-Specific Antibody
Some embodiments of this invention include a PRE1-specific antibody. Standard protocols for monoclonal and polyclonal antibody production are known and can be carried out by one of ordinary skill in the art to obtain antibodies useful in this invention.
The invention encompasses not only an intact monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, but also an immunologically active antibody fragment. Examples of such a fragment include a Fab or F(ab.sub.2) fragment, an engineered single chain Fv molecule, and a chimeric antibody. Typically, a chimeric antibody includes a variable region of a non-human antibody, e.g., a murine variable region, and a constant region of a human antibody.
Antibody Label
In some embodiments of the invention, the PRE1-specific antibody includes a detectable label. Various types of detectable labels can be linked to, or incorporated into, an antibody of this invention. Examples of useful label types include radioactive, non-radioactive isotopic, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, paramagnetic, enzyme, or colorimetric.
Examples of useful enzyme labels include malate hydrogenase, staphylococcal dehydrogenase, delta-5-steroid isomerase, alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucoamylase, acetylcholinesterase. Examples of useful radioisotopic labels include .sup.3 H, .sup.131 I, .sup.125 I, .sup.32 P, .sup.35 S, and .sup.14 C. Examples of useful fluorescent labels include fluorescein, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and fluorescamine. Examples of useful chemiluminescent label types include luminal, isoluminal, aromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt, oxalate ester, luciferin, luciferase, and aequorin.
Suitable labels can be coupled to, or incorporated into antibodies or antibody fragments through standard techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Typical techniques are described by Kennedy et al., (1976) Clin. Chim. Acta 70, 1-31; and Schurs et al., (1977) Clin. Chim. Acta 81, 1-40. Useful chemical coupling methods include those that use glutaraldehyde, periodate, dimaleimide and m-maleimido-benzyl-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester.
Screening assays
The invention can be used to screen candidate substances for the ability to inhibit the interaction of Ras with PRE1.
In an exemplary screening method, the two-hybrid expression system described below is used to screen for substances capable of inhibiting Ras-PRE1 interaction in vivo. The two-hybrid method is a well known yeast-based genetic assay to detect protein-protein interactions in vivo (See, e.g., Bartel et al., 1993, In Cellular Interactions in Development: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 153-179; Chien et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:9578-9582; Fields et al., 1989, Nature, 340:245-247; Fritz et al., 1992, Curr. Biol., 2:403-405; Guarente, L., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:1639-1641). In this system, a GAL4 binding site, linked to a reporter gene such as lacZ, is contacted in the presence and absence of a candidate substance with a GAL4 binding domain linked to a PRE1 fragment and a GAL4 transactivation domain II linked to a Ras fragment. Expression of the reporter gene is monitored, and a decrease in its expression is an indication that the candidate substance inhibits the interaction of Ras with PRE1. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other screening assays are known and can be used to identify candidate substances that inhibit Ras-PRE1 interaction.
In another screening method, one of the protein components of the Ras-PRE1 binding complex, such as Ras or a PRE1-binding fragment of Ras or PRE-1 or a Ras-binding fragment of PRE-1, is immobilized. Polypeptides can be immobilized using methods known in the art. Such methods include adsorption onto a plastic microtiter plate or specific binding of a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fusion protein to a polymeric bead containing glutathione. For example, GST-PRE1 (a.a. 188-413) can be bound to glutathione-Sepharose.TM. beads. The immobilized protein (e.g., PRE1 ) is then contacted with the labeled protein to which it binds (Ras in this example) in the presence and absence of a candidate substance. Unbound protein can be removed by washing. The complex then can be solubilized and analyzed to determine the amount of bound (labeled) protein. A decrease in binding is an indication that the candidate substance inhibits the interaction of Ras and PRE1.
A variation of the above-described screening method can be used to screen for other classes of candidate substances, e.g., those that disrupt previously-formed Ras-PRE1 complexes. In this variation, a complex containing Ras (or a PRE1-binding Ras fragment) bound to PRE1 (or a Ras-binding fragment) is immobilized and contacted with a candidate compound. Detection of disruption of the Ras-PRE1 complex by the candidate substance identifies the candidate substance as a potential modulator of Ras-mediated cellular events.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples. The examples are provided for illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope or content of the invention in any way.
EXAMPLESCloning of PRE1 cDNA
A yeast two hybrid screen was carried out to identify potential new Ras effectors in mammalian cells. A cDNA encoding V12-H-Ras without the last four amino acids was subcloned into vector pAS-CYH-II carboxyterminal to the Gal-4 DNA binding domain. This formed the bait construct pAS-Ras, which was used to transform the yeast strain Y190. Stable transformants were selected on Trp(-) plates and a single yeast colony was picked, grown up in Trp medium and saved.
After verifying that V12-H-Ras was correctly expressed in this yeast clone, 100 .mu.g of cDNA made from an activated mouse T cell library constructed in the GAL-4 DNA activation domain vector pACT was transformed into one million yeast cells expressing pAS-Ras. The transformants were plated out on 10 large His(-)Leu(-)Trp(-) selection plates. After eight days, 20 large colonies appeared. An X-gal filter assay was performed for all the colonies and all showed strong blue color, indicative of lacZ activity. The colonies were individually picked. Yeast plasmid DNA was isolated from each picked colony and transformed into bacterial strain WA921 by electroporation. Transformants were subjected to selection on on Leu(-) LB plus ampicillin plates. The bait plasmid pAS-Ras was usually removed by this selection, and the pACT-cDNA plasmids were isolated from the bacteria using conventional methods. Of the positive clones, two encoded a 2.5 Kb cDNA representing a new gene, which was designated PRE1.
The 2.5 Kb cDNA encoding PRE1 from the initial two-hybrid screen was isolated, labeled with [.alpha.-.sup.32 P] dCTP and used to screen cDNA libraries from mouse brain (Clontech's mouse brain 5'-stretch plus cDNA library in .lambda.-gt 10 vector, CAT. #ML 3000a). A positive clone containing a 3018 bp insert was isolated.
By low stringency screening of cDNA libraries, at least two more cDNAs encoding polypeptides with regions similar or identical to regions of PRE1 were obtained. They diverged substantially from PRE1 in sequences aminoterminal to the Cys-His rich segment. These may represent alternative splice variants of PRE1 gene products or genes related to PRE1.
PRE1-Specific Antibody
A polyclonal antiserum was raised against a carboxyterminal fragment of PRE1 (a.a. 188-413) using conventional methods. A polyclonal antibody preparation was produced by affinity chromatography using the recombinant antigen. AGST-PRE1 (a.a. 188-213) fusion protein was used to immunize NZW rabbits. The antiserum was first depleted of GST-reacting antibodies by repeated incubation with immobilized GST. The GST depleted antiserum was then affinity purified using immobilized PRE1 (a.a. 188-413) on PVDF membrane.
Northern blot
PRE1 mRNA abundance and complexity in murine tissues was examined by Northern blot. A 210 bp PRE1 cDNA fragment (nt. 90-310) was labelled with .sup.32 P-dCTP by the random priming method and used for probing PRE1 mRNA. The mouse multiple tissue blot was purchased from Clontech and hybridized in Stratagene's quick hybridization buffer and washed according to the manufacturer's protocol. A single MRNA containing about 3.1 Kb was detected in most mouse tissues, including: heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and testis. Some mRNA size variation was noted. The highest levels were observed in brain, liver and spleen, with barely detectable levels in heart.
Tissue and cell line western blot
Western blots using polyclonal anti-PRE1 (a.a. 188-413) antibody were performed. Sprague-Dawley rats (65 g) were starved overnight and anesthetized with pentobarbital. Tissues from the rats were excised in the following order: gastrocnemius, testis, spleen, kidney, liver, lung and heart. Brain was excised from other intact anesthetized animals after decapitation. Cell lines were grown to 80%-90% confluency before harvesting. Both tissues and cell lines were disrupted and extracted in RIPA buffer.
An immunoblot of extracts prepared from different rat tissue was performed. A single immunoreactive band at 46 KD was seen in a brain extract. This was in agreement with the predicted size of the polypeptide encoded by PRE1 cDNA isolated from the mouse brain library. A similar 46 KD band was also seen in other tissues including lung and testis. In addition, however, prominent immunoreactivity to bands at other molecular weights was seen in most tissues, and some tissues lacked a 46 KD band entirely (e.g., skeletal muscle, heart, spleen and liver). All tissues except brain, showed a major 65 KD band, and two bands around 55 KD were also seen in lung, spleen, testis and liver. The 65 and 55 KD bands may represent isoforms of PRE1, the existence of which is suggested by the partial cDNAs isolated from a variety of cDNA libraries. The anti-PRE1 antibody also immunoblotted a single polypeptide in an extract prepared from C. elegans. This band was approximately 74 KD.
The murine brain PRE1 cDNA was tagged at the PRE1 amino terminus with an hemagglutinin (HA) epitope and expressed transiently in COS cells. In an immunoblot with anti-PRE1 antibodies, HA-PRE1 showed the expected size of 46 KD. Extracts prepared from several cell line were subjected to PRE1 immunoblot. Of the cell lines examined, only BC3H1, a vascular smooth muscle-like line derived from a radiation induced murine brain tumor, showed a single band at 46 KD. A band of similar size was seen in several other cell lines including RIE-1 (rat intestinal epithelial), MCF-7 (human breast cancer), HEK 293 (human embryonic kidney) and KB (human oral carcinoma). Immunoreactive polypeptides of 55 KD (RIE-1, MCF-7, HEK 293 and KB) and 65 KD (RIE-1, HEK 293 and KB), were at least as abundant in these cell lines, and some lines showed only bands other than the 46 KD polypeptide (e.g., Huh-7, 40 KD; L6, 55 KD).
Ras/PRE binding in vitro
A GST-PRE1 (a.a. 188-413) fusion protein (corresponding to the PRE1 polypeptide encoded by the initial cDNA isolate) was expressed and purified from E. coli. Purified, prokaryotic recombinant [c-H-Ras] (2.5 mg/ml) was loaded with [GTP-.gamma.-S] (2 mM) or [GDP-.beta.-S] (2 mM) at 37.degree. C. for 15 minutes in the buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 7.5 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and 1 mM DTT. Various amounts of GTP-.gamma.-S or GDP-.beta.-S loaded Ras proteins were mixed with purified prokaryotic recombinant GST-PRE (188-413) or GST as a control. After incubation at 30.degree. C. for 20 minutes, 0.4 ml of 7.5% (V/V) glutathione-Sepharose .TM. beads suspended in the binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 0.2% BSA and 2 mM DTT), was added to recover GST or GST fusion proteins and any associated proteins. After tumbling at 4.degree. C. for 30 minutes, the beads were washed five times with the binding buffer and the bound polypeptides were eluted with SDS sample buffer.
The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and probed with the monoclonal anti-Ras Pan-Ras-2 antibodies (Oncogene Science). The bands were visualized using the ECL reagents (Amersham). This assay showed that GST-PRE1 (a.a. 188-413), but not GST, binds to Ras, and considerably more Ras-GTP-.gamma.-S bound than Ras-GDP-.beta.-S. These results showed the direct binding of PRE1 and Ras proteins, and established the binding of the two proteins was GTP-dependent.
Ras-PRE1 association in COS-7 cells
The following experiment was carried out using the COS-7 transient expression system. This system was used because it was previously shown that in serum-starved COS-7 cells, Ras is mostly in the GDP bound form, and addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) rapidly increases Ras-GTP charging (McCollam et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem., 270:15954-15947).
COS-7 cells were plated at a density of 1.2 million per 10 cm dish and transfected 24 hours later with 7 .mu.g of pMT2-HA-c-H-Ras (Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, (2nd Edition), Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) or empty vector and 12 .mu.g of pEBG-GST-PRE1 (Nagata et al., 1990, Nucleic Acids Research, 18:5322) using the DEAE-Dextran method. Forty-eight hours later, cells were starved for 24 hours and subsequently were stimulated with of EGF (100 ng/ml) or TPA (0.1 .mu.M) for various times. Cells were extracted in lysis buffer (30 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 1% Triton X-100, 20 mM .beta.-glycerophosphate, 2 mM NaPP.sub.i, 1 mM orthovanadate, 20 mM NaF, 20 mM KCl , 2 mM EGTA, 3 mM EDTA, 7.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 14 mM .beta.-ME and a cocktail of protease inhibitors). Lysates were freeze-thawed once and spun at 17000.times.g for 20 minutes. Supernatants were incubated with monoclonal anti-HA antibodies (12CA5) and protein A-G Sepharose.TM. beads for 3-4 hours at 4.degree. C. and then washed extensively with lysis buffer. The washed beads were eluted in SDS sample buffer. The extracted proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred on PVDF membranes and probed using affinity-purified anti-GST polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal anti-HA antibodies. Bound antibodies were visualized using ECL. This assay showed that GST-PRE1 was specifically bound by HA-c-H-Ras, but only after the cells were treated with EGF or TPA. The expression of HA-c-H-Ras and of GST-PRE1 was uniform throughout. Thus, PRE1 was not detectably associated with Ras in serum-starved COS cells, however, within 5 minutes after stimulation by EGF (or TPA), PRE1 associated specifically with Ras. This association diminished by 15 minutes after EGF addition, and was largely reversed by 40 minutes. This may have reflected the downregulation of Ras activation after EGF treatment.
Ras-PRE association in KB cells
In situ association between endogenous Ras and endogenous PRE1, under conditions where the levels of the two polypeptides were not increased artificially by transient overexpression, was examined. The human oral carcinoma cell line, KB, expressed both a readily detectable level of PRE1 as well as a substantial number of EGF receptors. KB cells were grown to 80% confluency, starved of serum for 24 hours and subsequently stimulated with EGF (100 ng/ml) for various times. Triton X-100 soluble cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using the monoclonal anti-Ras antibody, Y13-238, which is known to enable isolation of Ras-effector complexes. The Ras immunoprecipitates were washed extensively with the lysis buffer, eluted in SDS sample buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and immunoblotted with the affinity purified polyclonal anti-PRE1 antibodies. These experiments showed that, although equal amounts of endogenous Ras was recovered in all samples, the Ras immunoprecipitates contain immunoreactive PRE1 only after treatment of the cells with EGF. The time course of Ras-PRE1 association after EGF treatment in KB cells was more sustained than that observed in COS-7 cells. This may have reflected a different time course of downregulation of Ras activation in those cells. The 46 KD immunoreactive PRE1 polypeptide was recovered with c-Ras, but not the equally abundant 55 KD protein.
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# SEQUENCE LISTING
- - - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:
- - (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 2
- - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:
- - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 3018 base - #pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
- - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
- - (ix) FEATURE:
(A) NAME/KEY: Coding Se - #quence
(B) LOCATION: 31...1269
- - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:
- - GTAGCTGCGC CGCTGACTGA GGCCTTGGCC ATG GCT TCC CCG - #GCC ATC GGG
CAA 54
- # Met - #Ala Ser Pro Ala Ile Gly Gln
- # - #1 5
- - CGT CCC TAC CCG CTG CTC CTA GAT CCC GAG CC - #G CCG CGG TAT CTG CAG
102
Arg Pro Tyr Pro Leu Leu Leu Asp Pro Glu Pr - #o Pro Arg Tyr Leu Gln
10 - # 15 - # 20
- - AGT CTG GGT GGC ACC GAG CCG CCA CCT CCC GC - #C CGG CCG CGC CGC TGC
150
Ser Leu Gly Gly Thr Glu Pro Pro Pro Pro Al - #a Arg Pro Arg Arg Cys
25 - # 30 - # 35 - # 40
- - ATC CCC ACG GCC CTG ATC CCC GCG GCC GGG GC - #G TCA GAG GAT CGC GGT
198
Ile Pro Thr Ala Leu Ile Pro Ala Ala Gly Al - #a Ser Glu Asp Arg Gly
45 - # 50 - # 55
- - GGC AGG AGG AGT GGC CGG AGG GAC CCC GAA CC - #C ACG CCC CGA GAC TGC
246
Gly Arg Arg Ser Gly Arg Arg Asp Pro Glu Pr - #o Thr Pro Arg Asp Cys
60 - # 65 - # 70
- - CGA CAC GCT CGC CCT GTC CGG CCC GGT CTG CA - #G CCG AGA CTG CGG CTG
294
Arg His Ala Arg Pro Val Arg Pro Gly Leu Gl - #n Pro Arg Leu Arg Leu
75 - # 80 - # 85
- - CGA CCT GGG TCA CAC CGA CCC CGC GAC GTG AG - #G AGC ATC TTC GAG CAG
342
Arg Pro Gly Ser His Arg Pro Arg Asp Val Ar - #g Ser Ile Phe Glu Gln
90 - # 95 - # 100
- - CCG CAG GAT CCC CGC GTC TTG GCC GAG AGA GG - #C GAG GGG CAC CGT TTC
390
Pro Gln Asp Pro Arg Val Leu Ala Glu Arg Gl - #y Glu Gly His Arg Phe
105 1 - #10 1 - #15 1 -
#20
- - GTG GAA CTG GCG CTG CGG GGC GGT CCG GGC TG - #G TGT GAC CTG TGC
GGA 438
Val Glu Leu Ala Leu Arg Gly Gly Pro Gly Tr - #p Cys Asp Leu Cys Gly
125 - # 130 - # 135
- - CGA GAG GTG CTG CGG CAG GCG CTG CGC TGC GC - #T AAT TGT AAA TTC ACC
486
Arg Glu Val Leu Arg Gln Ala Leu Arg Cys Al - #a Asn Cys Lys Phe Thr
140 - # 145 - # 150
- - TGC CAC TCG GAG TGC CGC AGC CTG ATC CAG TT - #G GAC TGC AGA CAG AAG
534
Cys His Ser Glu Cys Arg Ser Leu Ile Gln Le - #u Asp Cys Arg Gln Lys
155 - # 160 - # 165
- - GGG GGC CCT GCC CTG GAT AGA CGC TCT CCA GG - #A AGC ACC CTC ACC CCA
582
Gly Gly Pro Ala Leu Asp Arg Arg Ser Pro Gl - #y Ser Thr Leu Thr Pro
170 - # 175 - # 180
- - ACC TTG AAC CAG AAT GTC TGT AAG GCA GTG GA - #G GAG ACA CAG CAC CCG
630
Thr Leu Asn Gln Asn Val Cys Lys Ala Val Gl - #u Glu Thr Gln His Pro
185 1 - #90 1 - #95 2 -
#00
- - CCC ACG ATA CAG GAG ATC AAG CAG AAG ATT GA - #C AGC TAT AAC AGC
AGG 678
Pro Thr Ile Gln Glu Ile Lys Gln Lys Ile As - #p Ser Tyr Asn Ser Arg
205 - # 210 - # 215
- - GAG AAG CAC TGC CTG GGC ATG AAG CTG AGT GA - #A GAT GGC ACC TAC ACA
726
Glu Lys His Cys Leu Gly Met Lys Leu Ser Gl - #u Asp Gly Thr Tyr Thr
220 - # 225 - # 230
- - GGT TTC ATC AAA GTG CAT TTG AAG CTC CGA CG - #G CCA GTG ACG GTG CCC
774
Gly Phe Ile Lys Val His Leu Lys Leu Arg Ar - #g Pro Val Thr Val Pro
235 - # 240 - # 245
- - GCT GGA TCC GGC CCC AGT CCA TCT ATG GAT GC - #C ATT AAG GAA GTG AAC
822
Ala Gly Ser Gly Pro Ser Pro Ser Met Asp Al - #a Ile Lys Glu Val Asn
250 - # 255 - # 260
- - CCT GCA GCC ACC ACA GAC AAG CGG ACT TCC TT - #C TAC CTG CCA CTC GAT
870
Pro Ala Ala Thr Thr Asp Lys Arg Thr Ser Ph - #e Tyr Leu Pro Leu Asp
265 2 - #70 2 - #75 2 -
#80
- - GCC ATC AAG CAG CTA CAT ATC AGC AGC ACC AC - #C ACG GTT AGT GAG
GTC 918
Ala Ile Lys Gln Leu His Ile Ser Ser Thr Th - #r Thr Val Ser Glu Val
285 - # 290 - # 295
- - ATC CAG GGG CTG CTC AAG AAG TTC ATG GTT GT - #G GAC AAC CCA CAG AAG
966
Ile Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Lys Phe Met Val Va - #l Asp Asn Pro Gln Lys
300 - # 305 - # 310
- - TTT GCA CTT TTT AAG CGG ATA CAC AAA GAT GG - #A CAA GTG CTC TTC CAG
1014
Phe Ala Leu Phe Lys Arg Ile His Lys Asp Gl - #y Gln Val Leu Phe Gln
315 - # 320 - # 325
- - AAA CTC TCC ATT GCT GAC TAT CCT CTC TAC CT - #T CGT CTG CTC GCT GGG
1062
Lys Leu Ser Ile Ala Asp Tyr Pro Leu Tyr Le - #u Arg Leu Leu Ala Gly
330 - # 335 - # 340
- - CCT GAC ACC GAT GTT CTC AGC TTT GTG CTA AA - #G GAG AAT GAA ACT GGA
1110
Pro Asp Thr Asp Val Leu Ser Phe Val Leu Ly - #s Glu Asn Glu Thr Gly
345 3 - #50 3 - #55 3 -
#60
- - GAG GTG GAG TGG GAT GCC TTT TCC ATT CCT GA - #A CTC CAG AAC TTT
TTA 1158
Glu Val Glu Trp Asp Ala Phe Ser Ile Pro Gl - #u Leu Gln Asn Phe Leu
365 - # 370 - # 375
- - ACT ATC CTG GAA AAA GAG GAG CAG GAC AAG AT - #C CAT CAA CTG CAA AAG
1206
Thr Ile Leu Glu Lys Glu Glu Gln Asp Lys Il - #e His Gln Leu Gln Lys
380 - # 385 - # 390
- - AAG TAC AAC AAA TTC CGT CAG AAA CTG GAA GA - #G GCA TTA CGA GAG TCC
1254
Lys Tyr Asn Lys Phe Arg Gln Lys Leu Glu Gl - #u Ala Leu Arg Glu Ser
395 - # 400 - # 405
- - CAA GGG AAG CCG GGG TAACCAGCCG ACTTCCTGTC CTCTCAGTG - #C CCTCCAATTT
1309
Gln Gly Lys Pro Gly
410
- - ATTTTATTGT TAATTATTTT GCAACAAAGA GTTACTGTTA AGACACCTCT GG -
#TGGTTCCA 1369
- - CCAGTCGCCT GCCCAGCAGT TAACAGATGT GGCACAAAGT CTCTTCCACG CA -
#GTGTCTAT 1429
- - GCAGGGTTCC GATTCCTGCT AACCCACCAC ACCATGGCTC TGGAGAGCTT CC -
#CGCCTGGG 1489
- - ATCAGAACTC CTGTGGAATG ACCAGTGTTT CCCTGCTCAG TCTGCTGGCC TC -
#TCAGAAAC 1549
- - CAAATAGTTG CCTCTCTGGT CACCAAACTC CAATCAATCA CCAGCCGGCA AA -
#AGGAAAGA 1609
- - AAGGTTTCAG AGCCTGTGTG TTCTTTCTCT GGATTTACTC TTCAGTTCCT CT -
#TTTGGTTT 1669
- - GTTTGGTTGG TTTTTTTTGG CCACGTATAG TATATTTAAG GATCAAATGT GG -
#CATATTCA 1729
- - TTCTAGCTAA GTCCTTGAAA GCAGGAAAAT GCTCATGAAA GGACTGTCCT TG -
#CCCCAAGG 1789
- - TGCCTCTTCT TCTCTAGTAC TAGACACTCA GGGTCAGCCT GAGATTTCAA GA -
#GGCTACAG 1849
- - CCTGACCAGG CCGTCTTCTT ATTACCCAGC AGGCTGTGTG CATGCAAACC CA -
#AAGACATA 1909
- - TATGCACATC TGTGTGGTAT TTCAGCATGT CTCTGTCCAA TGTTTGATAT GT -
#TAACATTT 1969
- - GAATTTAATG CTGTCCTCCT TATGGGTTTC TACCAAAGAG AAACCAGCCA CT -
#TATCAATT 2029
- - TTAGTTTCTT GCTGAGCTGC CAGAAAGTAT TACAGAGAAG CACATCCAAG CT -
#GTCTGTGG 2089
- - CCTACGCCTG CAGGGGGTGG GGGGCCTGAA TCTCCTTGGC CTTCAGTTCC AC -
#CTCCACCT 2149
- - CTGGCTTTAG GGTCTCCAGC TGTTGCCTGA GTAGTAGCTT TGATTACAGC GG -
#TAAAGTCC 2209
- - TCCAACTTGG AGTCCTTTCT GGTGGGAAGC ATGGTCTGCT CGCAGCACAG CA -
#CTGAGCAG 2269
- - ACCCGTGGGC CTGACTTCCC TGGTGACTTC AGTGCCTTTT TGTTTGCAGA GA -
#AAAGAGTG 2329
- - GGGCACTTTG CTTGAAGCTC TCTGCTGGCT TGCCCCTGGC AGGAAGTGGA CA -
#ATGGTGCT 2389
- - ATAGAGCCAA GGACACAGCC TCAGAGCACA GGGTGATTGA TGATCAGCCT CT -
#TTCCCATC 2449
- - AAGCTTCCCG GTCAGGCTTT GACTTTGAAG ATGCGAGGTT ACTAGACTGC AT -
#TGACAGCA 2509
- - TCAGATTATG ACTCCAACTC TTGAGTAGTT CAGACTTAAA ACCAATCAGC CA -
#GAGTAGCC 2569
- - AGGACTGCAA AGACACTCAA TACAGATGGA GAAAAACTTG TCCCTTTAAA AG -
#AGGGCCAG 2629
- - TGTTTCAATT GAGCCTCCAG AGGAGACCAC TTTCATGTTG TGCTTGCCTT TC -
#CATACCCT 2689
- - TTCCTCGGGT TGTTTTAAGC CCAAGCTTCT CCGTGTAGCC TAAAAAGTTC CC -
#TACCAGCC 2749
- - CAGCTGAAGC CACACTGCTC CCGTCCCAGA AGAACGCCAA ATCCTTGTCA TT -
#CAAACTGT 2809
- - GCATCGTTTG CAGAGCTGCA AAAAGCAACA TGAGCTAGCG ACTCTGAGGT TG -
#TGCACGCC 2869
- - ATCAGCCCCT TGGCTGCCTG AGGTCTCATG CCCAGCCTTA CACCTCTCTC CC -
#TTAAGAAG 2929
- - CCCCCGTCCT GCTGTGTACT ACAGGGGCAC GTGGAATCAT TCCCTTCATC CT -
#GCATGTCT 2989
- - GTAGCGTTAG GAGAAGGCAT GGCTCCTGC - # - #
3018
- - - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:
- - (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 413 amino - #acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
- - (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein
- - (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal
- - (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:
- - Met Ala Ser Pro Ala Ile Gly Gln Arg Pro Ty - #r Pro Leu Leu Leu Asp
1 5 - # 10 - # 15
- - Pro Glu Pro Pro Arg Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu Gl - #y Gly Thr Glu Pro Pro
20 - # 25 - # 30
- - Pro Pro Ala Arg Pro Arg Arg Cys Ile Pro Th - #r Ala Leu Ile Pro Ala
35 - # 40 - # 45
- - Ala Gly Ala Ser Glu Asp Arg Gly Gly Arg Ar - #g Ser Gly Arg Arg Asp
50 - # 55 - # 60
- - Pro Glu Pro Thr Pro Arg Asp Cys Arg His Al - #a Arg Pro Val Arg Pro
65 - # 70 - # 75 - # 80
- - Gly Leu Gln Pro Arg Leu Arg Leu Arg Pro Gl - #y Ser His Arg Pro Arg
85 - # 90 - # 95
- - Asp Val Arg Ser Ile Phe Glu Gln Pro Gln As - #p Pro Arg Val Leu Ala
100 - # 105 - # 110
- - Glu Arg Gly Glu Gly His Arg Phe Val Glu Le - #u Ala Leu Arg Gly Gly
115 - # 120 - # 125
- - Pro Gly Trp Cys Asp Leu Cys Gly Arg Glu Va - #l Leu Arg Gln Ala Leu
130 - # 135 - # 140
- - Arg Cys Ala Asn Cys Lys Phe Thr Cys His Se - #r Glu Cys Arg Ser Leu
145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -
#60
- - Ile Gln Leu Asp Cys Arg Gln Lys Gly Gly Pr - #o Ala Leu Asp Arg
Arg
165 - # 170 - # 175
- - Ser Pro Gly Ser Thr Leu Thr Pro Thr Leu As - #n Gln Asn Val Cys Lys
180 - # 185 - # 190
- - Ala Val Glu Glu Thr Gln His Pro Pro Thr Il - #e Gln Glu Ile Lys Gln
195 - # 200 - # 205
- - Lys Ile Asp Ser Tyr Asn Ser Arg Glu Lys Hi - #s Cys Leu Gly Met Lys
210 - # 215 - # 220
- - Leu Ser Glu Asp Gly Thr Tyr Thr Gly Phe Il - #e Lys Val His Leu Lys
225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -
#40
- - Leu Arg Arg Pro Val Thr Val Pro Ala Gly Se - #r Gly Pro Ser Pro
Ser
245 - # 250 - # 255
- - Met Asp Ala Ile Lys Glu Val Asn Pro Ala Al - #a Thr Thr Asp Lys Arg
260 - # 265 - # 270
- - Thr Ser Phe Tyr Leu Pro Leu Asp Ala Ile Ly - #s Gln Leu His Ile Ser
275 - # 280 - # 285
- - Ser Thr Thr Thr Val Ser Glu Val Ile Gln Gl - #y Leu Leu Lys Lys Phe
290 - # 295 - # 300
- - Met Val Val Asp Asn Pro Gln Lys Phe Ala Le - #u Phe Lys Arg Ile His
305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -
#20
- - Lys Asp Gly Gln Val Leu Phe Gln Lys Leu Se - #r Ile Ala Asp Tyr
Pro
325 - # 330 - # 335
- - Leu Tyr Leu Arg Leu Leu Ala Gly Pro Asp Th - #r Asp Val Leu Ser Phe
340 - # 345 - # 350
- - Val Leu Lys Glu Asn Glu Thr Gly Glu Val Gl - #u Trp Asp Ala Phe Ser
355 - # 360 - # 365
- - Ile Pro Glu Leu Gln Asn Phe Leu Thr Ile Le - #u Glu Lys Glu Glu Gln
370 - # 375 - # 380
- - Asp Lys Ile His Gln Leu Gln Lys Lys Tyr As - #n Lys Phe Arg Gln Lys
385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -
#00
- - Leu Glu Glu Ala Leu Arg Glu Ser Gln Gly Ly - #s Pro Gly
405 - # 410
__________________________________________________________________________
Other embodiments are within the following claims.
Claims
1. An isolated DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence whose complement hybridizes under high stringency conditions to a DNA whose nucleotide sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:1, which isolated DNA encodes a protein that comprises a domain consisting of amino acids 266-360 of SEQ ID NO:2, or amino acids 266-360 with one or more conservative amino acid substitutions therein.
2. The DNA of claim 1, wherein said protein has an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO:2.
3. The DNA of claim 2, wherein said nucleotide sequence is nucleotide 31 to nucleotide 1269 of SEQ ID NO:1.
4. A vector comprising the DNA of claim 1.
5. The vector of claim 4, wherein said DNA is operably linked to one or more expression control sequences.
6. A cell selected from the group consisting of a cell into which the DNA of claim 1 has been introduced, and a cell descended from a cell into which the DNA of claim 1 has been introduced.
7. An isolated DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or an amino acid sequence with one or more conservative amino acid substitutions therein.
8. A method of producing a PRE1 protein, said method comprising the steps of:
- (a) providing a cell transformed with the isolated DNA of claim 1 or 7;
- (b) culturing said cell; and
- (c) collecting said PRE1 protein encoded by said nucleotide sequence.
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Cahill et al., "Signalling pathways: Jack of all cascades", Cur. Biol., 6(1):16-19, 1996. Cowley et al., "Activation of MAP Kinase Kinase Is Necessary and Sufficient for PC12 Differentiation and for Transformation of NIH 3T3 Cells", Cell, 77:841-852, 1994. D'Arcangelo et al., "A Branched Signaling Pathway for Nerve Growth Factor Is Revealed by Src-, Ras-, and Raf-Mediated Gene Inductions", Mole. and Cell. Biol., 13:3146-3155, 1993. Dickson et al., "Genetics of signal transduction in invertebrates", Cur. Opin. Genet. Dev., 4:67-70, 1994. Fanti et al., "Signalling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases", Annu. Rev. Biochem., 62:453-481, 1993. Farrar et al., "Activation of the Raf-1 kinase cascade by coumermycin-induced dimerization", Nature, 383:178-181, 1996. Katz et al., "Signal transduction from multiple Ras effectors", Cur. Opin. Genet. & Dev., 7:75-79, 1997. Khosravi-Far et al., "Activation of Rac1, RhoA, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Is Required for Ras Transformation", Mol. Cell. Biol., 15:6443-6453, 1995. Kuroda et al., "Different Effects of Various Phospholipids on Ki-Ras-, Ha-Ras-, and Rap1B-induced B-Raf Activation", J. Biol. Chem., 271:14680-14683, 1996. Leevers et al., Requirement for Ras in Raf activation is overcome by targeting Raf to the plasma membrane, Nature, 369:411-414, 1994. Luo et al., "Oligomerization activates c-Raf-1 through a Ras-dependent mechanism", Nature, 383:181-185, 1996. Marshall, Christopher J., "Ras effectors", Cur. Opin. Cell Biol., 8:197-204, 1996. McCollam et al., "Functional Roles for the Pleckstrin and Dbl Homology Regions in the Ras Exchange Factor Son-of-sevenless", J. Biol. Chem., 270:15954-15957, 1995. Mineo et al., "Physical Association with Ras Enhances Activation of Membrane-bound raf (RafCAAX)*", J. Biol. Chem., 272:10345-10348, 1996. Mizushima et al., "pEF-BOS, a powerful mammalian expression vector", Nucl. Acids Res., 18:5322, 1990. Oldman et al., "Activation of the Raf-1/MAP kinase cascade is not sufficient for Ras transformation of RIE-1 epithelial cells", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:6924-6928, 1996. Ono et al., "Phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C requires a cysteine-rich zinc-finger-like sequence", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:4868-4871, 1989. Ponting et al., "A novel family of Ras-binding domains", Trends in Biochem. Sci., 21:422-425, 1996. Qiu et al., "An essential role for Rac in Ras transformation", Nature, 374:457-459, 1995. Ramocki et al., "Signaling through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Rac/Rho Does Not Duplicate the Effects of Activated Ras on Skeletal Myogenesis", Mol. Cell. Biol., 17:3547-3555, 1997. Rapp et al., "raf Family Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases in Mitogen Signal Transduction", Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., LIII:173-184, 1988. Ren et al., "Identification of a Ten-Amino Acid Proline-Rich SH3 Binding Site", Science, 259:1157-1161, 1993. Rodriguez-Viciana et al., "Role of Phosphoinositide 3-OH Kinase in Cell Transformation and Control of the Actin Cytoskeleton by Ras", Cell, 89:457-467, 1997. Sakane et al., "Porcine diacylglycerol kinase sequence has zinc finger and E-F hand motifs", Nature, 344:345-348, 1990. Stokoe et al., "Activation of Raf as a Result of Recruitment to the Plasma Membrane", Science, 264:1463-1467, 1994. Stokoe et al., "Activation of c-Raf-1 by Ras and Src through different mechansims: activation in vivo and in vitro", EMBO J., 16:2384-2396, 1997. Taylor et al., "Cell cycle-dependent activation of Ras", Cur. Biol., 6(12):1621-1627, 1996. Valencia et al., "The ras Protein Family: Evolutionary Tree and Role of Conserved Amino Acids", Biochem., 30:4637-4648, 1991. van Corven et al., "Pertussis toxin-sensitive activation of p21.sup.ras by G protein-coupled receptor agonists in fibroblasts", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:1257-1261, 1993. Whitehead et al., "Dbl family proteins", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1332:F1-F23, 1997. Wittinhofer et al., "How Ras-related proteins talk to their effectors", Trends in Biochem. Sci., 21:488-491, 1996. Woodrow et al., "p21.sup.ras Function Is Important for T Cell Antigen Receptor and Protein Kinase C Regulation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells", J. of Immun., 150:3853-3861, 1993. Zhang et al., "Normal and oncogenic p21.sup.ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal regulatory domain of c-Raf-1", Nature, 364:308-313, 1993. Zhang et al., "Kinase Suppressor of Ras Is Ceramide-aCtivated Protein Kinase", Cell, 89:63-72, 1997. Slepnev et al., NCBI Sequence Submission, Accession No. AF002251, May 5, 1997.
Type: Grant
Filed: Oct 1, 1997
Date of Patent: Oct 31, 2000
Inventors: Xian-feng Zhang (Cambridge, MA), Joseph Avruch (Brookline, MA)
Primary Examiner: Yvonne Eyler
Assistant Examiner: Brenda G. Brumback
Law Firm: Fish & Richardson P.C.
Application Number: 8/942,572
International Classification: C07H 2104; C12P 2102; C12N 1500;
