Anechoic visco-thermal liner
A liner assembly includes a plurality of aligned passages providing a large open area combined with openings much smaller than a length of the passages. The plurality of passages are disposed parallel with each other and include an opening transverse to incident sound waves. The passages are separated by walls and are blocked at an end distal from the openings. Sound waves incident on a face of the liner enter the passages and are dissipated by viscous losses. Sound energy is further dissipated as thermal energy to the walls of the passages. The long narrow passages provide the desired visco-thermal losses for sound energy in a broad frequency range.
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This invention generally relates to an acoustic liner. More particularly, this invention relates to an acoustic liner for minimizing reflection of sound from the acoustic liner face.
Conventional nacelle liners include a noise attenuating structure covered by a face sheet including a plurality of openings. The openings communicate noise and acoustic energy through to the noise attenuating structure where the acoustic energy is dissipated. The face sheet includes an open area provided by the plurality of openings that is generally less than 20% of the total area of the face sheet. The open area provided by openings within the face sheet is configured to attenuate the most undesirable noise frequencies. The limited and tailored open area prevents sound energy of some frequencies from being dissipated and instead reflects that sound energy back into the nacelle. Greater open area can provide improvements to the range of noise frequencies that can be attenuated.
Disadvantageously, there is a practical limit to the number and size of the openings that can be provided within a face sheet. Further, although possible to tune the liner to attenuate noise of certain frequencies, such tailoring results in a limit to the range of frequencies that can be effectively attenuated. Although increases in open area can increase the range of sound frequencies that can be attenuated, the number and size of openings should also provide desired manufacturing efficiencies, while being balanced against the open area requirements.
Accordingly, it is desirable to develop and design a liner assembly with improved noise attenuation properties that can attenuate a broad range of noise frequencies.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAn example liner assembly includes a plurality of substantially parallel passages that provide a large open area combined with openings much smaller than a length of the passages.
The example liner assembly is dissipative rather than reactive and converts sound energy into heat energy. The example liner assembly includes a plurality of passages substantially parallel and aligned with each other and including an opening transverse to incident sound waves. The passages are separated by walls and are blocked at an end distal from the openings. Sound waves incident on a face of the liner enter the passages and are dissipated by viscous losses.
The sound wave then travels toward the distal end of the liner where it reflects from a substantially rigid back wall and the propagates back toward the liner face. During the time that the acoustic wave propagates from the face of the liner to the distal end and then back to the face of the liner, it is substantially attenuated by the visco-thermal losses within the narrow passages. Minimal acoustic energy escapes from the liner over a wide frequency range and thus the liner is referred to as anechoic. Sound energy is further dissipated as thermal energy to the walls of the passages. Acoustic energy is attenuated through increased visco-thermal losses within the plurality of passages.
Each of the passages includes a length that is much larger than a width of the opening. The long narrow passages provide the desired visco-thermal losses for sound energy in a broad frequency range. The length of the passages, which can be less than 1.0 inches for aircraft liner applications, provide a substantially thinner overall thickness of the liner as compared to conventional liner assemblies.
The width of the openings is very small relative to the length of the passage and is combined with many other passages to provide a relatively large opening area on the face of the liner and to provide a large surface area within the liner to maximize the dissipation of the sound energy within the liner. The opening area of the face is greater than 80%. The large opening area provides a substantially anechoic liner that reflects substantially little sound. The reduction in the amount of noise energy that is reflected from the face provides substantial improvements in the visco-thermal dissipation of noise energy.
Accordingly, an example liner assembly according to this invention provides increased noise attenuation across a broader frequency range than conventionally configured acoustic liners.
These and other features of the present invention can be best understood from the following specification and drawings, the following of which is a brief description.
Referring to
The housing 12 includes an inner surface 20 and acoustic liners 22. The acoustic liners 22 are disposed forward of compressor fan 14 and aft of the turbine 18. Although acoustic liners 22 are shown forward and aft in the housing 12, other locations within the housing 12 requiring sound attenuation may also include the acoustic liner 22 such as flow splitters 25. The acoustic liner 22 absorbs sound energy to reduce the magnitude of sound energy emitted from the housing 12. Although an engine assembly 10 is illustrated, other structures or ducts that require attenuation of noise will also benefit from the disclosure of this invention.
Referring to
Each of the passages 28 includes a length 36 that is much larger than a width 34 of the opening. The length 36 is at least 90 times the width 34. Preferably the length 36 is greater than 100 times the width 34, and more preferably the length 36 is much more than 100 times the width 34 and is more than 500 times the width 34. The long narrow passages 28 provide the desired visco-thermal losses for sound energy in a broad frequency range.
The length 36 of the passages is between 0.75 inch and 1.5 inches providing for a substantially thinner overall thickness of the liner 22 compared to conventional acoustic liner assemblies. The width 34 of the openings 30 are very small relative to the length 36 of the passage 28 and are combined with many other passages to provide a relatively large opening area on the face 38 of the liner. The opening area of the face 38 is greater than 80% and is preferably within a range of between 90-95%. The large opening area provides a substantially anechoic liner that reflects substantially little sound. The reduction in the amount of noise energy that is reflected from the face 38 provides substantial improvements in the visco-thermal dissipation of noise energy.
The desired open area requires a very small wall thickness to provide the desired small widths 34 of the opening 30. The purpose being to maximize open area and the surface area within the liner by using extremely thin passage walls. Opening widths 34 are desired to be as small as possible to provide the desired ratios of width 34 to length 36. The smaller the width 34 and the thinner the wall 32, the greater the aggregate open area. The desired open area of between 90-95% requires small opening widths 34 for passage lengths 36 in the range of between 0.75-1.5 inches. The corresponding width 34 of the passage 28 is provided at less than 0.002 inches and requires relatively thin wall thicknesses to maintain the desired open area.
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The desired open area and opening width can be provided by constructing liner 22 from a ceramic matrix having a plurality of parallel passages with an ultra-thin wall separating each passage. One example ceramic matrix includes 900 passages for each square inch with a wall thickness of 0.002 inches that can provide an open area in the range of approximately 80%.
Referring to
With this process and tapered configuration of the liner 40 a larger opening width can be utilized to provide the desired open area, while the tapered passages provide the desired reduction in passage width that produces the desired visco-thermal losses of acoustic energy. The width 46 of each of the passages 42 begins at a large width 46, for example, 0.010 inches and decreases to substantially zero near end distal from the opening 47.
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Although a preferred embodiment of this invention has been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this invention. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention.
Claims
1. An acoustic liner assembly comprising:
- a plurality of passages each including an opening slot with each opening slot including a first width equal to a width of the liner, a second width transverse to the first width and a length, wherein a length of each of the plurality of passages is at least 50 times the second width of each of the opening slots.
2. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of passages are substantially parallel with each other.
3. The assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein the plurality of passages are disposed parallel to each other.
4. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the opening slots are disposed transverse to incident sound waves.
5. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the opening slots for the plurality of passages combine to provide an open area for receiving incident sound waves, wherein the open area is greater than substantially 80% of the entire area of the liner assembly.
6. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the ratio comprise a relationship of more than 90 to 1.
7. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the passage is tapered such that a width of the passage decreases in a direction away from the opening.
8. The assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein the tapered passage comprises an electroplating of a varying thickness.
9. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the liner assembly comprises a portion of an aircraft engine housing.
10. An aircraft engine housing assembly comprising:
- a housing defining an inner surface; and
- a liner disposed on the inner surface including a plurality of passages receiving acoustic energy incident to the inner surface, where each of said plurality of passages include an opening slot having a first width equal to an entire width of the liner, a second width transverse to the first width, and a length that is at least 50 times a width of each of the plurality of passages.
11. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein the length is at least 75 times the second width of each of the plurality of passages.
12. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein the length is at least 100 times the second width of each of the plurality of passages.
13. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of passages is tapered such that the second width decreases in a direction away from an opening.
14. The assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of passages is aligned parallel to each other.
15. An aircraft engine housing acoustic liner assembly comprising:
- a liner including plurality of passages, with each of the passages including an opening width and a length at least 50 times the opening width, wherein an interior surface of each of the plurality of passages includes a coating that reduces a width of the passages in a direction away from the opening width.
16. The assembly as recited in claim 15, wherein the coating is applied in an electroplating process.
17. The assembly as recited in claim 15, wherein the coating increases thickness in a direction away from the opening width such that the width of the passage approaches zero.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Jun 29, 2006
Date of Patent: Dec 30, 2008
Patent Publication Number: 20080000717
Assignee: United Technologies Corporation (Hartford, CT)
Inventor: William P. Patrick (Glastonbury, CT)
Primary Examiner: Edgardo San Martin
Attorney: Carlson, Gaskey & Olds
Application Number: 11/477,290
International Classification: G10K 11/16 (20060101); E04B 1/84 (20060101); G10K 11/04 (20060101); E04B 1/82 (20060101);