Electrowetting element with non-switchable color filter
A display apparatus includes an electrowetting element including a non-switchable color filter, a first support plate with a surface having a first part overlapped by the non-switchable color filter and a second part not overlapped by the non-switchable color filter, and a first and second fluid. A control apparatus of the display apparatus is operable to switch the first fluid between at least a first configuration with the first fluid in contact with the first part but not substantially in contact with the second part and a second configuration with the first fluid in contact with the second part and with the first fluid being at least one of: not substantially in contact with the first part or at least partly in contact with the first part.
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This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/179,032, filed on Feb. 12, 2014, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.
BACKGROUNDElectrowetting display devices are known. In an off state of a picture element of such a device an oil layer covers a display area. In an on state the oil layer is retracted so as to cover less of the display area. To switch the picture element to the on state a voltage is applied via an electrically conductive fluid immiscible with the oil. To switch the picture element to the off state, the voltage is switched off.
It is known to use a color filter in an electrowetting picture element. However, a colored display effect provided by the electrowetting element may have too low a brightness for certain applications.
It is desirable to improve a display effect provided by an electrowetting element.
In examples to be described, the electrowetting element includes a non-switchable color filter, which is also referred to below as a color filter. In other words, the color filter has a fixed shape and therefore a spatial configuration of the non-switchable color filter is not changeable, i.e. switchable. Thus, the non-switchable color filter may be a non-fluid color filter. This may be contrasted with for example the first fluid described below, which may include a dye or pigment therefore to act as a color filter which is switchable between different first fluid configurations. As explained below, the color filter further determines a display effect provided by the electrowetting element, in addition to a configuration of the first and second fluids. In the example of
In the example shown in
The display device has a viewing side 8 on which an image or display formed by the display device can be viewed and a rear side 9. In the Figure the first support plate 5 defines the rear side 9 and the second support plate 6 defines the viewing side; alternatively, the first support plate may define the viewing side. The display device may be of the reflective, transmissive or transflective type. The display device may be of a segmented display type in which the image may be built up of segments, each segment including several picture elements. The display device may be an active matrix driven display device, a direct drive display device or a passively driven display device. The plurality of picture elements may be monochrome. For a color display device the picture elements may be divided in groups, each group having a different color; alternatively, an individual picture element may be able to show different colors.
A space 10 between the support plates is filled with two fluids: a first fluid 11 and a second fluid 12 at least one of which may be a liquid. The second fluid is immiscible with the first fluid. The second fluid is electrically conductive or polar and may be water or a salt solution such as a solution of potassium chloride in water. The second fluid may be transparent, but may instead be colored, white, absorbing or reflecting. The first fluid is electrically non-conductive and may for instance be an alkane like hexadecane or may be an oil such as silicone oil.
The first fluid absorbs at least a part of the optical spectrum. The first fluid may be transmissive for a part of the optical spectrum, forming a color filter. For this purpose the first fluid may be colored by addition of pigment particles or a dye. Alternatively, the first fluid may be black, i.e. absorb substantially all parts of the optical spectrum, or reflecting. A reflective first fluid may reflect the entire visible spectrum, making the layer appear white, or part of it, making it have a color. In examples to be described below, the first fluid is black and therefore absorbs substantially all parts of the optical spectrum, for example in the visible light spectrum. The term “substantially absorbs” includes a degree of variation, therefore the first fluid may not absorb all wavelengths, but the majority of wavelengths within a given spectrum such as the visible spectrum, so as to perform the function of the first fluid in the element. The first fluid is therefore configured to absorb substantially all light incident on the first fluid. For example the first fluid may absorb 90% or more of light in the visible spectrum and incident on the first fluid.
The support plate 5 includes an insulating layer 13. The insulating layer may be transparent or reflective. The insulating layer 13 may extend between walls of a picture element. To avoid short circuits between the second fluid 12 and electrodes arranged under the insulating layer, layers of the insulating layer may extend uninterrupted over a plurality of picture elements 2, as shown in the Figure. The insulating layer has a surface 14 facing the space 10 of the picture element 2. In this example the surface 14 is hydrophobic. The thickness of the insulating layer may be less than 2 micrometers and may be less than 1 micrometer.
The insulating layer may be a hydrophobic layer; alternatively, it may include a hydrophobic layer 15 and a barrier layer 16 with predetermined dielectric properties, the hydrophobic layer 15 facing the space 10, as shown in the Figure. The hydrophobic layer is schematically illustrated in
The hydrophobic character of the surface 14 causes the first fluid 11 to adhere preferentially to the insulating layer 13, since the first fluid has a higher wettability with respect to the surface of the insulating layer 13 than the second fluid 12. Wettability relates to the relative affinity of a fluid for the surface of a solid. Wettability may be measured by the contact angle between the fluid and the surface of the solid. The contact angle is determined by the difference in surface tension between the fluid and the solid at the fluid-solid boundary. For example, a high difference in surface tension can indicate hydrophobic properties.
Each element 2 includes an electrode 17 as part of the support plate 5. In examples shown there is one such electrode 17 per element. The electrode 17 is separated from the fluids by the insulating layer 13; electrodes of neighboring picture elements are separated by a non-conducting layer.
In some examples, further layers may be arranged between the insulating layer 13 and the electrode 17. The electrode 17 can be of any desired shape or form. The electrode 17 of a picture element is supplied with voltage signals by a signal line 18, schematically indicated in the Figure. A second signal line 19 is connected to an electrode that is in contact with the conductive second fluid 12. This electrode may be common to all elements, when they are fluidly interconnected by and share the second fluid, uninterrupted by walls. The picture element 2 can be controlled by a voltage V applied between the signal lines 18 and 19. The electrodes 17 on the substrate 7 are coupled to a display control apparatus. In a display device having the picture elements arranged in a matrix form, the electrodes can be coupled to a matrix of control lines on the substrate 7.
The first fluid 11 in this example is confined to one picture element by at least one wall, in this example walls 20 that follow the cross-section of the picture element. The cross-section of a picture element may have any shape; when the picture elements are arranged in a matrix form, the cross-section is usually square or rectangular. Although the walls are shown as structures protruding from the insulating layer 13, they may instead be a surface layer of the support plate that repels the first fluid, such as a hydrophilic or less hydrophobic layer. The walls may extend from the first to the second support plate but may instead extend partly from the first support plate to the second support plate as shown in
As will be described further below, in examples described herein, an extent of the color filter CF in a plane parallel to a plane of the display area is smaller, i.e. less, than the display area. The extent of the color filter is the extent, for example an area, of the color filter which overlaps with, i.e. lies over, the display area and through which light may pass for providing a display effect. For example, the extent may be an area of a surface of the color filter facing the space. In known elements, a color filter has an extent which is the same or larger than the display area; therefore, all light passing through the display area also passes and/or has passed (depending on the construction of the element) through the color filter. In the present examples, with the smaller extent of the color filter than the display area, a proportion of light passing or having passed through the display area may have not or may not pass through the color filter. As will be explained below, this means that a brighter colored display effect or a white display effect may be provided, for example. It is noted that the non-switchable color filter may for example partially overlap the at least one wall.
When no voltage is applied between the electrodes, i.e. when the electrowetting element is in an off state, the first fluid 11 forms a layer between the walls 20, as shown in the
As illustrated in
With the first and second parts being substantially aligned with the extent of the first and second regions, respectively, the display area and the color filter CF are arranged in this example such that a first portion of light for providing a display effect passes through both the display area (namely the first part) and the color filter, whereas a second portion of light passes through the display area (namely the second part) but not the color filter area. Instead, the second portion of light passes through the transmissive region T.
It is noted that in a transmissive type of display, light from a backlight for example passes from the rear side 9 to the viewing side 8. In a reflective type of display, light may enter the element 2 through the viewing side 8, pass through the display area and be reflected by a reflector (not illustrated) back towards the viewing side. In both a transmissive and a reflective type of display, the color filter layer is appropriately located in the path of light for providing a display effect.
Examples to be described relate to a transmissive type of display using a backlight which emits white light, but it is to be appreciated that the principles described are applicable to a reflective type of display and/or to a transmissive type using light from a backlight of a different color.
A display effect provided at the viewing side is determined in dependence on a configuration of the fluids. Depending on the size of area of the first fluid which adjoins the display area and the location where the first fluid adjoins the display area, light entering the rear side can be modified to pass through at least part of both the color filter and the transmissive region, or instead to pass through one of the color filter and the transmissive region but not the other. Examples will now be described with reference to
Example display effects for the present example will now be described with reference to
A known electrowetting display device includes pixels comprising four electrowetting elements each being a sub-pixel for providing respectively a red (R) green (G), blue (B) and white (W) display effect. Such a pixel may be referred to as an RGBW pixel. Using the electrowetting element of examples described herein, a separate electrowetting element for providing a white display effect may not be needed. Instead, as explained using
The examples described so far in turn with
In alternative examples than those shown using
In further examples, the display device may be configured such that a fluid configuration shown by
As explained above, the configuration of the first fluid of one element may be changed independently of another element. Therefore, referring to
In some examples the display device may be configured to provide only colored display effects with a higher brightness such as the first red display effect, rather than display effects with a higher color saturation such as the second red display effect. In other examples the display device may be configured to provide only colored display effects with a higher color saturation such as the second red display effect, rather than display effects with a higher brightness such as the first red display effect. In further examples, the display device may be configured for providing display effects with a higher brightness such as the first red display effect and further display effects with a higher color saturation such as the second red display effect; an example of such as device is described using
As explained, the first fluid may be switched differently in examples to provide a display effect of a desired color having a higher color saturation or a higher brightness. Further first fluid configurations than those described above for the first and second red display effects are envisaged, where the first fluid for example adjoins a greater or lower size of area of the display area. Further, the principles described here in relation to the red display effects may be applied to the green and blue elements and in further examples to elements for providing display effects of different colors.
Various techniques may be used to control switching of the first and second fluids to obtain a desired display effect. For example, the first fluid configuration of
Referring again to
Other known techniques for controlling fluid motion include shaping the electrode 17 of
The example of the control apparatus includes a controller, such as a display controller 36 illustrated, e.g. a microcontroller, receiving input data from the input data lines 34 relating to an image to be displayed.
The display controller is arranged for controlling a voltage applied between the electrode 17 and the second fluid, via the signal lines 30, 32, thereby providing an electric field in the electrowetting element, which determines a configuration of the first and second fluids, thereby determining the display effect provided by the electrowetting element. The display controller controls a timing and/or a signal level of at least one signal level for each picture element.
The output 38 of the display controller is connected to the data input of a signal distributor and data output latch 40. The signal distributor distributes incoming data over a plurality of outputs connected to the display device, via drivers for example. The signal distributor causes data input indicating that a certain picture element is to provide a specific display effect to be sent to the output connected to this element. The distributor may be a shift register. The input data is clocked into the shift register and at receipt of a latch pulse the content of the shift register is copied to the output latch. The output latch has a one or more outputs, connected to a driver assembly 42. The outputs of the latch are connected to the inputs of one or more driver stages 44 within the control apparatus. The outputs of each driver stage are connected through the signal lines 30 and 32 to a corresponding picture element. In response to the input data 34 a driver stage will output a voltage of the signal level set by the display controller to set one of the picture elements to provide a corresponding display effect.
The control apparatus is configured to drive the electrowetting element according to examples described herein. In examples, for example in accordance with
As explained above, for a given display effect to be provided by an element, for example having a particular greyscale value, i.e. intensity level, for a particular color, there may be two options available: a higher brightness display effect or a higher color saturation display effect. The display controller may therefore perform a method of driving the electrowetting element to select the display effect to provide. This selection may be made using input data indicative of for example a measure of illumination of the viewing side depending on the viewing environment, to determine which display effect to provide. For example, as explained above, in a well-lit environment the higher color saturation display effect may be provided whereas in a darker, more poorly-lit, environment the higher brightness display effect may be provided. Therefore, the display controller may perform a method of driving the electrowetting element including determining, for a given color of display effect to provide, whether to switch the electrowetting element to a fluid configuration for a higher color saturation display effect or whether to switch the electrowetting element to a fluid configuration for a higher brightness display effect. The display controller may then switch the electrowetting element to the appropriate fluid configuration, in dependence on the determination. Thus, the display controller selectively switches the electrowetting element to the first configuration or to the second configuration. As described earlier, the display controller may access stored data to look up the voltage magnitude to apply to the electrowetting element to obtain a desired display effect. Such data may also indicate a rate of applying the voltage and/or a magnitude of a voltage to apply to a plurality of electrodes of the element, such as the first and second electrodes 17A, 17B described previously, for driving the element in accordance with
In examples described above, the display controller includes at least one processor. This processor may be a general purpose processor, a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any suitable combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. The processor may be coupled, via one or more buses, to read information from or write information to one or more memories. The processor may additionally, or in the alternative, contain memory, such as processor registers. Any of these memories may store display effect data as described above. Such a memory may also be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer readable instructions, i.e. computer software, which when executed cause the at least one processor to perform a method according to examples described herein. Such computer software is therefore adapted to perform the method of examples herein. The one or more memories may include processor cache, including a multi-level hierarchical cache in which different levels have different capacities and access speeds. The memory may further include random access memory (RAM) and other volatile storage devices.
The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples. Further embodiments are envisaged. For example, in examples described above, the first and second parts of the display area are each rectangular and are located at opposite sides of the display area. Thus, changing a size of area that the first fluid adjoins the display area by contracting or spreading out the first fluid in a direction from one of the opposite sides to the other, allows an amount of light contributing to the display effect to be controlled. Further examples are envisaged with different shapes and/or sizes of the first and second parts of the display area and therefore the extent of the second and first regions, than described here. In such examples, the first fluid configuration required to determine the display effect may be different from those described in FIGS. 3A to 3D and may be obtained using appropriate fluid motion control techniques, for example those described above. In further examples, the extent of the color filter and of the transmissive region and therefore the area of the first and second parts of the element may be different for different colors, so that the brightness of component colors for providing a display effect may be tuned in accordance with the human eye's sensitivity to light of different colors. For similar reasons, the concentration of pigment in the color filter may for example be different for color filters of different colors. Further, again for similar reasons, a brightness of a backlight for transmitting light through the element to the viewing side may be different for different colors of the color filter.
It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any one embodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other features described and may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of the embodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described above may also be employed without departing from the scope of the accompanying claims.
Claims
1. A display apparatus comprising:
- an electrowetting element comprising: a non-switchable color filter configured to absorb at least one wavelength of visible light; a first support plate comprising: a surface having: a first part overlapped by the non-switchable color filter, and a second part not overlapped by the non-switchable color filter; and an electrode; a second support plate; a first fluid; a second fluid immiscible with the first fluid, the first fluid and the second fluid located between the first support plate and the second support plate; and
- a control apparatus comprising: at least one processor; at least one memory comprising computer program instructions, the at least one memory and the computer program instructions operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid, by control of application of a voltage between the electrode and the second fluid, between at least: a first configuration with the first fluid in contact with the first part but not substantially in contact with the second part; and a second configuration with the first fluid in contact with the second part and with the first fluid being at least one of: not substantially in contact with the first part or at least partly in contact with the first part.
2. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program instructions are operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid:
- to the first configuration by application of a first voltage with a first magnitude between the electrode and the second fluid; and
- to the second configuration by application of a second voltage with a second magnitude, different from the first magnitude, between the electrode and the second fluid.
3. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrode is a first electrode, the first electrode overlapped at least partly by the first part, the first support plate further comprising a second electrode overlapped at least partly by the second part,
- the at least one memory and the computer program instructions operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid to the first configuration by application of a greater electrical potential to the second electrode than to the first electrode.
4. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electrode is a first electrode, the first electrode overlapped at least partly by the first part, the first support plate further comprising a second electrode overlapped at least partly by the second part,
- the at least one memory and the computer program instructions operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid to the second configuration by application of a greater electrical potential to the first electrode than to the second electrode.
5. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program instructions are operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to control a rate of application of the voltage between the electrode and the second fluid to control a location of initiation of motion of the first fluid upon application of the voltage.
6. The display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program instructions are operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid to the second configuration by application of a third voltage between the electrode and the second fluid with a larger magnitude than the second voltage, before application of the second voltage between the electrode and the second fluid.
7. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program instructions are operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid to the second configuration in response to input data representing a color display effect for display by the electrowetting element.
8. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the first configuration the first fluid is in contact with substantially all of the first part, the at least one memory and the computer program instructions operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid to the first configuration in response to input data representing a white display effect for display by the electrowetting element.
9. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, for a pre-determined color of display effect to provide, the at least one memory and the computer program instructions are operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to:
- determine that a higher brightness display effect with a higher brightness and a lower color saturation than a higher color saturation display effect for the pre-determined color of display effect is to be provided, the first fluid in contact with a larger portion of the second part for the higher color saturation display effect than for the higher brightness display effect;
- determine a higher brightness voltage magnitude of the voltage to apply between the electrode and the second fluid to provide the higher brightness display effect;
- generate the voltage with the higher brightness voltage magnitude; and
- apply the voltage with the higher brightness voltage magnitude between the electrode and the second fluid.
10. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, for a pre-determined color of display effect to provide, the at least one memory and the computer program instructions are operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to:
- determine that a higher color saturation display effect with a lower brightness and a higher color saturation than a higher brightness display effect for the pre-determined color of display effect is to be provided, the first fluid in contact with a larger portion of the second part for the higher color saturation display effect than for the higher brightness display effect;
- determine a higher color saturation voltage magnitude of the voltage to apply between the electrode and the second fluid to provide the higher color saturation display effect;
- generate the voltage with the higher color saturation voltage magnitude; and
- apply the voltage with the higher color saturation voltage magnitude between the electrode and the second fluid.
11. The display apparatus according to claim 1, the display apparatus comprising a plurality of the electrowetting element, the plurality of the electrowetting element comprising a first one of the electrowetting element, a second one of the electrowetting element and a third one of the electrowetting element, wherein the electrowetting element is the first one of the electrowetting element, wherein:
- the non-switchable color filter of the first one of the electrowetting element is a red non-switchable color filter configured to absorb at least a portion of red light; the non-switchable color filter of the second one of the electrowetting element is a green non-switchable color filter configured to absorb at least a portion of green light; and the non-switchable color filter of the third one of the electrowetting element is a blue non-switchable color filter configured to absorb at least a portion of blue light.
12. The display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein:
- the first one of the electrowetting element corresponds to a first sub-pixel of a pixel of the display apparatus,
- the second one of the eletrowetting element corresponds to a second sub-pixel of the pixel, and
- the third one of the electrowetting element corresponds to a third sub-pixel of the pixel,
- wherein in the first configuration of, respectively, the first one of the electrowetting element, the second one of the electrowetting element and the third one of the electrowetting element, the first fluid is in contact with substantially all of the first part of, respectively, the first one of the electrowetting element, the second one of the electrowetting element and the third one of the electrowetting element, and
- the at least one memory and the computer program instructions are operable to, with the at least one processor, cause the control apparatus to switch the first fluid of, respectively, the first one of the electrowetting element, the second one of the electrowetting element and the third one of the electrowetting element to the first configuration, in response to input data representing a white display effect for display by the pixel.
13. The display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the first one of the electrowetting element, the second one of the electrowetting element and the third one of the electrowetting element are arranged consecutively in a row,
- the second part of, respectively, the first one of the electrowetting element, the second one of the electrowetting element and the third one of the electrowetting element substantially aligned with each other.
14. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the surface of the first support plate comprises a substantially continuous second part not overlapped by the non-switchable color filter, the substantially continuous second part comprising the second part of the first one of the electrowetting element, the second part of the second one of the electrowetting element and the second part of the third one of the electrowetting element.
15. The display apparatus according to claim 1, the electrowetting element comprising a color filter layer having a first region and a second region, the first region comprising the non-switchable color filter and the second part overlapped by the second region, the second region transmissive for at least one wavelength of light absorbable by the non-switchable color filter or for substantially all wavelengths of visible light.
16. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second support plate comprises the non-switchable color filter.
17. The display apparatus according to claim 1, the first support plate comprising at least one wall corresponding with a perimeter of the surface, the non-switchable color filter partly overlapping the at least one wall.
18. The display apparatus according to claim 1, the first support plate comprising at least one wall corresponding with a perimeter of the surface, wherein an extent of the non-switchable color filter in a plane parallel to a plane of the second support plate is smaller than the surface.
19. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first fluid comprises at least one of: a dye or a pigment for absorption of substantially all wavelengths of visible light incident on the first fluid.
20. A method of driving a display apparatus comprising an electrowetting element, the method comprising:
- determining a first magnitude of a first voltage for switching a first fluid of the electrowetting element, the first fluid immiscible with a second fluid of the electrowetting element, to a first configuration, with the first fluid: in contact with a first part of a surface of a support plate of the electrowetting element, the first part overlapped by a non-switchable color filter of the electrowetting element, the non-switchable color filter configured to absorb at least one wavelength of visible light; but not substantially in contact with a second part of the surface, the second part not overlapped by the non-switchable color filter,
- generating the first voltage with the first magnitude; and
- applying the first voltage with the first magnitude between an electrode of the support plate and the second fluid.
21. The method according to claim 20, comprising:
- determining a second magnitude of a second voltage for switching the first fluid to a second configuration, with the first fluid in contact with the second part and at least one of: not substantially in contact with the first part or at least partly in contact with the first part,
- generating the second voltage with the second magnitude; and
- applying the second voltage with the second magnitude between the electrode and the second fluid.
22. The method according to claim 21, comprising determining the second magnitude of the second voltage in response to input data representing a color display effect for display by the electrowetting element.
23. The method according to claim 20, wherein, in the first configuration, the first fluid is in contact with substantially all of the first part,
- the determining the first magnitude,
- the generating the first voltage, and
- the applying the first voltage being in response to input data representing a white display effect for display by the electrowetting element.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Nov 28, 2016
Date of Patent: Jul 11, 2017
Patent Publication Number: 20170075104
Assignee: Amazon Technologies, Inc. (Seattle, WA)
Inventors: Nicolas Eugene Bergeron (Stein), Andrea Giraldo (Riehen)
Primary Examiner: Nicholas Lee
Application Number: 15/362,425
International Classification: G09G 3/28 (20130101); G02B 26/00 (20060101); G02B 5/22 (20060101);